化學產業的脫碳化 - 趨勢，技術評估，課題，案例研究

化學工業佔全球二氧化碳排放量的 14%。根據國際能源總署（IEA）的數據，化學工業也是石油和天然氣產品的最大消費者。化學工業傳統上依賴低成本、容易取得的化石燃料作為原料和製程能源。儘管某些過程可以通電，但許多反應需要非常高的溫度。這使得徹底擺脫傳統燃料以及更廣泛行業的脫碳變得尤其具有挑戰性。捕獲的二氧化碳、綠色氫以及生物質和廢物等替代原料是替代石油和天然氣的碳和氫的主要來源。同時，透過回收工業熱量和使用廢化學品來提高製程效率將有助於減少整個產業的能源需求，使脫碳挑戰更容易應對。

化學工業佔2021年工業排放量的14%，是實現淨零目標的關鍵幹預點，但也是最難減排的產業之一。化學工業透過農業、建築和消費產業的成品來支持現代生活中的許多有形物品。化學工業的碳排放可分為直接能源需求和製程排放，兩者都對脫碳提出挑戰。由於這兩個來源，需要結合能源轉型技術和措施來抑制該產業的排放。其中包括氫氣、CCUS、製程效率改進以及生物質和廢物原料利用。

本報告調查分析了化學工業的脫碳情況，揭示了實現排放目標所需行業趨勢的現狀和潛力，並介紹了最佳能源轉換技術。

主要亮點

• 化學工業近三分之二的排放來自能源使用。
• 為了實現淨零排放，氨必須大幅減少對石油的依賴。氨生產脫碳需要加速擴大綠氫的規模。
• 2018年甲醇約佔初級化學品產量的一半，由於發展中國家汽車和建築業的需求增加，預計2023年至2030年甲醇需求將成長17.56%。
• 雖然 ICCA 聲稱支持《巴黎協定》，但 IEA 認為化學工業 "不符合" 2030 年檢查點。
• 從 2020 年到 2030 年，全球化學產業的碳捕集能力預計將以 14.2% 的複合年增長率增長，未來幾年將推出突破性項目，提高捕集能力。Masu。

目錄

• 執行摘要
• 化學碳排放
• 化學工業對氣候變遷的貢獻
• 氨對碳排放的貢獻
• 甲醇對碳排放的貢獻
• 化學工業在淨零排放方面取得進展
• 脫碳技術簡介
• 四種主要化學品脫碳技術
• 技術：分階段脫碳的可能性
• 宏觀經濟問題是脫碳的障礙
• 碳捕獲、利用與封存 (CCUS)
• 預測化學工業中的 CCUS 能力
• 使用回收的碳作為原料
• 碳負化學品
• 氫氣
• 世界氫氣產能
• 化工產業案例研究
• 流程效率
• 化學工業的能源使用
• 流程效率案例研究
• 以生物質和廢棄物為原料
• 生物質
• 將廢棄物回收成化學產品
• 重要訊息
• 聯絡資訊

Abstract

This report identifies the current and potential sector trends necessary to meet emissions targets and introduces the energy transition technologies most suited to decarbonizing the chemicals industry. The technologies discussed include hydrogen, alternative fuel sources, CCUS, as well as energy efficiency and optimization measures. The chemicals industry is responsible for 14% of global CO2 emissions. According to the International Energy Agency, the sector is also the largest industrial consumer of oil and gas products. The chemicals industry has traditionally depended on low cost and readily available fossil fuels for feedstock and as a source of process energy. Although some processes can be electrified, very high temperatures are required for many reactions to take place. This makes a complete departure from conventional fuels and the wider sector's decarbonization especially challenging. Captured CO2, green hydrogen and other alternative feedstocks such as biomass and waste can serve to replace oil and gas as the main sources of carbon and hydrogen, while electrification and the use of alternative fuels will aid in the replacement of fossil fuels for process energy. Meanwhile, increasing process efficiency through recycling of industrial heat or utilizing waste chemicals can help to reduce the overall energy demand of the sector, making the decarbonization challenge more manageable.

