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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1448007

植物活化劑市場 - 2023-2030

Plant Activators Market - 2023-2030

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 209 Pages | 商品交期: 約2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

概述

全球植物活化劑市場2022年達到9.024億美元,預計2030年將達到13.9543億美元,2023-2030年預測期間CAGR為5.6%。

植物活化劑是生物作物保護這一更廣泛趨勢的一部分。它們增強植物的天然免疫系統,增強其對病蟲害的抵抗力。這與害蟲綜合防治 (IPM) 技術的更廣泛趨勢一致。 2022年4月,科萊恩推出無人機噴灑用漂移控制劑和生物活化劑

源自植物萃取物和微生物等天然來源的生物植物活化劑因其對環境影響較小且與害蟲綜合治理 (IPM) 技術相容而受到關注。例如,Gowan公司提供的一種植物生物活化劑Siapton,由遊離胺基酸和短鏈胜肽組成。此活化劑可提高所有條件下的產量水平,並減少脅迫條件下的產量損失。

乾旱、極端溫度和鹽度等非生物脅迫的發生越來越多,導致人們更加重視增強壓力耐受性和提高植物恢復能力的植物活化劑。因此,對非生物脅迫的日益關注正在推動植物活化劑市場的成長。對傳統化學品替代品的需求不斷成長是植物活化劑市場成長的主要趨勢。

動力學

各種生物和非生物脅迫導致作物產量損失

生物脅迫是由害蟲、疾病和雜草等生物體引起的,而非生物脅迫是由乾旱、極端溫度和土壤鹽分等非生物因素引起的。這些壓力可能對作物產量和品質產生深遠影響,導致農民遭受重大經濟損失和糧食供應鏈中斷。根據 MDPI,非生物脅迫會嚴重降低作物生產性能,作物產量損失 50% 至 70%

植物活化劑在減輕這些損失和推動市場成長方面發揮著至關重要的作用。植物活化劑刺激植物的自然防禦機制,使它們對蟲害和疾病等生物脅迫更有抵抗力。它們可以誘導抗菌化合物和酵素的產生,幫助植物抵抗病原體。

資源和耕地減少,農業生產需求增加

隨著資源和耕地的減少,農業生產的需求不斷增加,正在推動植物活化劑市場的成長。根據世界銀行的數據,印度農業用地佔土地總面積的比例從 2015 年的 60. 4% 增至 2020 年的 60.2%。世界人口增加,耕地面積減少,提高農業生產的需求日益成長。植物活化劑透過提高作物產量、品質和復原力來應對這項挑戰

由於耕地有限,利用可用空間最大限度地提高農作物產量變得至關重要。植物活化劑促進有效的養分吸收和利用,增加生物量和提高產量。透過改善植物的健康和活力,活化劑可以幫助植物充分發揮生長潛力。水和養分等稀缺資源可能導致乾旱和養分缺乏等非生物脅迫狀況。植物活化劑增強植物耐受性和適應這些壓力的能力,因此即使在不利條件下也能維持作物生產力。

政府規章

政府法規確實可以限制植物活化劑市場的成長。與其他農業化學品類似,植物活化劑必須經過漫長而複雜的註冊核准程序才能合法銷售和使用。此過程包括提交有關產品功效、安全性和環境影響的大量資料,這對於製造商來說可能既耗時又昂貴。

如果指導方針沒有正確維護,那麼政府可以禁止該產品。根據 1968 年農藥法規,該法案允許各州在出現安全問題時禁用農藥 60 天,在某些情況下可延長 30 天

目錄

目錄

第 1 章:方法與範圍

  • 研究方法論
  • 報告的研究目的和範圍

第 2 章:定義與概述

第 3 章:執行摘要

  • 來源片段
  • 按作物摘錄
  • 按表格列出的片段
  • 按功能分類的片段
  • 按配銷通路分類的片段
  • 按申請模式分類的片段
  • 按地區分類的片段

