Product Code: TIPRE00012442
Communications Interface Market Forecast to 2028 - COVID-19 Impact and Global Analysis," published by The Insight Partners, the market is expected to reach US$ 10,388.04 million by 2028 and register a CAGR of 8.9% from 2022 to 2028. The continuously growing demand for industrial automation systems across the world has influenced robot manufacturers to raise their investments in developing new and innovative products, boosting communications interface market growth indirectly. A few of the major product developments are mentioned below:
In September 2022, Fanuc Corporation announced the launch of new FANUC SCARA robots for food and cleanroom applications. The FANUC SR-3iA/C and SR-6iA/C are fast and precise SCARA robots.
In September 2022, ABB Ltd launched flexible mobile robots. These robots are designed to carry out tasks such as trolley transportation of up to 5,350 lbs (2,000 kg); towing; and lifting and transporting containers, racks, and pallets of 4,000 lbs (1,500 kg).
In May 2022, FANUC Corporation announced the launch of CRX collaborative robots. This series added three new collaborative robots-CRX-5iA, CRX-20iA/L, and CRX-25iA cobots. The company claims that these robots are safe, reliable, easy-to-use, and versatile solutions for inspection, packing, machine load/unloading, palletizing, and welding.
The rising development of new and advanced robots is increasing the demand for robot components such as control systems, manipulators, locomotive devices, PLCs, and DCS. Thus, the increasing demand for feedback devices like PLCs is driving the need for communication interfaces, thereby contributing to the communications interface market growth.
The communications interface market in North America showcased significant growth over the years. The wide presence of manufacturing industries and the rapid adoption of advanced and automated technologies by these industries to enhance their manufacturing capabilities are contributing to the communications interface market growth. The presence of several robot and IoT device manufacturers in the country, such as Universal Robots A/S; Clearpath Robotics Inc.; AgEagle Aerial Systems; and Bastian Solutions, Inc., is further propelling the demand for manufacturing components and subcomponents across the region. These factors are expected to fuel the communications interface market growth in North America during the forecast period.
Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Communications Interface Market
Several economies in Asia Pacific experienced a sharp decline in their GDP in 2020 due to the sudden closedown of most economic activities across the countries. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the COVID-19 pandemic affected major countries, including India, China, Australia, and Japan. Additionally, the outbreak waves were coming at different time points for each country in the region. Hence, multinational enterprises operating in the region had to reconfigure their manufacturing operations to ensure business competitiveness. Despite such an uncertain business scenario, the adoption of industrial automation solutions continued to witness good growth rates. Installations in China, which is the region's largest adopter, grew strongly by 20%, with 168,400 robot units shipped in 2020. The electronics & semiconductor industry invested significantly in industrial automation solutions in 2020 and 2021. These factors are expected to revive the communications interface market size over the forecast period.
Germany is one of the leading countries in Europe that have adopted automated solutions. In Germany, robotics and automation adoption increased by 13% in 2021. Also, according to the VDMA Robotics + Automation association, in 2022, the robotics and automation (R&A) forecast will increase by 6% with an expected industry turnover of US$ 15.17 billion (€14.4 billion). They have also forecasted a 7% increase in sales for integrated assembly solutions to US$ 8.01 billion (€7.6 billion) in 2022. Thus, the growth of the robotics & automation sector is boosting the demand for smart and connected devices for enabling seamless manufacturing across the country. According to Germany Trade & Invest (GTAI), Germany alone is expected to record a sale of 71,000 cobots is projected by 2025. Thus, the constant rise in the manufacturing of the same is expected to increase the demand for parts and sub-parts. This is fueling the growth of the communications interface market share of the country during the forecast period.
Over the years, Mexico has experienced a rise in investments in the manufacturing industry, especially automotive. Volkswagen, Ford, Toyota, Nissan, and other global automotive brands have opened their manufacturing plants in Mexico. The companies also increased investments to adopt technology, such as robots, to speed up production and reduce operation costs. Lear, an automotive component manufacturer, has integrated robotics in its Mexico plant to drill the bases of vehicle seats where they are installed. Such factors are driving the demand for robot sub-components in the country, which is contributing to the growth of the communications interface market. Additionally, the implementation of the trade agreement in June 2020 between the US, Mexico, and Canada has further boosted the manufacturing sector of Mexico, which is fueling the growth of the communications interface market size in Mexico.
ABB Ltd., Eaton Corp Plc, Honeywell International Inc, Omron Corp, and Rockwell Automation Inc. are a few communications interface market players operating in the globe.