Accounting for 14% of industrial emissions in 2021, the chemicals industry represents a key point of intervention for achieving net-zero targets but remains a sector whose emissions are among the hardest to abate. The chemical industry underpins much of the materiality of modern life, with its end-products spanning agricultural, construction, and consumer industries. Carbon emissions from the chemical industry can be broken down into direct energy demand and process emissions, both of which represent a challenge to decarbonization. As a result of these two emission sources, a combination of energy transition technologies and measures will need to be required to curb emissions from the sector. These include, hydrogen, CCUS, increasing process efficiency, and the use of biomass and waste as feedstock.

Key Highlights

• Almost two thirds of emissions from the chemicals industry come from energy use. Energy is used to heat and cool reactions, grind and mix compounds, and transport around the plants.
• In order to get on track with net zero emissions, ammonia needs to drastically reduce its petroleum dependency, going beyond the current policies set out. Upscaling of green hydrogen needs to be accelerated to decarbonize ammonia production.
• Methanol made up around half the primary chemical production in 2018 and is expected to see a demand increase of 17.56% from 2023-2030 due to rising demand from automotive and construction industries in developing economies
• Despite the ICCA claiming to support the Paris Climate agreement, the IEA considers the chemicals industry to be 'not on track' for its 2030 checkpoint
• Global carbon capture capacity within the chemicals sector is forecast to see a 14.2% CAGR from 2020-2030, with groundbreaking projects becoming operational in the next few years increasing capacity.

Scope

• The chemical industry's current contribution to carbon emissions
• Key chemicals for decarbonization
• Focus technologies for decarbonizing the chemical sector
• Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)
• Hydrogen
• Process efficiency
• Biomass and waste as feedstocks

Reasons to Buy

• Obtain the most up to date information on recent developments and policies effecting the chemical industry's energy transition.
• Identify key energy transition technologies for the decarbonization of the chemical industry
• Obtain market insight into current rates of technology adoption and the factors that will shape the sector's decarbonization.
• Identify the companies most active companies across CCUS, hydrogen, process efficiency, and feedstocks derived from biomass and waste within the chemicals sector.

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

• Executive Summary
• Chemicals' carbon emissions
• Chemicals industry's contribution to climate change
• Ammonia's contribution to carbon emissions
• Methanol's contribution to carbon emissions
• Chemicals industry's progress towards net-zero
• Introduction to decarbonization technologies
• Four key decarbonisation technologies for chemicals
• Technologies by decarbonization potential and stage
• Macroeconomic challenges that will pose a barrier to decarbonization
• Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS)
• Forecast CCUS capacity in the chemicals industry
• Using captured carbon as feedstock
• Carbon negative chemicals
• Hydrogen
• Global hydrogen capacity
• Case studies from the chemicals industry
• Process Efficiency
• Energy use in the chemicals industry
• Process efficiency case studies
• Biomass and Waste as Feedstocks
• Biomass
• Recycling waste to chemical products
• Key takeaways
• Contact Us

List of Tables

List of Tables

• Assessing decarbonization technologies: advantages and disadvantages
• Key takeaways

List of Figures

List of Figures

• Direction emissions from Industry, 2021
• Supply and demand of base chemicals, 2000-2030
• Petrochemical capacity of top 10 commodities, 2022
• Emissions from ammonia under different climate projection scenarios, 2020 - 2050
• Petrochemical capacity of top 10 commodities, 2022
• Comparison of CO2 emissions intensity from primary chemical production in 2022 and 2030 in a net zero scenario
• Direct emissions intensity of the chemical industry in the net zero scenario
• The top four energy transition technologies for the chemicals industry
• Chemicals sector decarbonization challenges
• Carbon capture capacity from chemicals manufacturing, 2020 - 2030
• Chemical industry hydrogen pipeline estimated capacity share before 2030
• Global hydrogen capacity, 2021 - 2030
• Energy consumption in chemicals under NZE scenario
• Total renewable fuel production capacity, 2023 - 2030