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市場調查報告書
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1262025

工業微生物 QC 市場-全球行業規模、份額、趨勢、機會、預測,2018-2028 年,按類型、按應用、按地區、競爭

Industrial Microbiological QC Market - Global Industry Size, Share, Trends, Opportunity, and Forecast, 2018-2028F Segmented by Type, By Application, By Region and Competition

出版日期: | 出版商: TechSci Research | 英文 116 Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

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簡介目錄

工業微生物 QC 市場預計在預測期內將出現顯著增長。 這是由於對全球食品安全的需求不斷增加,以及對實驗室微生物污染檢測的高級測試的需求不斷增加。 此外,預計在預測期內,複合維生素、益生菌和其他補充劑等工業產品使用量的增加也將進一步增加對工業微生物 QC 市場的需求。 此外,維生素膠囊、咀嚼片和其他營養補充劑對治療各種疾病的需求不斷增加,尤其是在兒科和老年人群中,預計將在未來幾年推動市場增長。 同樣,為確保產品質量而對微生物檢測的需求不斷增加,預計將在多年內推動工業微生物檢測 QC 市場的需求。 2022 年 6 月,STEMart 推出了針對無菌和無熱原產品的全面微生物和無菌測試服務。

對微生物質量控制的需求不斷增長

由於人們感染的傳染病數量不斷增加,微生物檢測在世界範圍內已相當普遍。 提高微生物程序的自動化程度可以顯著節省時間和成本,同時減少人為錯誤的可能性。 這使我們能夠提供始終如一的可靠和準確的結果。 有基於聚合□鏈反應 (PCR)、下一代測序 (NGS)、MALDI-TOF 質譜、流式細胞術、生物發光技術和□聯熒光測定 (ELFA) 等不同技術的商用自動化和半自動化系統). 有幾個。 與其他傳統實驗室技術相比,這些技術中的大多數用於檢測污染或提供更高的效率,因此具有節省時間和成本的巨大潛力。我有。 因此,製藥和生物技術公司以及研究實驗室正在迅速採用這些技術來檢測和鑑定工業製造過程中的病原體和其他微生物,以避免潛在的產品召回。 2020 年,美國政府強制要求所有食品飲料和製藥公司對微生物特性的毒性水平進行無菌測試。

提高實時監控意識

製藥公司和實驗室對微生物產品製備過程中檢測微生物污染的各種新技術的認識不斷提高,進一步推動了預測期內的市場增長。 近年來,開發了自動化微生物檢測系統,可以輕鬆檢測產品中是否存在不需要的細菌、酵母和病毒,多年來推動了市場的增長。 2020 年,Thermo Fisher Scientific Company 收購了 Phitonex Inc.,後者是用於高分辨率生物學應用的光譜染料平台的開發商,以推進細胞療法的研發。 同樣,QC 實驗室對快速微生物測試過程的需求不斷增加,以獲得增強和準確的數據,這將推動預測期內對工業微生物 QC 市場的需求。

近期發展

  • 2021,領先的生物技術公司 Lonza Group 將在瑞士進一步投資於微生物開發,以提高其開發服務能力並實現微生物蛋白的目標,增加實驗室空間和設備將於2021年底投入使用。
  • 2018 年Bio-Rad 宣布與布魯克達成聯合營銷協議,將其食源性病原體檢測和確認工作流程解決方案引入食品安全領域。

可自定義

根據市場數據,TechSci Research 根據公司的具體需求提供定制服務。 該報告可以定制為:

公司信息

  • 對其他市場參與者(最多 5 家公司)進行深入分析和概況分析。

內容

第 1 章概述

  • 市場定義
  • 市場範圍
    • 目標市場
    • 研究目標年份
    • 主要市場細分

第二章研究方法論

  • 調查目的
  • 基線調查方法
  • 主要行業合作夥伴
  • 主要協會和次要信息
  • 調查方法
  • 數據三角測量和驗證
  • 假設和限制

第 3 章執行摘要

  • 市場概覽
  • 主要市場細分概述
  • 主要市場參與者概覽
  • 主要地區/國家概覽
  • 市場驅動因素、挑戰和趨勢

第 4 章 VOC(客戶之聲)