The overall communications interface market size has been derived using both primary and secondary sources. To begin the research process, exhaustive secondary research has been conducted using internal and external sources to obtain qualitative and quantitative information related to the market. The process also serves the purpose of obtaining an overview and forecast of the communications interface market size with respect to all market segments. Also, multiple primary interviews have been conducted with industry participants to validate the data and gain more analytical insights. The participants of this process include VPs, business development managers, market intelligence managers, and national sales managers, along with external consultants such as valuation experts, research analysts, and key opinion leaders, specializing in the communications interface market.
Reasons to Buy:
Save and reduce time carrying out entry-level research by identifying the growth, size, leading players, and segments in the global communications interface market.
Highlights key business priorities in order to assist companies to realign their business strategies
The key findings and recommendations highlight crucial progressive industry trends in the global communications interface market, thereby allowing players across the value chain to develop effective long-term strategies
Develop/modify business expansion plans by using substantial growth offering developed and emerging markets
Scrutinize in-depth global market trends and outlook coupled with the factors driving the market, as well as those hindering it
Enhance the decision-making process by understanding the strategies that underpin commercial interest with respect to client products, segmentation, pricing, and distribution
Table Of Contents
1. Introduction
- 1.1 Study Scope
- 1.2 The Insight Partners Research Report Guidance
- 1.3 Market Segmentation
2. Key Takeaways
3. Research Methodology
- 3.1 Coverage
- 3.2 Secondary Research
- 3.3 Primary Research
4. Communications Interface Market Landscape
- 4.1 Market Overview
- 4.2 PEST Analysis
- 4.2.1 North America
- 4.2.2 Europe
- 4.2.3 APAC
- 4.2.4 MEA
- 4.2.5 SAM
- 4.3 Ecosystem Analysis
- 4.4 Expert Opinion
5. Communications Interface Market - Key Market Dynamics
- 5.1 Market Drivers
- 5.1.1 Rising Adoption of Automation Technologies Across Industries
- 5.1.2 Increasing Development of Robots
- 5.2 Market Restraints
- 5.2.1 High Operating and Maintenance Costs and Lack of Skilled Laborers
- 5.3 Market Opportunities
- 5.3.1 Emergence of Industry 5.0
- 5.4 Future Trends
- 5.4.1 Rising Adoption of Centralized Manufacturing Among Industries
- 5.5 Impact Analysis of Drivers and Restraints
6. Communications Interface Market - Global Analysis
- 6.1 Global Communications Interface Market Overview
- 6.2 Communications Interface Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 6.3 Market Positioning - Five Key Players
- 6.4 Competitive Benchmarking
- 6.5 Growth Matrix
7. Communications Interface Market Analysis - By Product
- 7.1 Overview
- 7.2 Communications Interface Market, by Product (2021 & 2028)
- 7.3 1-Port
- 7.3.1 Overview
- 7.3.2 1-Port: Communications Interface Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 7.4 2-Port
- 7.4.1 Overview
- 7.4.2 2-Port: Communications Interface Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 7.5 Others
- 7.5.1 Overview
- 7.5.2 Others: Communications Interface Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
8. Communications Interface Market Analysis - By Mode of Communication
- 8.1 Overview
- 8.2 Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication, (2021 & 2028)
- 8.3 Wired
- 8.3.1 Overview
- 8.3.2 Wired: Communications Interface Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 8.3.2.1 Ethernet
- 8.3.2.1.1 Overview
- 8.3.2.1.2 Ethernet: Communications Interface Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 8.3.2.2 USB
- 8.3.2.2.1 Overview
- 8.3.2.2.2 USB: Communications Interface Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 8.3.2.3 RS-232/RS-485
- 8.3.2.3.1 Overview
- 8.3.2.3.2 RS-232/RS-485: Communications Interface Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 8.3.2.4 Others
- 8.3.2.4.1 Overview
- 8.3.2.4.2 Others: Communications Interface Market- Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 8.4 Wireless & Hybrid
- 8.4.1 Overview
- 8.4.2 Wireless & Hybrid: Communications Interface Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
9. Communications Interface Market Analysis - By Application
- 9.1 Overview
- 9.2 Communications Interface Market, by Application, (2021 & 2028)
- 9.3 Industrial Networking
- 9.3.1 Overview
- 9.3.2 Industrial Networking: Communications Interface Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 9.4 Battery Monitoring System
- 9.4.1 Overview
- 9.4.2 Battery Monitoring System: Communications Interface Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 9.5 Remote Sensors Communication
- 9.5.1 Overview
- 9.5.2 Remote Sensors Communication: Communications Interface Market - Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 9.6 Railway Signalling System
- 9.6.1 Overview
- 9.6.2 Railway Signalling System: Communications Interface Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 9.7 Machine to Machine Communication
- 9.7.1 Overview
- 9.7.2 Machine to Machine Communication: Communications Interface Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 9.8 Others
- 9.8.1 Overview
- 9.8.2 Others: Communications Interface Market - Revenue, and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
10. Communications Interface Market - Geographic Analysis
- 10.1 Overview
- 10.2 North America: Communications Interface Market
- 10.2.1 Overview
- 10.2.2 North America: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 10.2.3 North America: Communications Interface Market, by Component
- 10.2.4 North America: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.2.4.1 North America: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.2.5 North America: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.2.6 North America: Communications Interface Market, by Country