第 4 章:動力學

  • 影響因素
    • 促進要素
      • 各種生物和非生物脅迫導致作物產量損失
      • 資源和耕地減少,農業生產需求增加
    • 限制
      • 政府規章
    • 機會
    • 影響分析

第 5 章:產業分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供應鏈分析
  • 定價分析
  • 監管分析

第 6 章:COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 分析
    • 新冠疫情爆發前的情景
    • 新冠疫情期間的情景
    • 新冠疫情後的情景
  • COVID-19 期間的定價動態
  • 供需譜
  • 疫情期間政府與市場相關的舉措
  • 製造商策略舉措
  • 結論

第 7 章:按來源

  • 生物
  • 化學

第 8 章:依作物分類

  • 水果和蔬菜
    • 莓果
    • 柑橘類水果
    • 仁果
    • 根莖類蔬菜
    • 葉菜類蔬菜
    • 其他
  • 穀物及穀物
    • 小麥
    • 玉米
    • 其他
  • 油籽和豆類
    • 棉籽
    • 大豆
    • 向日葵和油菜籽
    • 其他
  • 草坪和觀賞植物

第 9 章:按形式

  • 解決方案
  • 水分散性和水溶性顆粒
  • 可濕性粉劑

第 10 章:按功能

  • 抗病性
  • 成長強化
  • 產量提高
  • 抗壓能力

第 11 章:按配銷通路

  • 電子商務
  • 大型超市/超市
  • 專賣店
  • 其他

第 12 章:依申請方式

  • 葉面噴施
  • 土壤處理
  • 種子處理
  • 軀幹注射
  • 土壤淋水
  • 其他

第 13 章:按地區

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 法國
    • 義大利
    • 俄羅斯
    • 歐洲其他地區
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 亞太
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亞太其他地區
  • 中東和非洲

第14章:競爭格局

  • 競爭場景
  • 市場定位/佔有率分析
  • 併購分析

第 15 章:公司簡介

  • Syngenta AG
    • 公司簡介
    • 產品組合和描述
    • 財務概覽
    • 最近的發展
  • BASF SE
  • Certis USA LLC
  • Futureco Bioscience
  • Gowan Company
  • Nutriag USA Ltd.
  • Eagle Plant Protect Private Limited.
  • Jaivik Crop Care LLP
  • UPL
  • NIHON NOHYAKU CO., LTD

第 16 章:附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: AG8030

Overview

Global Plant Activators Market reached US$ 902.4 million in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 1,395.43 million by 2030, growing with a CAGR of 5.6% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

Plant activators are part of the broader trend toward biological crop protection. They boost the plant's natural immune system, increasing its resilience to pests and disease. This aligns with the broader trends toward integrated pest control (IPM) techniques. In April 2022, Clariant launched Drift Control Agent and Biological Activator for drone spraying

Biological plant activators derived from natural sources, such as plant extracts and microorganisms, have gained traction due to their lower environmental effect and compatibility with integrated pest management (IPM) techniques. For instance, a plant bio-activator provided by Gowan Company, Siapton, is consisting of balance-free amino acids and short-chain peptides. This activator improves yield levels under all conditions and reduces yield losses under stress conditions.

Increasing occurrences of abiotic stresses such as drought, extreme temperatures, and salinity have led to a greater emphasis on plant activators that enhance stress tolerance and improve plant resilience. Hence, the rising focus on abiotic stress is driving the plant activator market growth. The rising demand for alternatives to conventional chemicals acts as a key trend in plant activator market growth.

Dynamics

Loss of Crop Production due to Various Biotic and Abiotic Stress

Biotic stresses are caused by living organisms such as pests, diseases, and weeds, while abiotic stresses result from non-living factors like drought, extreme temperatures, and soil salinity. These stresses can have a profound impact on crop yields and quality, leading to substantial economic losses for farmers and food supply chain disruptions. According to MDPI, Abiotic stresses can strongly reduce crop performance, with crop yield losses ranging from 50% to 70%

Plant activators play a crucial role in mitigating these losses and driving market growth. Plant activators stimulate the plant's natural defense mechanisms, making them more resilient to biotic stresses like insect pests and diseases. They can induce the production of antimicrobial compounds and enzymes, helping plants fend off pathogens.

