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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1352839

全球功效測試市場研究報告 - 2023 年至 2030 年產業分析、規模、佔有率、成長、趨勢和預測

Global Efficacy Testing Market Research Report - Industry Analysis, Size, Share, Growth, Trends and Forecast 2023 to 2030

出版日期: | 出版商: Value Market Research | 英文 135 Pages | 商品交期: 最快1-2個工作天內

價格

全球藥效測試市場需求預計將從 2022 年的 389.71 萬美元達到 2030 年近 793.43 萬美元的市場規模,2023-2030 年研究期間複合年成長率為 8.22%。

功效測試是一套確定藥品功效的實驗室測試程序和方法。為了驗證產品包裝或廣告中出現的所有聲明,需要執行功效測試程序。顧名思義,功效測試透過檢查產品在毒理學、安全性和穩定性測試中的表現來評估產品的有效性,以獲得更好的定量結果。一旦產品通過這些測試並證明有效,就被認為適合市場商業化。

市場動態:

隨著政府機構和醫藥化妝品公司的大量投資以及研發(R&D)活動的​​快速成長,功效測試市場規模不斷擴大。老年人口的增加、先進的醫療保健服務、分析測試的外包、消費者健康意識的增強以及慢性病發病率的上升是促進全球功效測試市場擴張的主要因素。由於為了解決產品的安全性和功效而對藥品和化妝品進行嚴格的監管等因素,預計未來幾年功效測試將會增加,活性藥物成分(API)的有效性正在推動全球市場的成長。

研究報告涵蓋波特五力模型、市場吸引力分析和價值鏈分析。這些工具有助於清晰地了解行業結構並評估全球範圍內的競爭吸引力。此外,這些工具還對全球功效測試市場的每個細分市場進行包容性評估。功效測試產業的成長和趨勢為這項研究提供了整體方法。

區域分析:

本節涵蓋區域前景,重點介紹北美、歐洲、亞太地區、拉丁美洲以及中東和非洲功效測試市場當前和未來的需求。此外,該報告重點關注所有主要地區各個應用領域的需求、估計和預測。

該研究報告還涵蓋了市場主要參與者的全面概況以及對全球競爭格局的深入了解。功效測試市場的主要參與者包括 Charles River Laboratories(美國)、WuXi AppTec(中國)、Eurofins Scientific(盧森堡)、SGS(瑞士)、Intertek Group(英國)、Nelson Laboratories, LLC(美國 Sotera Health 公司) )、 Microbac Laboratories, Inc.(美國)、Almac Group(英國)、North American Science Associates, Inc.(美國)、Toxikon(美國)、Pacific Biolabs(美國)、MSL Solution Providers(英國)、Intertek Group PLC(英國) 、Accugen Laboratories, Inc.(美國)、消費品測試公司(美國)、Lucideon(英國)。本節包含競爭格局的整體視圖,包括各種策略發展,例如關鍵併購、未來產能、合作夥伴關係、財務概況、合作、新產品開發、新產品發布和其他發展。

如果您有任何客製化要求,請寫信給我們。我們的研究團隊可以根據您的需求提供客製化報告。

目錄

第一章:前言

  • 報告說明
    • 客觀的
    • 目標受眾
    • 獨特的銷售主張 (USP) 和產品
  • 研究範圍
  • 研究方法論
    • 市場研究過程
    • 市場研究方法論

第 2 章:執行摘要

  • 市場亮點
  • 全球市場概況

第 3 章:功效測試 - 產業分析

  • 簡介 - 市場動態
  • 市場促進因素
  • 市場限制
  • 機會
  • 產業動態
  • 波特五力分析
  • 市場吸引力分析
    • 按服務類型分類的市場吸引力分析
    • 市場吸引力分析:依應用分類
    • 市場吸引力分析:按地區

第 4 章:價值鏈分析

  • 價值鏈分析
  • 原料分析
    • 原料清單
    • 原料廠商清單
    • 主要原物料價格走勢
  • 潛在買家名單
  • 行銷管道
    • 直效行銷
    • 間接行銷
    • 行銷通路發展趨勢

