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市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1446874

全球氧化鋁加工助劑市場

Global Alumina Processing Aids Market

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 182 Pages | 商品交期: 約2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

概述

全球氧化鋁加工助劑市場將於 2023 年達到 42 億美元,預計到 2031 年將達到 63 億美元,2024-2031 年預測期間CAGR為 5.2%。

在全球最終用途行業鋁消耗量成長的推動下,氧化鋁加工助劑市場正在迅速擴大。拜耳法和燒結法中使用了被稱為氧化鋁加工助劑的化學品或添加劑,這是兩種從鋁土礦礦石中生產氧化鋁的精煉技術。這些工具用於提高萃取效率並提高氧化鋁產品的質量,從而鼓勵所有地區的氧化鋁精煉設施廣泛採用這些輔助工具。

2023 年 11 月,IIT Kharagpur 和 Vedanta Aluminium 開發了一種工藝,可在氧化鋁精煉過程中略微減少鋁土礦殘渣(通常稱為赤泥)的產量。鋁主要使用稱為拜耳法的中間程序從鋁土礦中提取。生產氧化鋁,然後電解生產鋁。通過去除鐵值並回收更高的氧化鋁收率,該專利技術將整個氧化鋁精煉過程中鋁土礦的總有機物含量降低了驚人的 30%。

動力學

隨著鋁產量的成長,氧化鋁加工的相關性有助於提高生產率

隨著鋁產量的成長以滿足不斷成長的需求,最佳化氧化鋁精煉作業的效率是必要的。透過確保更簡單地從鋁土礦礦石中提取氧化鋁,氧化鋁加工助劑對於提高這些製程的效率至關重要。它有助於縮短加工時間、提高產量並提高氧化鋁精煉廠的整體生產率。

例如,2023年1月,國際鋁業協會報告稱,2022年12月全球原鋁產量達585.9萬噸,佔當年總產量6,841.7萬噸。儘管能源危機導致全球眾多冶煉廠減產,但2022年全球產量較上年的6,709.2萬噸成長1.97%。由於能源危機,全球鋁產量將增加2%,但中國產量將超過新冠疫情限制4%。

擴大氧化鋁精煉廠產能

氧化鋁加工助劑經常用於最大限度地提高氧化鋁生產成本、降低能源消耗並提高製程效率。能力的增強導致人們更加關注成本效益和效率,從而增加了對有助於實現這些目標的氧化鋁加工助劑的需求。擴張通常伴隨著加工方法或技術的發展。對專用加工助劑的需求可能會進一步刺激市場需求,新技術可能需要這些助劑才能正常運作或提供所需的結果。

2022年8月,阿達尼企業有限公司提議建造一座年產400萬噸的氧化鋁精煉廠,高層核准機構批准了10個工業項目,價值7462.018億盧比。在卡什普爾的Rayagada地區,阿達尼集團擬投資4,165.3億盧比興建一座容量為1,75兆瓦的自備發電廠和一座氧化鋁精煉廠。因此,上述發展增加了上述地區的氧化鋁精煉能力,這進一步增加了對氧化鋁加工助劑的需求,以最佳化氧化鋁品質。

替代和替代技術

由於替代技術或材料的創建和使用(無需它們也可以產生類似的結果),對氧化鋁加工助劑的需求可能會下降。如果公司選擇以更實惠或更有效的替代品完全取代加工助劑,氧化鋁加工助劑的市場可能會減少。

例如,催化劑在石油精煉中至關重要,因為它們能夠實現各種化學過程,將原油轉化為有用的副產品,如噴氣燃料、柴油和汽油。過去,氧化鋁基催化劑已廣泛應用於精煉過程中,以提高產量、提高選擇性並加速反應。然而,由於其改進的性能質量,包括沸石和分子篩在內的替代催化劑材料最近變得更加廣為人知。