Increasing Demand For Agricultural Production with Decreasing Resources and Arable Land

The increasing demand for agricultural production with decreasing resources and arable land is driving the growth of the plant activators market. According to World Bank, in India, in 2020 agricultural land was 60.2% of total land where it was 60. 4% in 2015. the world's population rises and the amount of arable land decreases., there is a growing need for enhancing agricultural production. Plant activators contribute to addressing this challenge by improving crop yield, quality, and resilience

With limited arable land, it becomes crucial to maximize crop yield from the available space. Plant activators promote efficient nutrient uptake and utilization, leading to increased biomass and better yield. By improving plant health and vigor, activators help plants achieve their full growth potential. Scarce resources, such as water and nutrients, can lead to abiotic stress conditions like drought and nutrient deficiency. Plant activators enhance a plant's ability to tolerate and adapt to these stresses, thereby maintaining crop productivity even under adverse conditions.

Government Regulations

Government regulations can indeed act as a restraint on the growth of the plant activators market. Similar to other agrochemicals, plant activators must go through a lengthy and complex registration and approval process to be legally sold and used. This process includes submitting extensive data on product efficacy, safety, and environmental impact, which can be time-consuming and expensive for manufacturers.

If the guidelines are not maintained properly, then the government can ban the product. As per pesticide regulation in 1968, which act permits states to ban a pesticide for 60 days if a safety concern arises, with 30-day extensions in some cases

Segment Analysis

The global plant activators market is segmented based on source, crop, form, function, distribution channel, mode of application and region.

Rising Demand for Biological Products in Agriculture

Biological plant activators are often derived from natural sources, such as plant extracts, beneficial microorganisms, and naturally occurring compounds. These sources are perceived as more sustainable and environmentally friendly compared to synthetic chemical alternatives, aligning with consumer and regulatory demands for greener agricultural practices.

Biological plant activators typically leave fewer chemical residues on crops compared to synthetic chemicals. This characteristic appeals to consumers who are concerned about the safety of pesticide residues in their food. In April 2022, Clariant launched Drift Control Agent and Biological Activator for drone spraying

Source: DataM Intelligence Analysis (2023)

Geographical Penetration

Europe's Growing Crop Loss due to Climate Change

Europe has a wide range of crops grown across various climates and regions. But climate change causes various abiotic stress to plants and leads to crop loss. Maize, sunflower and soya bean yields are forecast by the EU to drop by about 8% to 9 % due to hot weather across the continent. Europe's heat and drought crop losses are tripled in 50 years. Plant activators can be applied to different types of crops, addressing specific challenges faced by European farmers and supporting the growth of the market.

European consumers and governments have shown increasing interest in sustainable and organic farming practices. Plant activators align with these preferences by offering a way to enhance crop yields and protect plants using natural defense mechanisms, rather than relying solely on synthetic chemicals.

Source: DataM Intelligence Analysis (2023)

Competitive Landscape

The major global players include Syngenta AG, BASF SE, Certis USA L.L.C, Futureco Bioscience, Gowan Company, Nutriag USA Ltd, Eagle Plant Protect Private Limited, Jaivik Crop Care LLP, UPL and NIHON NOHYAKU CO., LTD.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

COVID Impact

The pandemic led to disruptions in global supply chains, affecting the production and distribution of agricultural inputs, including plant activators. Restrictions on movement, labor shortages, and transportation challenges have impacted the agricultural sector, as a result, there is a lesser demand for plant activators which restraints its market growth during the pandemic.