- 10.2.6.1 US: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.2.6.1.1 US: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.2.6.1.2 US: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.2.6.1.2.1 US: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.2.6.1.3 US: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.2.6.2 Canada: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.2.6.2.1 Canada: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.2.6.2.2 Canada: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.2.6.2.2.1 Canada: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.2.6.2.3 Canada: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.2.6.3 Mexico: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.2.6.3.1 Mexico: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.2.6.3.2 Mexico: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.2.6.3.2.1 Mexico: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.2.6.3.3 Mexico: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.3 Europe: Communications Interface Market
- 10.3.1 Overview
- 10.3.2 Europe: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 10.3.3 Europe: Communications Interface Market, by Component
- 10.3.4 Europe: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.3.4.1 Europe: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.3.5 Europe: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.3.6 Europe: Communications Interface Market, by Country
- 10.3.6.1 Germany: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.3.6.1.1 Germany: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.3.6.1.2 Germany: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.3.6.1.2.1 Germany: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.3.6.1.3 Germany: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.3.6.2 France: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.3.6.2.1 France: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.3.6.2.2 France: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.3.6.2.2.1 France: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.3.6.2.3 France: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.3.6.3 Italy: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.3.6.3.1 Italy: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.3.6.3.2 Italy: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.3.6.3.2.1 Italy: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.3.6.3.3 Italy: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.3.6.4 UK: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.3.6.4.1 UK: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.3.6.4.2 UK: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.3.6.4.2.1 UK: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.3.6.4.3 UK: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.3.6.5 Russia: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.3.6.5.1 Russia: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.3.6.5.2 Russia: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.3.6.5.2.1 Russia: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.3.6.5.3 Russia: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.3.6.6 Rest of Europe: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.3.6.6.1 Rest of Europe: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.3.6.6.2 Rest of Europe: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.3.6.6.2.1 Rest of Europe: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.3.6.6.3 Rest of Europe: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.4 Asia Pacific: Communications Interface Market
- 10.4.1 Overview
- 10.4.2 Asia Pacific: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 10.4.3 Asia Pacific: Communications Interface Market, by Component
- 10.4.4 Asia Pacific: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.4.4.1 Asia Pacific: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.4.5 Asia Pacific: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.4.6 Asia Pacific: Communications Interface Market, by Country
- 10.4.6.1 Australia: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.4.6.1.1 Australia: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.4.6.1.2 Australia: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.4.6.1.2.1 Australia: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.4.6.1.3 Australia: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.4.6.2 China: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.4.6.2.1 China: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.4.6.2.2 China: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.4.6.2.2.1 China: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.4.6.2.3 China: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.4.6.3 India: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.4.6.3.1 India: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.4.6.3.2 India: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.4.6.3.2.1 India: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.4.6.3.3 India: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.4.6.4 Japan: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.4.6.4.1 Japan: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.4.6.4.2 Japan: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.4.6.4.2.1 Japan: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.4.6.4.3 Japan: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.4.6.5 South Korea: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.4.6.5.1 South Korea: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.4.6.5.2 South Korea: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.4.6.5.2.1 South Korea: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.4.6.5.3 South Korea: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.4.6.6 Rest of APAC: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.4.6.6.1 Rest of APAC: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.4.6.6.2 Rest of APAC: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.4.6.6.2.1 Rest of APAC: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.4.6.6.3 Rest of APAC: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.5 Middle East & Africa: Communications Interface Market
- 10.5.1 Overview