此外,隨著煉油廠更頻繁地用沸石和分子篩取代氧化鋁基催化劑,催化劑製造中對氧化鋁加工助劑的需求正在減少。由於業界採用其他性能和效率更好的技術,氧化鋁加工助劑的市場佔有率可能會下降。

過度依賴氧化鋁市場

對氧化鋁產業的過度依賴可能會導致市場飽和或停滯,由於其既定的消費者基礎或法律限制,幾乎沒有成長潛力。從長遠來看,如果加工助劑供應商沒有機會進入新市場或利基市場,他們會發現很難維持成長和獲利。

嚴重依賴氧化鋁的市場在加工助劑方面的創新速度可能會較慢,因為企業優先考慮滿足當前客戶的需求,而不是研究新的應用或技術進步。缺乏競爭壓力和缺乏多元化可能會阻礙創新的停滯,這可能會阻礙具有較大市場潛力的創新加工助劑的開發。

目錄

第 1 章:方法與範圍

  • 研究方法論
  • 報告的研究目的和範圍

第 2 章:定義與概述

第 3 章:執行摘要

  • 按類型分類的片段
  • 按應用程式片段
  • 最終使用者的片段
  • 按地區分類的片段

第 4 章:動力學

  • 影響因素
    • 促進要素
      • 隨著鋁產量的成長,氧化鋁加工的相關性有助於提高生產率
      • 擴大氧化鋁精煉廠產能
    • 限制
      • 替代和替代技術
      • 過度依賴氧化鋁市場
    • 機會
    • 影響分析

第 5 章:產業分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供應鏈分析
  • 定價分析
  • 監管分析
  • 俄烏戰爭影響分析
  • DMI 意見

第 6 章:COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 分析
    • 新冠疫情爆發前的情景
    • 新冠疫情期間的情景
    • 新冠疫情後的情景
  • COVID-19 期間的定價動態
  • 供需譜
  • 疫情期間政府與市場相關的舉措
  • 製造商策略舉措
  • 結論

第 7 章:按類型

  • 阻垢劑
  • 殺菌劑
  • 混凝劑和絮凝劑
  • 晶體生長調節劑
  • 消泡劑
  • 抑塵劑
  • 過濾助劑
  • 助磨劑
  • 腐植酸去除助劑
  • 水合物絮凝劑
  • 除鐵助劑
  • 草酸鹽過濾助劑
  • 流變改質劑
  • 其他

第 8 章:應用

  • 拜耳工藝
  • 燒結工藝
  • 拜耳-燒結聯合工藝

第 9 章:最終用戶

  • 水泥業
  • 陶瓷業
  • 化學工業
  • 冶金業
  • 其他

第 10 章:按地區

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 法國
    • 義大利
    • 俄羅斯
    • 歐洲其他地區
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 亞太
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亞太其他地區
  • 中東和非洲

第 11 章:競爭格局

  • 競爭場景
  • 市場定位/佔有率分析
  • 併購分析

第 12 章:公司簡介

  • BASF SE
    • 公司簡介
    • 類型組合和描述
    • 財務概覽
    • 主要進展
  • Solvay SA
  • Solenis LLC
  • Ecolab
  • Kemira Oyj
  • SNF Group
  • Ashland Global Holdings Inc.
  • Aries Chemical, Inc.
  • CONDAT
  • Suez Water Technologies

第 13 章:附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: CH8143

Overview

Global Alumina Processing Aids Market reached US$ 4.2 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach US$ 6.3 billion by 2031, growing with a CAGR of 5.2% during the forecast period 2024-2031.

The market for alumina processing aids is expanding rapidly, driven by the global increase in aluminum consumption in end-use industries. Chemicals or additives known as alumina processing aids are used in the Bayer process and sintering, two refining techniques that produce alumina from bauxite ore. The tools are utilized to promote increased extraction efficiency and improve the quality of the alumina product, which encourages widespread adoption of these aids by alumina refining facilities across all geographies.