第 5 章全球工業微生物 QC 市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
    • 按金額
  • 市場份額和預測
    • 按類型(PCR、生物發光、流式細胞術、濾膜、熒光、比色法等)
    • 按應用(產品測試實驗室、研究和學術機構、製藥和生物技術公司、監管和環境機構、食品和飲料公司等)
    • 按地區
    • 按公司分類(2022 年)
  • 產品地圖

第六章北美工業微生物QC市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
    • 按金額
  • 市場份額和預測
    • 按類型(PCR、生物發光、流式細胞術、濾膜、熒光、比色法等)
    • 按應用(產品測試實驗室、研究和學術機構、製藥和生物技術公司、監管和環境機構、食品和飲料公司等)
    • 按國家
  • 北美:國家/地區分析
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥

第 7 章:歐洲工業微生物 QC 市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
    • 按金額
  • 市場份額和預測
    • 按類型(PCR、生物發光、流式細胞術、濾膜、熒光、比色法等)
    • 按應用(產品測試實驗室、研究和學術機構、製藥和生物技術公司、監管和環境機構、食品和飲料公司等)
    • 按國家
  • 歐洲:國家分析
    • 法國
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 意大利
    • 西班牙

第八章亞太地區工業微生物QC市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
    • 按金額
  • 市場份額和預測
    • 按類型(PCR、生物發光、流式細胞術、濾膜、熒光、比色法等)
    • 按應用(產品測試實驗室、研究和學術機構、製藥和生物技術公司、監管和環境機構、食品和飲料公司等)
    • 按國家
  • 亞太地區:國家/地區分析
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 韓國
    • 澳大利亞

第九章南美工業微生物QC市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
    • 按金額
  • 市場份額和預測
    • 按類型(PCR、生物發光、流式細胞術、濾膜、熒光、比色法等)
    • 按應用(產品測試實驗室、研究和學術機構、製藥和生物技術公司、監管和環境機構、食品和飲料公司等)
    • 按國家
  • 南美洲:國家分析
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 哥倫比亞

第 10 章中東和非洲工業微生物 QC 市場展望

  • 市場規模和預測
    • 按金額
  • 市場份額和預測
    • 按類型(PCR、生物發光、流式細胞術、濾膜、熒光、比色法等)
    • 按應用(產品測試實驗室、研究和學術機構、製藥和生物技術公司、監管和環境機構、食品和飲料公司等)
    • 按國家
  • MEA:國家分析
    • 南非工業微生物 QC
    • 沙特阿拉伯工業微生物 QC
    • 阿聯酋工業微生物 QC

第 11 章市場動態

  • 司機
    • 製藥行業對微生物質量控制的需求不斷增加
    • 提高對實時環境監測的認識
    • 質量控製過程成本高
    • 缺乏熟練的專業人員

第12章市場趨勢與發展

  • 近期發展狀況
  • 併購
  • 產品發布

第 13 章工業微生物 QC 的全球市場:SWOT 分析

第 14 章波特的五力分析

  • 行業競爭
  • 新進入的可能性
  • 供應商的力量
  • 客戶力量
  • 替代品的威脅

第15章競爭格局

  • 業務概覽
  • 提供的產品
  • 近期發展狀況
  • 財務(據報導)
  • 主要人物
  • SWOT 分析
    • 3M Company
    • Becton, Dickinson and Company
    • Bio-Rad Laboratories,Inc
    • Biolog,Inc.
    • bioMerieux SA
    • Bruker Corporation
    • BIOTECON Diagnostics GmbH
    • Charles River Laboratories International, Inc
    • Danaher Corporation
    • F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd

第 16 章戰略建議

簡介目錄
Product Code: 14693

Industrial Microbiological QC market is anticipated to witness impressive growth during the forecast period. This can be ascribed to the high demand for food security across the globe, along with the growing demand for advanced testing for the detection of microbiological contamination in laboratories. Additionally, the growing usage of industrial products such as multivitamins, probiotics, and other supplements will further demand the industrial microbiological QC market in the forecasted period. Also, the growing demand for vitamin capsules, chewable tablets, and other nutraceutical products for treating various conditions in the populations, especially in the pediatric and geriatric populations, will drive market growth over the years. Similarly, an increase in the demand for microbiology testing to assure the quality of the product is expected to enhance the demand for the industrial microbiology QC market over the years. In June 2022, STEMart launched comprehensive microbiological and sterility testing services for sterile, non-pyrogenic products.

Growing Demand for Microbiological Quality Control

Microbiological testing is reasonably spread across the globe due to the growing communicable disease among the population. Growing automation in microbiological techniques provides significant time and cost savings while also reducing the potential for human error. It will enable the provision of consistently reliable and accurate results. There are some commercially available automated and semi-automated systems that are based on different technologies, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), next-generation sequencing (NGS), MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, flow cytometry, bioluminescence technology, and enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA). Most of these technologies are used for the detection of contamination and providing efficiency gains when compared to other traditional laboratory technologies and therefore have significant potential for both time and cost savings. Hence, these technologies are rapidly adopted by pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies as well as research institutes for the detection and identification of pathogens and other microorganisms in the manufacturing process of industries to avoid further chances of product recalls. In 2020, the US Government made it compulsory for all food & beverages & pharmaceutical companies to undergo sterile testing for the toxicity level of microbial traits.

Growing Awareness About Real-Time Monitoring

The growing awareness about different new techniques for the detection of microbiological contamination in pharmaceutical laboratories and research laboratories while preparing microbial products which will further boost the market growth during the forecasted period. Recently, automated microbial detection systems have been developed for easy detection of unwanted bacteria, yeast, or virus presence in products which has driven the market growth over the years. In 2020, Thermo Fisher Scientific Company acquired Phitonex Inc., a developer of a spectral dye platform for high-resolution biology applications for advancing R&D in cell therapy. Similarly, the growing demand for rapid microbial testing processes in the QC lab for enhanced and accurate data will demand the industrial microbiological QC market in the forecast period.

Market Segmentation

Global Industrial Microbiological QC market can be segmented by type, application, and by region. Based on the type, the market can be segmented into PCR, Bioluminescence, Flow Cytometry, Membrane Filtration, Fluorescence, Colorimetry, and Others. Based on application, the market can be segmented into Product Testing Laboratories, Research and Academic Institutions, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies, Regulatory and Environmental Agencies, Food and Beverage Companies, and Others. Regionally, North America dominated the market among Asia Pacific, Europe, Middle East & Africa, and South America. Among the different countries, the United States dominated the global Industrial Microbiological QC market on account of the increasing demand for microbiological quality control in the pharmaceutical industry in the country.

Recent Developments

  • In 2021, Lonza Group, a leading biotech company, invested in additional microbial development in Switzerland to increase the capacity of development services and achieve the goal of microbial-derived proteins, with increased lab space & equipment scheduled to be used by the end of 2021.
  • In 2018, Bio-Rad announced signing a co-marketing agreement with Bruker to get foodborne pathogen detection & confirmation workflow solutions into the food safety sector.

Market Players

3M Company., Becton, Dickinson, and Company., Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc. Biolog, Inc. bioMerieux SA, Bruker Corporation., BIOTECON Diagnostics GmbH., Charles River Laboratories International, Inc., Danaher Corporation., and F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd. are some of the leading players operating in the Global Industrial Microbiological QC Market.