第 5 章:COVID-19 爆發的影響分析

第 6 章:全球功效測試市場分析:依服務類型

  • 按服務類型概述
  • 歷史和預測數據
  • 按服務類型分析
  • 抗菌/防腐功效測試(傳統測試方法、快速測試方法)
  • 消毒劑功效測試(表面測試方法、懸浮測試方法)

第 7 章:全球功效測試市場分析:按應用分類

  • 概述:按應用
  • 歷史和預測數據
  • 分析:按應用
  • 藥品製造應用
  • 化妝品和個人護理產品應用
  • 消費性產品應用
  • 醫療器材應用

第 8 章:全球功效測試市場分析:按地理位置

  • 區域展望
  • 介紹
  • 北美銷售分析
    • 概述、歷史和預測銷售分析
    • 北美按細分市場銷售分析
    • 北美按國家銷售分析
    • 美國銷售分析
    • 加拿大銷售分析
    • 墨西哥銷售分析
  • 歐洲銷售分析
    • 概述、歷史和預測銷售分析
    • 歐洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 歐洲按國家銷售分析
    • 英國銷售分析
    • 法國銷售分析
    • 德國銷售分析
    • 義大利銷售分析
    • 俄羅斯銷售分析
    • 歐洲其他地區銷售分析
  • 亞太地區銷售分析
    • 概述、歷史和預測銷售分析
    • 亞太地區按細分市場銷售分析
    • 亞太地區國家/地區銷售分析
    • 中國銷售分析
    • 印度銷售分析
    • 日本銷售分析
    • 韓國銷售分析
    • 澳洲銷售分析
    • 亞太地區其他地區銷售分析
  • 拉丁美洲銷售分析
    • 概述、歷史和預測銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲按國家銷售分析
    • 巴西銷售分析
    • 阿根廷銷售分析
    • 秘魯銷售分析
    • 智利銷售分析
    • 拉丁美洲其他地區銷售分析
  • 中東和非洲銷售分析
    • 概述、歷史和預測銷售分析
    • 中東和非洲按細分市場銷售分析
    • 中東和非洲國家銷售分析
    • 沙烏地阿拉伯銷售分析
    • 阿拉伯聯合大公國銷售分析
    • 以色列銷售分析
    • 南非銷售分析
    • 中東其他地區和非洲銷售分析

第 9 章:功效測試公司的競爭格局

  • 功效檢測市場競爭
  • 夥伴關係/協作/協議
  • 併購
  • 新產品發布
  • 其他發展

第 10 章:公司簡介

  • 頂級公司市佔率分析
  • 市場集中度
  • Charles River Laboratories (US)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • WuXi AppTec (China)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Eurofins Scientific (Luxembourg)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • SGS (Switzerland)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Intertek Group (UK)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Nelson Laboratories LLC (a Sotera Health company US)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Microbac Laboratories Inc. (US)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Almac Group (UK)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • North American Science Associates Inc. (US)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Toxikon (US)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Pacific Biolabs (US)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • MSL Solution Providers (UK)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Intertek Group PLC (UK)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Accugen Laboratories Inc. (US)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Consumer Product Testing Company (US)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展
  • Lucideon (UK)
    • 公司簡介
    • 公司收入
    • 產品
    • 最近的發展

注意 - 在公司概況中,財務詳細資訊和近期發展視情況而定,或者如果是私人公司,則可能不包括在內

Product Code: VMR11218972

The global demand for Efficacy Testing Market is presumed to reach the market size of nearly USD 793.43 MN by 2030 from USD 389.71 MN in 2022 with a CAGR of 8.22% under the study period 2023 - 2030.

Efficacy testing is a set of laboratory testing procedures & methods that determine the efficacy of pharmaceutical products. In order to verify all the claims that appear on the packaging or in the advertisement of products, efficacy testing procedures are performed. As the name suggests, an efficacy test evaluates a product's effectiveness by examining its performance in toxicology, safety, and stability tests to obtain better quantitative results. Once the product passes these tests and is proven effective, it is considered appropriate for market commercialization.