In November 2023 IIT Kharagpur and Vedanta Aluminum have developed a process that marginally reduces the production of bauxite residue, often known as red mud, during the alumina refining process. Aluminum is primarily extracted from bauxite using an intermediate procedure known as the Bayer process. The produces alumina, which is then electrolyzed to produce aluminum. By removing iron values and recovering a higher alumina yield, the patented technology reduces the total organic content of bauxite throughout the alumina refining process by an astounding 30%.

Dynamics

Relevance of Alumina Processing Helps to Increase Productivity in the Wake of Growing Aluminum Production

Optimizing the efficiency of alumina refining operations is necessary as aluminum production grows up to meet increasing demand. By ensuring that it's simpler to extract alumina from bauxite ore, alumina processing aids are essential in increasing the efficiency of these procedures. It contributes to shorter processing times, higher yield rates and increased overall productivity of alumina refining plants.

For instance, in January 2023, The International Aluminum Institute reports that global primary aluminum production reached 5.859 million Tons in December 2022, accounting for 68.417 million Tons of total output for the year. Despite production cuts at numerous smelting plants throughout the world brought on by the energy crisis, the global yearly production in 2022 increased by 1.97% over 67.092 million Tons the previous year. The global production of aluminum will increase by 2% due to the energy crisis, but China's output will surpass COVID limitations by 4%.

Expanding Alumina Refinery Capacities

Alumina processing aids are frequently used to maximize alumina production costs, lower energy usage and improve process efficiency. Growing capabilities lead to an increased focus on cost-effectiveness and efficiency, which increases the need for alumina processing aids that can help accomplish these targets. Expansion frequently follows developments in processing methods or technology. Demand in the market may be further stimulated by the need for specialized processing aids that newer technologies may need to operate properly or to provide desired results.

In August 2022, Adani Enterprises Limited proposed a 4 million Tons yearly alumina refinery and the High-Level Clearance Authority approved 10 industrial projects worth INR 74,620.18 crores. In the Rayagada area of Kashipur, the Adani group has proposed an investment of INR 41,653 crores to build a captive power plant with a capacity of 175 megawatts and an alumina refinery. Hence, above mentioned developments increase the alumina refinery capacities within mentioned region, which further boost the demand for the alumina processing aids to optimize the alumina quality.

Substitution and Alternative Technologies

The need for alumina processing aids may decline as a result of the creation and usage of substitute technologies or materials that may produce comparable outcomes without them. The market for alumina processing aids could be reduced if companies choose to substitute processing aids completely with more affordable or effective alternatives.

For example, catalysts are essential in the refining of petroleum because they enable a variety of chemical processes that transform crude oil into useful byproducts like jet fuel, diesel and petrol. In the past, alumina-based catalysts have been extensively employed in refining procedures to boost yields, improve selectivity and accelerate reactions. However, because of their improved performance qualities, substitute catalyst materials including zeolites and molecular sieves have become more well-known recently.

Additionally, the need for alumina processing aids used in catalyst manufacture is decreasing as refineries replace alumina-based catalysts with zeolites and molecular sieves more frequently. Alumina processing aids' market share may decrease as a result of industries adopting other technologies that offer better performance and efficiency.

Over Dependency on Alumina Market

An overreliance on the alumina industry could result in a saturated or stagnant market with little potential for growth because of its established consumer base or legal restrictions. In the long run, suppliers of processing aids can find it difficult to maintain growth and profitability if they don't have the chance to enter new markets or market niches.

A market where alumina is heavily dependent may have a slower rate of innovation in processing aids as businesses prioritize meeting the needs of their current clientele over investigating novel applications or technological advancements. Stagnant innovation may be discouraged by a lack of competitive pressure and little diversification, which could hinder the development of innovative processing aids with larger market potential.

Segment Analysis

The global alumina processing aids market is segmented based on type, application, end-user and region.

Customized Solutions for Bayer Alumina Refining Propel Demand

To meet the demanding caustic conditions of Bayer alumina refining, manufacturers such as BASF have developed products and dosing systems expressly for this purpose. Applications for the company's products include evaporation, hydrate thickening, mud washing, milling, digesting and filtering of liquor.