Report Scope

In this report, the global Industrial Microbiological QC market has been segmented into the following categories, in addition to the industry trends, which have also been detailed below:

Industrial Microbiological QC Market, By Product Type:

  • PCR
  • Bioluminescence
  • Flow Cytometry
  • Membrane Filtration
  • Fluorescence
  • Colorimetry
  • Others

Industrial Microbiological QC Market, By Application:

  • Product Testing Laboratories
  • Research and Academic Institutions
  • Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies
  • Regulatory and Environmental Agencies
  • Food and Beverage Companies
  • Others

Industrial Microbiological QC Market, By Region:

  • North America
    • United States
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • France
    • Germany
    • United Kingdom
    • Italy
    • Spain
  • Asia Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • South Korea
    • Australia
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Colombia
  • Middle East & Africa
    • South Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE

Competitive Landscape

Company Profiles: Detailed analysis of the major companies present in the Global Industrial Microbiological QC Market.

Available Customizations

With the given market data, TechSci Research offers customizations according to a company's specific needs. The following customization options are available for the report:

Company Information

  • Detailed analysis and profiling of additional market players (up to five).

Table of Contents

1. Product Overview

  • 1.1. Market Definition
  • 1.2. Scope of the Market
    • 1.2.1. Markets Covered
    • 1.2.2. Years Considered for Study
    • 1.2.3. Key Market Segmentations

2. Research Methodology

  • 2.1. Objective of the Study
  • 2.2. Baseline Methodology
  • 2.3. Key Industry Partners
  • 2.4. Major Association and Secondary Sources
  • 2.5. Forecasting Methodology
  • 2.6. Data Triangulation & Validation
  • 2.7. Assumptions and Limitations

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Overview of the Market
  • 3.2. Overview of Key Market Segmentations
  • 3.3. Overview of Key Market Players
  • 3.4. Overview of Key Regions/Countries
  • 3.5. Overview of Market Drivers, Challenges, Trends

4. Voice of Customer

5. Global Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook

  • 5.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 5.1.1. By Value
  • 5.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 5.2.1. By Type (PCR, Bioluminescence, Flow Cytometry, Membrane Filtration, Fluorescence, Colorimetry, Others)
    • 5.2.2. By Application (Product Testing Laboratories, Research and Academic Institutions, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies, Regulatory and Environmental Agencies, Food and Beverage Companies, Others)
    • 5.2.3. By Region
    • 5.2.4. By Company (2022)
  • 5.3. Product Map

6. North America Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook

  • 6.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 6.1.1. By Value
  • 6.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 6.2.1. By Type (PCR, Bioluminescence, Flow Cytometry, Membrane Filtration, Fluorescence, Colorimetry, Others)
    • 6.2.2. By Application (Product Testing Laboratories, Research and Academic Institutions, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies, Regulatory and Environmental Agencies, Food and Beverage Companies, Others)
    • 6.2.3. By Country
  • 6.3. North America: Country Analysis
    • 6.3.1. United States Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 6.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 6.3.2. Canada Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 6.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 6.3.3. Mexico Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 6.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 6.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 6.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 6.3.3.2.2. By Application

7. Europe Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook

  • 7.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 7.1.1. By Value
  • 7.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 7.2.1. By Type (PCR, Bioluminescence, Flow Cytometry, Membrane Filtration, Fluorescence, Colorimetry, Others)
    • 7.2.2. By Application (Product Testing Laboratories, Research and Academic Institutions, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies, Regulatory and Environmental Agencies, Food and Beverage Companies, Others)
    • 7.2.3. By Country
  • 7.3. Europe: Country Analysis
    • 7.3.1. France Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 7.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.2. Germany Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 7.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.3. United Kingdom Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 7.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.3.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.4. Italy Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 7.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.4.2.2. By Application
    • 7.3.5. Spain Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 7.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 7.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 7.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 7.3.5.2.2. By Application