By Source

  • Biological
  • Chemical

By Crop

  • Fruits & Vegetables
    • Berries
    • Citrus Fruits
    • Pome Fruits
    • Root & Tuber Vegetables
    • Leafy Vegetables
    • Others
  • Cereals & Grains
    • Wheat
    • Rice
    • Corn
    • Others
  • Oilseeds & Pulses
    • Cotton Seed
    • Soybean
    • Sunflower & Rapeseed
    • Others
  • Turf & Ornamentals

By Form

  • Solutions
  • Water-Dispersible and Water-Soluble Granules
  • Wettable Powders

By Function

  • Disease Resistance
  • Growth Enhancement
  • Yield Improvement
  • Stress Tolerance

By Distribution Channel

  • E-Commerce
  • Hypermarket/Supermarket
  • Specialty Stores
  • Others

By Mode of Application

  • Foliar Spray
  • Soil Treatment
  • Seed Treatment
  • Trunk Injection
  • Soil Drenching
  • Others

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Russia
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • In June 2023, Grace Breeding announced Brazil's field test results of its promagen(WDS bio-activator) in soybean plants demonstrating boosted yields. Results showed that using Grace Breeding's ProMagen in soybean plants there was both higher resilience and tolerance as well as higher yield produced.
  • In December 2022, Bayer, a life science company, launched Ambition, its new amino acid biostimulant to the Chinese market. Ambition can stimulate the natural activity of plants.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global plant activators market segmentation based on source, crop, form, function, distribution channel, mode of application and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of plant activators market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as Excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global plant activators market report would provide approximately 85 tables, 92 figures and 309Pages.

Target Audience 2023

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

Table of Contents

1.Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1.Research Methodology
  • 1.2.Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2.Definition and Overview

3.Executive Summary

  • 3.1.Snippet by Source
  • 3.2.Snippet by Crop
  • 3.3.Snippet by Form
  • 3.4.Snippet by Function
  • 3.5.Snippet by Distribution Channel
  • 3.6.Snippet by Mode of Application
  • 3.7.Snippet by Region

4.Dynamics

  • 4.1.Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1.Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1.Loss of Crop Production Due to Various Biotic and Abiotic Stress
      • 4.1.1.2.Increasing Demand for Agricultural Production with Decreasing Resources and Arable Land
    • 4.1.2.Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1.Government Regulations
    • 4.1.3.Opportunity
    • 4.1.4.Impact Analysis

5.Industry Analysis

  • 5.1.Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2.Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3.Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4.Regulatory Analysis

6.COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1.Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1.Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2.Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3.Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2.Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3.Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4.Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5.Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6.Conclusion

7.By Source

  • 7.1.Introduction
    • 7.1.1.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 7.1.2.Market Attractiveness Index, By Source
  • 7.2.Biological*
    • 7.2.1.Introduction
    • 7.2.2.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3.Chemical

8.By Crop

  • 8.1.Introduction
    • 8.1.1.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 8.1.2.Market Attractiveness Index, By Crop
  • 8.2.Fruits & Vegetables*
    • 8.2.1.Introduction
    • 8.2.2.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
    • 8.2.3.Berries
    • 8.2.4.Citrus Fruits
    • 8.2.5.Pome Fruits
    • 8.2.6.Root & Tuber Vegetables
    • 8.2.7.Leafy Vegetables
    • 8.2.8.Others
  • 8.3.Cereals & Grains
    • 8.3.1.Wheat
    • 8.3.2.Rice
    • 8.3.3.Corn
    • 8.3.4.Others
  • 8.4.Oilseeds & Pulses
    • 8.4.1.Cotton Seed
    • 8.4.2.Soybean
    • 8.4.3.Sunflower & Rapeseed
    • 8.4.4.Others
  • 8.5.Turf & Ornamentals

9.By Form

  • 9.1.Introduction
    • 9.1.1.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Form
    • 9.1.2.Market Attractiveness Index, By Form
  • 9.2.Solutions*
    • 9.2.1.Introduction
    • 9.2.2.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3.Water-Dispersible and Water-Soluble Granules
  • 9.4.Wettable Powders