For instance, a line of synthetic flocculants called BASF's ALCLAR was developed especially to help red mud flocculate during the alkaline digestion of bauxite, which is the process used to generate alumina (Bayer Process). There are flocculants for hydrating hydrates and using in washers and decanters. To increase Bayer alumina refining efficiency at its customers' operations, BASF offers a variety of products and services. Its mining solutions deal with difficulties related to production capacity, sustainability, energy, soda and chemical efficiency, among other things. Therefore, flocculants type segment captures the majority of the total global segmental shares.

Geographical Penetration

Asia-Pacific R&D Investments and Market Expansion Are Driven by China's Dominance in Alumina Production

Innovation and market expansion for alumina processing aids may be stimulated by the expansion of China's alumina production industry. Companies can invest more in R&D to provide new and enhanced processing aids that are specifically suited to China's alumina industry's needs as there are greater resources and demand available. China and other nations in the Asia-Pacific that are connected to the alumina supply chain stand to gain from this invention.

On January 4, 2024, as per Shanghai Metal Market statistics, China's total alumina production in 2023 was 79.8 million Tons, utilizing an operating capacity of 80.04 million Tons at the end of December. After the year, 100 million Tons of installed capacity was available. China's total production figure for the year 2023 has been disclosed by the Shanghai Metals Market, along with the output of the world's largest alumina producer as of December 2023. Therefore, China holds for the majority of the regional market shares.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

Due to lower consumer spending during the pandemic and economic downturns, alumina demand has declined in a number of industries, including manufacturing, automotive and construction. The market for processing aids was immediately impacted by this decline in demand for alumina and associated goods. Therefore, the impact of the decreased consumption heavily impacted the alumina processing aids in the global product market.

Operating difficulties in manufacturing facilities were brought about by labor scarcity, social distancing laws and health and safety regulations. The difficulties resulted into the lower productivity, higher expenses and production delays, which further impacted the availability of alumina processing aids.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis

Apart from rising expenses, supply interruptions might also affect Russia's aluminum output, since Rusal is currently disconnected from 68% of its alumina imports. In 2021, 36% of these imports came from Ukraine, making it the main supplier. However, due to the conflict, the main alumina plant in Ukraine has closed. Australia was capturing about 32% of shares in overall Russia's alumina imports in 2021. Consequently, Australia announced in March 2022 that it would no longer permit the export of bauxite or alumina from Russia in reaction to the circumstances in Ukraine.

On April 8, 2022, the President of U.S. has signed a bill banning regular commercial relations with Russia in reaction to the situation in Ukraine. Previously ranging from 0 to 2.6%, import tariffs on unwrought aluminum from Russia range from 10.5 to 25.0%. Furthermore, this has led to price fluctuations in the global product market.

By Type

  • Antiscalants
  • Biocides
  • Coagulants and Flocculants
  • Crystal Growth Modifiers
  • Defoamers
  • Dust Suppressants
  • Filtration Aids
  • Grinding Aids
  • Humate Removal Aids
  • Hydrate Flocculants
  • Iron Removal Aids
  • Oxalate Filtration Aids
  • Rheology Modifiers
  • Others

By Application

  • Bayer Process
  • Sintering Process
  • Bayer-Sintering Combined Process

By End-User

  • Cement Industry
  • Ceramic Industry
  • Chemical Industry
  • Metallurgical Industry
  • Others