8. Asia-Pacific Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook

  • 8.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 8.1.1. By Value
  • 8.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 8.2.1. By Type (PCR, Bioluminescence, Flow Cytometry, Membrane Filtration, Fluorescence, Colorimetry, Others)
    • 8.2.2. By Application (Product Testing Laboratories, Research and Academic Institutions, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies, Regulatory and Environmental Agencies, Food and Beverage Companies, Others)
    • 8.2.3. By Country
  • 8.3. Asia-Pacific: Country Analysis
    • 8.3.1. China Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 8.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.2. India Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 8.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.3. Japan Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 8.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.3.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.4. South Korea Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 8.3.4.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.4.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.4.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.4.2.2. By Application
    • 8.3.5. Australia Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 8.3.5.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.1.1. By Value
      • 8.3.5.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 8.3.5.2.1. By Type
        • 8.3.5.2.2. By Application

9. South America Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook

  • 9.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 9.1.1. By Value
  • 9.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 9.2.1. By Type (PCR, Bioluminescence, Flow Cytometry, Membrane Filtration, Fluorescence, Colorimetry, Others)
    • 9.2.2. By Application (Product Testing Laboratories, Research and Academic Institutions, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies, Regulatory and Environmental Agencies, Food and Beverage Companies, Others)
    • 9.2.3. By Country
  • 9.3. South America: Country Analysis
    • 9.3.1. Brazil Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 9.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 9.3.2. Argentina Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 9.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 9.3.3. Colombia Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 9.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 9.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 9.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 9.3.3.2.2. By Application

10. Middle East and Africa Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook

  • 10.1. Market Size & Forecast
    • 10.1.1. By Value
  • 10.2. Market Share & Forecast
    • 10.2.1. By Type (PCR, Bioluminescence, Flow Cytometry, Membrane Filtration, Fluorescence, Colorimetry, Others)
    • 10.2.2. By Application (Product Testing Laboratories, Research and Academic Institutions, Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology Companies, Regulatory and Environmental Agencies, Food and Beverage Companies, Others)
    • 10.2.3. By Country
  • 10.3. MEA: Country Analysis
    • 10.3.1. South Africa Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 10.3.1.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.1.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.1.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.1.2.2. By Application
    • 10.3.2. Saudi Arabia Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 10.3.2.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.2.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.2.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.2.2.2. By Application
    • 10.3.3. UAE Industrial Microbiological QC Market Outlook
      • 10.3.3.1. Market Size & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.1.1. By Value
      • 10.3.3.2. Market Share & Forecast
        • 10.3.3.2.1. By Type
        • 10.3.3.2.2. By Application

11. Market Dynamics

  • 11.1. Drivers
    • 11.1.1 Growing Demand for Microbiology Quality Control in Pharmaceutical Industry
    • 11.1.2 Growing Awareness About Real Time Environmental Monitoring
  • 11.2. Challenges
    • 11.2.1 High Cost of Quality Control Process
    • 11.2.2 Lack of Skilled Professionals

12. Market Trends & Developments

  • 12.1. Recent Development
  • 12.2. Mergers & Acquisitions
  • 12.3. Product Launches

13. Global Industrial Microbiological QC Market: SWOT Analysis

14. Porter's Five Forces Analysis

  • 14.1. Competition in the Industry
  • 14.2. Potential of New Entrants
  • 14.3. Power of Suppliers
  • 14.4. Power of Customers
  • 14.5. Threat of Substitute Products

15. Competitive Landscape

  • 15.1. Business Overview
  • 15.2. Product Offerings
  • 15.3. Recent Developments
  • 15.4. Financials (As Reported)
  • 15.5. Key Personnel
  • 15.6. SWOT Analysis
    • 15.6.1. 3M Company
    • 15.6.2. Becton, Dickinson and Company
    • 15.6.3. Bio-Rad Laboratories,Inc
    • 15.6.4. Biolog,Inc.
    • 15.6.5. bioMerieux SA
    • 15.6.6. Bruker Corporation
    • 15.6.7. BIOTECON Diagnostics GmbH
    • 15.6.8. Charles River Laboratories International, Inc
    • 15.6.9. Danaher Corporation
    • 15.6.10. F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd

16. Strategic Recommendations