10.By Function

  • 10.1.Introduction
    • 10.1.1.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Function
    • 10.1.2.Market Attractiveness Index, By Function
  • 10.2.Disease Resistance*
    • 10.2.1.Introduction
    • 10.2.2.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 10.3.Growth Enhancement
  • 10.4.Yield Improvement
  • 10.5.Stress Tolerance

11.By Distribution Channel

  • 11.1.Introduction
    • 11.1.1.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 11.1.2.Market Attractiveness Index, By Distribution Channel
  • 11.2.E-Commerce*
    • 11.2.1.Introduction
    • 11.2.2.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 11.3.Hypermarket/Supermarket
  • 11.4.Specialty Stores
  • 11.5.Others

12.By Mode of Application

  • 12.1.Introduction
    • 12.1.1.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 12.1.2.Market Attractiveness Index, By Mode of Application
  • 12.2.Foliar Spray*
    • 12.2.1.Introduction
    • 12.2.2.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 12.3.Soil Treatment
  • 12.4.Seed treatment
  • 12.5.Trunk injection
  • 12.6.Soil drenching
  • 12.7.Others

13.By Region

  • 13.1.Introduction
    • 13.1.1.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 13.1.2.Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 13.2.North America
    • 13.2.1.Introduction
    • 13.2.2.Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 13.2.3.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 13.2.4.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 13.2.5.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Form
    • 13.2.6.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Function
    • 13.2.7.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 13.2.8.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 13.2.9.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 13.2.9.1.U.S.
      • 13.2.9.2.Canada
      • 13.2.9.3.Mexico
  • 13.3.Europe
    • 13.3.1.Introduction
    • 13.3.2.Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 13.3.3.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 13.3.4.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 13.3.5.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Form
    • 13.3.6.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Function
    • 13.3.7.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 13.3.8.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 13.3.9.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 13.3.9.1.Germany
      • 13.3.9.2.UK
      • 13.3.9.3.France
      • 13.3.9.4.Italy
      • 13.3.9.5.Russia
      • 13.3.9.6.Rest of Europe
  • 13.4.South America
    • 13.4.1.Introduction
    • 13.4.2.Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 13.4.3.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 13.4.4.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 13.4.5.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Form
    • 13.4.6.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Function
    • 13.4.7.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 13.4.8.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 13.4.9.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 13.4.9.1.Brazil
      • 13.4.9.2.Argentina
      • 13.4.9.3.Rest of South America
  • 13.5.Asia-Pacific
    • 13.5.1.Introduction
    • 13.5.2.Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 13.5.3.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 13.5.4.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 13.5.5.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Form
    • 13.5.6.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Function
    • 13.5.7.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 13.5.8.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application
    • 13.5.9.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 13.5.9.1.China
      • 13.5.9.2.India
      • 13.5.9.3.Japan
      • 13.5.9.4.Australia
      • 13.5.9.5.Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 13.6.Middle East and Africa
    • 13.6.1.Introduction
    • 13.6.2.Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 13.6.3.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 13.6.4.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Crop
    • 13.6.5.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Form
    • 13.6.6.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Function
    • 13.6.7.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 13.6.8.Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Mode of Application

14.Competitive Landscape

  • 14.1.Competitive Scenario
  • 14.2.Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 14.3.Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

15.Company Profiles

  • 15.1.Syngenta AG*
    • 15.1.1.Company Overview
    • 15.1.2.Product Portfolio and Description
    • 15.1.3.Financial Overview
    • 15.1.4.Recent Developments
  • 15.2.BASF SE
  • 15.3.Certis USA L.L.C
  • 15.4.Futureco Bioscience
  • 15.5.Gowan Company
  • 15.6.Nutriag USA Ltd.
  • 15.7.Eagle Plant Protect Private Limited.
  • 15.8.Jaivik Crop Care LLP
  • 15.9.UPL
  • 15.10.NIHON NOHYAKU CO., LTD

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

16.Appendix

  • 16.1.About Us and Services
  • 16.2.Contact Us