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Russia
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • In October 2023, HYCal is an alumina solution for Advanced Ceramics that Alteo has introduced. By increasing the selection of its high-performing and innovative specialty alumina's, Alteo, a significant supplier of alumina's for advanced ceramics, strengthens its position as a market leader. Alteo is pleased to announce the introduction of its HYCal line of alumina's.
  • On March 8, 2023, Diversey Holdings, Ltd. and Solenis announced that they have signed a formal merger agreement whereby Solenis would acquire Diversey in an all-cash deal with an estimated enterprise value of US$ 4.6 billion.
  • In July 2023, an alliance has been formed between the Australian Renewable Energy Agency and Sumitomo Corporation for this project. At Australia's Yarwun alumina refinery in Gladstone, Queensland, they are constructing a unique hydrogen pilot plant.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include BASF SE, Solvay S.A., Solenis LLC, Ecolab, Kemira Oyj, SNF Group, Ashland Global Holdings Inc., Aries Chemical, Inc., CONDAT and Suez Water Technologies

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global alumina processing aids market segmentation based on type, application, end-user and region, as well as understands key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of alumina processing aids market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global alumina processing aids market report would provide approximately 61 tables, 65 figures and 182 Pages.

Target Audience 2024

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Type
  • 3.2. Snippet by Application
  • 3.3. Snippet by End-User
  • 3.4. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Relevance of Alumina Processing Helps to Increase Productivity in the Wake of Growing Aluminum Production
      • 4.1.1.2. Expanding Alumina Refinery Capacities
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Substitution and Alternative Technologies
      • 4.1.2.2. Over Dependency on Alumina Market
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
  • 5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
  • 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Type

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Type
  • 7.2. Antiscalants*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Biocides
  • 7.4. Coagulants and Flocculants
  • 7.5. Crystal Growth Modifiers
  • 7.6. Defoamers
  • 7.7. Dust Suppressants
  • 7.8. Filtration Aids
  • 7.9. Grinding Aids
  • 7.10. Humate Removal Aids
  • 7.11. Hydrate Flocculants
  • 7.12. Iron Removal Aids
  • 7.13. Oxalate Filtration Aids
  • 7.14. Rheology Modifiers
  • 7.15. Others

8. Application

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Application
  • 8.2. Bayer Process*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Sintering Process
  • 8.4. Bayer-Sintering Combined Process

9. End-User

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By End-User
  • 9.2. Cement Industry*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Ceramic Industry
  • 9.4. Chemical Industry
  • 9.5. Metallurgical Industry
  • 9.6. Others

10. By Region

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 10.2. North America
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 10.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 10.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 10.2.6.1. U.S.
      • 10.2.6.2. Canada
      • 10.2.6.3. Mexico
  • 10.3. Europe
    • 10.3.1. Introduction
    • 10.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 10.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 10.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 10.3.6.1. Germany
      • 10.3.6.2. UK
      • 10.3.6.3. France
      • 10.3.6.4. Italy
      • 10.3.6.5. Russia
      • 10.3.6.6. Rest of Europe
  • 10.4. South America
    • 10.4.1. Introduction
    • 10.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 10.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 10.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 10.4.6.1. Brazil
      • 10.4.6.2. Argentina
      • 10.4.6.3. Rest of South America
  • 10.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 10.5.1. Introduction
    • 10.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 10.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 10.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User
    • 10.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 10.5.6.1. China
      • 10.5.6.2. India
      • 10.5.6.3. Japan
      • 10.5.6.4. Australia
      • 10.5.6.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 10.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 10.6.1. Introduction
    • 10.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 10.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Type
    • 10.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Application
    • 10.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By End-User

11. Competitive Landscape

  • 11.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 11.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 11.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

12. Company Profiles

  • 12.1. BASF SE*
    • 12.1.1. Company Overview
    • 12.1.2. Type Portfolio and Description
    • 12.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 12.1.4. Key Developments
  • 12.2. Solvay S.A.
  • 12.3. Solenis LLC
  • 12.4. Ecolab
  • 12.5. Kemira Oyj
  • 12.6. SNF Group
  • 12.7. Ashland Global Holdings Inc.
  • 12.8. Aries Chemical, Inc.
  • 12.9. CONDAT
  • 12.10. Suez Water Technologies

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

13. Appendix

  • 13.1. About Us and Services
  • 13.2. Contact Us