MARKET DYNAMICS:

Efficacy testing market size is expanding continuously with the significant investments made by government organizations and pharmaceutical & cosmetic companies and rapid growth in research and development (R&D) activities. The rise in the geriatric population, advanced healthcare services, outsourcing of analytical testing, increased consumer health consciousness, and rising incidence of chronic diseases are the major factors contributing to the expansion of the global efficacy testing market. Efficacy testing will be anticipated to increase in the forthcoming years due to factors like strict regulations for pharmaceutical & cosmetic products for addressing the safety and efficacy of the products, the effectiveness of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) is driving the global market growth.

The research report covers Porter's Five Forces Model, Market Attractiveness Analysis, and Value Chain analysis. These tools help to get a clear picture of the industry's structure and evaluate the competition attractiveness at a global level. Additionally, these tools also give an inclusive assessment of each segment in the global market of efficacy testing. The growth and trends of efficacy testing industry provide a holistic approach to this study.

MARKET SEGMENTATION:

This section of the efficacy testing market report provides detailed data on the segments at country and regional level, thereby assisting the strategist in identifying the target demographics for the respective product or services with the upcoming opportunities.

By Service Type

  • Antimicrobial/ Preservative Efficacy Testing (Traditional Test Methods, Rapid Test Methods)
  • Disinfectant Efficacy Testing (Surface Test Methods, Suspension Test Methods)

By Application

  • Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Applications
  • Cosmetics And Personal Care Product Applications
  • Consumer Product Applications
  • Medical Device Applications

REGIONAL ANALYSIS:

This section covers the regional outlook, which accentuates current and future demand for the Efficacy Testing market across North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. Further, the report focuses on demand, estimation, and forecast for individual application segments across all the prominent regions.

The research report also covers the comprehensive profiles of the key players in the market and an in-depth view of the competitive landscape worldwide. The major players in the efficacy testing market include Charles River Laboratories (US), WuXi AppTec (China), Eurofins Scientific (Luxembourg), SGS (Switzerland), Intertek Group (UK), Nelson Laboratories, LLC (a Sotera Health company, US), Microbac Laboratories, Inc. (US), Almac Group (UK), North American Science Associates, Inc. (US), Toxikon (US), Pacific Biolabs (US), MSL Solution Providers (UK), Intertek Group PLC (UK), Accugen Laboratories, Inc. (US), Consumer Product Testing Company (US), Lucideon (UK). This section consists of a holistic view of the competitive landscape that includes various strategic developments such as key mergers & acquisitions, future capacities, partnerships, financial overviews, collaborations, new product developments, new product launches, and other developments.

In case you have any custom requirements, do write to us. Our research team can offer a customized report as per your need.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1 . PREFACE

  • 1.1. Report Description
    • 1.1.1. Objective
    • 1.1.2. Target Audience
    • 1.1.3. Unique Selling Proposition (USP) & offerings
  • 1.2. Research Scope
  • 1.3. Research Methodology
    • 1.3.1. Market Research Process
    • 1.3.2. Market Research Methodology

2 . EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

  • 2.1. Highlights of Market
  • 2.2. Global Market Snapshot

3 . EFFICACY TESTING - INDUSTRY ANALYSIS

  • 3.1. Introduction - Market Dynamics
  • 3.2. Market Drivers
  • 3.3. Market Restraints
  • 3.4. Opportunities
  • 3.5. Industry Trends
  • 3.6. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 3.7. Market Attractiveness Analysis
    • 3.7.1 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Service Type
    • 3.7.2 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Application
    • 3.7.3 Market Attractiveness Analysis By Region

4 . VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS

  • 4.1. Value Chain Analysis
  • 4.2. Raw Material Analysis
    • 4.2.1. List of Raw Materials
    • 4.2.2. Raw Material Manufactures List
    • 4.2.3. Price Trend of Key Raw Materials
  • 4.3. List of Potential Buyers
  • 4.4. Marketing Channel
    • 4.4.1. Direct Marketing
    • 4.4.2. Indirect Marketing
    • 4.4.3. Marketing Channel Development Trend

5 . IMPACT ANALYSIS OF COVID-19 OUTBREAK

6 . GLOBAL EFFICACY TESTING MARKET ANALYSIS BY SERVICE TYPE

  • 6.1 Overview by Service Type
  • 6.2 Historical and Forecast Data
  • 6.3 Analysis by Service Type
  • 6.4 Antimicrobial/ Preservative Efficacy Testing (Traditional Test Methods, Rapid Test Methods) Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 6.5 Disinfectant Efficacy Testing (Surface Test Methods, Suspension Test Methods) Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions

7 . GLOBAL EFFICACY TESTING MARKET ANALYSIS BY APPLICATION

  • 7.1 Overview by Application
  • 7.2 Historical and Forecast Data
  • 7.3 Analysis by Application
  • 7.4 Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Applications Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 7.5 Cosmetics And Personal Care Product Applications Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 7.6 Consumer Product Applications Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions
  • 7.7 Medical Device Applications Historic and Forecast Sales by Regions

8 . GLOBAL EFFICACY TESTING MARKET ANALYSIS BY GEOGRAPHY

  • 8.1. Regional Outlook
  • 8.2. Introduction
  • 8.3. North America Sales Analysis
    • 8.3.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Sales Analysis
    • 8.3.2. North America By Segment Sales Analysis
    • 8.3.3. North America By Country Sales Analysis
    • 8.3.4. United State Sales Analysis
    • 8.3.5. Canada Sales Analysis
    • 8.3.6. Mexico Sales Analysis
  • 8.4. Europe Sales Analysis
    • 8.4.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Sales Analysis
    • 8.4.2. Europe by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 8.4.3. Europe by Country Sales Analysis
    • 8.4.4. United Kingdom Sales Analysis
    • 8.4.5. France Sales Analysis
    • 8.4.6. Germany Sales Analysis
    • 8.4.7. Italy Sales Analysis
    • 8.4.8. Russia Sales Analysis
    • 8.4.9. Rest Of Europe Sales Analysis
  • 8.5. Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
    • 8.5.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Sales Analysis
    • 8.5.2. Asia Pacific by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 8.5.3. Asia Pacific by Country Sales Analysis
    • 8.5.4. China Sales Analysis
    • 8.5.5. India Sales Analysis
    • 8.5.6. Japan Sales Analysis
    • 8.5.7. South Korea Sales Analysis
    • 8.5.8. Australia Sales Analysis
    • 8.5.9. Rest Of Asia Pacific Sales Analysis
  • 8.6. Latin America Sales Analysis
    • 8.6.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Sales Analysis
    • 8.6.2. Latin America by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 8.6.3. Latin America by Country Sales Analysis
    • 8.6.4. Brazil Sales Analysis
    • 8.6.5. Argentina Sales Analysis
    • 8.6.6. Peru Sales Analysis
    • 8.6.7. Chile Sales Analysis
    • 8.6.8. Rest of Latin America Sales Analysis
  • 8.7. Middle East & Africa Sales Analysis
    • 8.7.1. Overview, Historic and Forecast Sales Analysis
    • 8.7.2. Middle East & Africa by Segment Sales Analysis
    • 8.7.3. Middle East & Africa by Country Sales Analysis
    • 8.7.4. Saudi Arabia Sales Analysis
    • 8.7.5. UAE Sales Analysis
    • 8.7.6. Israel Sales Analysis
    • 8.7.7. South Africa Sales Analysis
    • 8.7.8. Rest Of Middle East And Africa Sales Analysis

9 . COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE OF THE EFFICACY TESTING COMPANIES

  • 9.1. Efficacy Testing Market Competition
  • 9.2. Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • 9.3. Merger And Acquisitions
  • 9.4. New Product Launch
  • 9.5. Other Developments