- 10.5.2 Middle East & Africa: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 10.5.3 Middle East & Africa: Communications Interface Market, by Component
- 10.5.4 Middle East & Africa: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.5.4.1 Middle East & Africa: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.5.5 Middle East & Africa: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.5.6 Middle East & Africa: Communications Interface Market, by Country
- 10.5.6.1 South Africa: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.5.6.1.1 South Africa: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.5.6.1.2 South Africa: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.5.6.1.2.1 South Africa: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.5.6.1.3 South Africa: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.5.6.2 Saudi Arabia: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.5.6.2.1 Saudi Arabia: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.5.6.2.2 Saudi Arabia: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.5.6.2.2.1 Saudi Arabia: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.5.6.2.3 Saudi Arabia: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.5.6.3 UAE: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.5.6.3.1 UAE: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.5.6.3.2 UAE: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.5.6.3.2.1 UAE: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.5.6.3.3 UAE: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.5.6.4 Rest of MEA: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.5.6.4.1 Rest of MEA: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.5.6.4.2 Rest of MEA: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.5.6.4.2.1 Rest of MEA: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.5.6.4.3 Rest of MEA: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.6 South America: Communications Interface Market
- 10.6.1 Overview
- 10.6.2 South America: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028 (US$ Million)
- 10.6.3 South America: Communications Interface Market, by Component
- 10.6.4 South America: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.6.4.1 South America: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.6.5 South America: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.6.6 South America: Communications Interface Market, by Country
- 10.6.6.1 Brazil: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.6.6.1.1 Brazil: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.6.6.1.2 Brazil: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.6.6.1.2.1 Brazil: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.6.6.1.3 Brazil: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.6.6.2 Argentina: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.6.6.2.1 Argentina: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.6.6.2.2 Argentina: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.6.6.2.2.1 Argentina: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.6.6.2.3 Argentina: Communications Interface Market, by Application
- 10.6.6.3 Rest of SAM: Communications Interface Market, Revenue and Forecast to 2028
- 10.6.6.3.1 Rest of SAM: Communications Interface Market, by Product
- 10.6.6.3.2 Rest of SAM: Communications Interface Market, by Mode of Communication
- 10.6.6.3.2.1 Rest of SAM: Communications Interface Market, by Wired
- 10.6.6.3.3 Rest of SAM: Communications Interface Market, by Application
11. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Communications Interface Market
- 11.1 Overview
- 11.2 North America: Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic
- 11.3 Europe: Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic
- 11.4 APAC: Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic
- 11.5 MEA: Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic
- 11.6 SAM Impact Assessment of COVID-19 Pandemic
12. Industry Landscape
- 12.1 Overview
- 12.2 Market Initiative
- 12.3 New Product Development
13. Company Profiles
- 13.1 ABB Ltd
- 13.1.1 Key Facts
- 13.1.2 Business Description
- 13.1.3 Products and Services
- 13.1.4 Financial Overview
- 13.1.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.1.6 Key Developments
- 13.2 Eaton Corp Plc
- 13.2.1 Key Facts
- 13.2.2 Business Description
- 13.2.3 Products and Services
- 13.2.4 Financial Overview
- 13.2.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.2.6 Key Developments
- 13.3 Gauging Systems Inc
- 13.3.1 Key Facts
- 13.3.2 Business Description
- 13.3.3 Products and Services
- 13.3.4 Financial Overview
- 13.3.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.3.6 Key Developments
- 13.4 Honeywell International Inc
- 13.4.1 Key Facts
- 13.4.2 Business Description
- 13.4.3 Products and Services
- 13.4.4 Financial Overview
- 13.4.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.4.6 Key Developments
- 13.5 OMRON Corp
- 13.5.1 Key Facts
- 13.5.2 Business Description
- 13.5.3 Products and Services
- 13.5.4 Financial Overview
- 13.5.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.5.6 Key Developments
- 13.6 Parker Hannifin Corp
- 13.6.1 Key Facts
- 13.6.2 Business Description
- 13.6.3 Products and Services
- 13.6.4 Financial Overview
- 13.6.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.6.6 Key Developments
- 13.7 PR Electronics AS
- 13.7.1 Key Facts
- 13.7.2 Business Description
- 13.7.3 Products and Services
- 13.7.4 Financial Overview
- 13.7.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.7.6 Key Developments
- 13.8 Rockwell Automation Inc
- 13.8.1 Key Facts
- 13.8.2 Business Description
- 13.8.3 Products and Services
- 13.8.4 Financial Overview
- 13.8.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.8.6 Key Developments
- 13.9 Socomec Holding SA
- 13.9.1 Key Facts
- 13.9.2 Business Description
- 13.9.3 Products and Services
- 13.9.4 Financial Overview
- 13.9.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.9.6 Key Developments
- 13.10 NXP Semiconductors NV
- 13.10.1 Key Facts
- 13.10.2 Business Description
- 13.10.3 Products and Services
- 13.10.4 Financial Overview
- 13.10.5 SWOT Analysis
- 13.10.6 Key Developments
14. Appendix
- 14.1 About The Insight Partners
- 14.2 Word Index