10 . COMPANY PROFILES OF EFFICACY TESTING INDUSTRY

  • 10.1. Top Companies Market Share Analysis
  • 10.2. Market Concentration Rate
  • 10.3. Charles River Laboratories (US)
    • 10.3.1. Company Overview
    • 10.3.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.3.3. Products
    • 10.3.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.4. WuXi AppTec (China)
    • 10.4.1. Company Overview
    • 10.4.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.4.3. Products
    • 10.4.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.5. Eurofins Scientific (Luxembourg)
    • 10.5.1. Company Overview
    • 10.5.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.5.3. Products
    • 10.5.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.6. SGS (Switzerland)
    • 10.6.1. Company Overview
    • 10.6.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.6.3. Products
    • 10.6.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.7. Intertek Group (UK)
    • 10.7.1. Company Overview
    • 10.7.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.7.3. Products
    • 10.7.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.8. Nelson Laboratories LLC (a Sotera Health company US)
    • 10.8.1. Company Overview
    • 10.8.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.8.3. Products
    • 10.8.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.9. Microbac Laboratories Inc. (US)
    • 10.9.1. Company Overview
    • 10.9.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.9.3. Products
    • 10.9.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.10. Almac Group (UK)
    • 10.10.1. Company Overview
    • 10.10.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.10.3. Products
    • 10.10.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.11. North American Science Associates Inc. (US)
    • 10.11.1. Company Overview
    • 10.11.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.11.3. Products
    • 10.11.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.12. Toxikon (US)
    • 10.12.1. Company Overview
    • 10.12.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.12.3. Products
    • 10.12.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.13. Pacific Biolabs (US)
    • 10.13.1. Company Overview
    • 10.13.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.13.3. Products
    • 10.13.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.14. MSL Solution Providers (UK)
    • 10.14.1. Company Overview
    • 10.14.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.14.3. Products
    • 10.14.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.15. Intertek Group PLC (UK)
    • 10.15.1. Company Overview
    • 10.15.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.15.3. Products
    • 10.15.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.16. Accugen Laboratories Inc. (US)
    • 10.16.1. Company Overview
    • 10.16.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.16.3. Products
    • 10.16.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.17. Consumer Product Testing Company (US)
    • 10.17.1. Company Overview
    • 10.17.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.17.3. Products
    • 10.17.4. Recent Developments
  • 10.18. Lucideon (UK)
    • 10.18.1. Company Overview
    • 10.18.2. Company Revenue
    • 10.18.3. Products
    • 10.18.4. Recent Developments

Note - in company profiling, financial details and recent development are subject to availability or might not be covered in case of private companies

LIST OF TABLES

  • Market Snapshot
  • Drivers : Impact Analysis
  • Restraints : Impact Analysis
  • List of Raw Material
  • List of Raw Material Manufactures
  • List of Potential Buyers
  • Analysis by Service Type (USD MN)
  • Antimicrobial/ Preservative Efficacy Testing (Traditional Test Methods, Rapid Test Methods) Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Disinfectant Efficacy Testing (Surface Test Methods, Suspension Test Methods) Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Analysis Market by Application (USD MN)
  • Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Applications Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Cosmetics And Personal Care Product Applications Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Consumer Product Applications Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Medical Device Applications Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Global Efficacy Testing Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • North America Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • United State Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Canada Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Mexico Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Europe Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Europe Market Estimate by Country (USD MN)
  • United Kingdom Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • France Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Germany Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Italy Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Russia Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Spain Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Rest of Europe Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Asia Pacific Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • China Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Japan Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • India Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • South Korea Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Australia Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Rest of Asia Pacific Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Latin America Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Brazil Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Argentina Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Peru Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Chile Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Rest of Latin America Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Middle East & Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Saudi Arabia Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • UAE Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Israel Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • South Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Rest of Middle East and Africa Market Analysis (USD MN)
  • Partnership/Collaboration/Agreement
  • Mergers And Acquisition

LIST OF FIGURES

  • Research Scope of Efficacy Testing Report
  • Market Research Process
  • Market Research Methodology
  • Global Efficacy Testing Market Size, by Region (USD MN)
  • Porters Five Forces Analysis
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Service Type
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Application
  • Market Attractiveness Analysis by Region
  • Value Chain Analysis
  • Global Market Analysis by Service Type (USD MN)
  • Antimicrobial/ Preservative Efficacy Testing (Traditional Test Methods, Rapid Test Methods) Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Disinfectant Efficacy Testing (Surface Test Methods, Suspension Test Methods) Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Global Market Analysis by Application (USD MN)
  • Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Applications Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Cosmetics And Personal Care Product Applications Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Consumer Product Applications Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Medical Device Applications Market Sales by Geography (USD MN)
  • Global Market by Revenue
  • North America Market by Revenue
  • Europe Market by Revenue
  • Asia Pacific Market by Revenue
  • Latin America Market by Revenue
  • Middle East & Africa Market by Revenue
  • Recent Development in Industry
  • Top Companies Market Share Analysis

Kindly note that the above listed are the basic tables and figures of the report and are not limited to the TOC.