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市場調查報告書
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1336658

全球扭矩矢量市場 - 2023-2030

Global Torque Vectoring Market - 2023-2030
出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 192 Pages | 商品交期: 約2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

市場概況

全球扭矩矢量市場在 2022 年達到 89 億美元，預計到 2030 年將達到 148 億美元，2023-2030 年預測期間年複合成長率為 19.9%。

扭矩矢量分配是一項尖端技術，可讓車輛最佳化各個車輪的動力分配，從而提高穩定性、可操作性和整體駕駛體驗。通過精確調整傳遞到各個車輪的扭矩，扭矩矢量最佳化了牽引力、操控性和穩定性，尤其是在轉彎和濕滑路況下。該技術顯著提高了車輛性能、安全性和整體駕駛體驗。全球汽車行業見證了技術的重大進步，改變了車輛的操作方式並提高了整體駕駛性能。

前輪驅動發展迅速，目前佔據一半以上的市場佔有率。由於該技術在增強操控性、穩定性和性能方面的多方面優勢，它已經取得了顯著的成長。同樣，亞太地區在扭矩矢量市場佔據主導地位，佔據了超過三分之一的最大市場佔有率。亞太地區的主導地位是由對高性能汽車的需求不斷成長和汽車技術的進步推動的。

市場動態

汽車技術的進步以及對性能和操控性日益成長的需求

汽車技術的進步在扭矩矢量市場的成長中發揮了至關重要的作用。隨著感測器、電子控制單元 (ECU) 和複雜算法的出現，汽車製造商可以實施精確的扭矩矢量系統，即時響應駕駛條件。技術進步帶來了更有效和高效的扭矩分配，提高了車輛性能和穩定性。

感測器和ECU的不斷發展使汽車製造商能夠提供多種扭矩矢量模式，例如後輪扭矩矢量和單輪扭矩矢量，進一步增強駕駛體驗。汽車技術的快速發展推動了扭矩矢量系統的採用，支持了全球扭矩矢量市場的擴張。

對具有卓越操控能力的高性能車輛的需求不斷成長，是扭矩矢量市場的另一個主要驅動力。消費者，尤其是汽車愛好者，尋求能夠提供令人興奮的駕駛體驗、急轉彎和精確控制的車輛。扭矩矢量技術使汽車製造商能夠提供這些品質，使車輛能夠精確、敏捷地過彎。

性能和操控方面已成為影響車輛購買決策的重要因素。對提高性能的需求促使汽車製造商採用扭矩矢量系統，從而推動全球扭矩矢量市場的成長。

對安全性、穩定性、性能和操控性的需求不斷成長

扭矩矢量市場的主要驅動力之一是對現代車輛安全性和穩定性的重視。世界各國政府一直在實施嚴格的安全法規，以減少道路事故數量並提高車輛在轉彎和具有挑戰性的駕駛條件下的穩定性。

扭矩矢量分配系統可提供增強的牽引力，降低打滑風險並確保更好地控制車輛，特別是在濕滑或不平坦的道路上。據世界衛生組織（WHO）統計，每年約有135萬人死於道路交通事故，道路交通傷害是5至29歲年輕人死亡的主要原因。隨著各國政府努力提高道路安全，汽車製造商擴大將扭矩矢量系統整合到其車輛中，從而促進全球扭矩矢量市場的成長。

消費者，尤其是汽車愛好者，尋求能夠提供令人興奮的駕駛體驗、急轉彎和精確控制的車輛。扭矩矢量技術使汽車製造商能夠提供這些品質，使車輛能夠精確、敏捷地過彎。性能和操控方面已成為影響車輛購買決策的重要因素。對提高性能的相應需求促使汽車製造商採用扭矩矢量系統，從而推動全球扭矩矢量市場的成長。

初始成本高，認知度和接受度有限

將扭矩矢量系統整合到車輛中的初始成本較高，這對市場成長構成了重大限制。雖然該技術提供了改進的操作和性能，但增加的複雜性和先進的組件導致了更高的生產成本。這反過來又會導致汽車價格上漲，從而嚇退潛在買家。

美國勞工統計局顯示，美國新型輕型車的平均價格多年來一直在穩步上漲。 2020 年，平均價格達到約 40,000 美元，顯示出消費者的經濟負擔以及可能不願意投資配備扭矩矢量系統的車輛。

儘管汽車技術取得了進步，但許多消費者仍然沒有意識到扭矩矢量系統的好處。對這些系統如何工作及其對車輛性能和安全性的影響的認知和理解有限，阻礙了市場的成長。美國國家公路交通安全管理局 (NHTSA) 報告稱，消費者對包括扭矩矢量控制在內的高級駕駛員輔助系統 (ADAS) 的了解和認知仍然有限。 NHTSA 進行的一項研究顯示，只有 37% 的受訪者熟悉 ADAS 技術。各自缺乏認知可能會導致扭矩矢量系統的採用緩慢。

COVID-19 影響分析

COVID-19 大流行對全球經濟和行業產生了重大影響，汽車行業也不例外。在受影響的各種汽車技術中，扭矩矢量作為提高車輛穩定性和性能的關鍵系統，經歷了需求和成長模式的波動。疫情爆發前，全球汽車行業穩定成長，對扭矩矢量等先進技術的需求不斷增加。據政府消息人士透露，汽車行業對全球GDP貢獻顯著，銷售和生產趨勢呈現積極勢頭。

此外，供應鏈中斷影響了扭矩矢量系統所需關鍵組件的可用性。對國際供應商的依賴以及各地區邊境的關閉導致零部件的製造和運輸延遲，進一步阻礙了市場的成長。由於汽車生產和銷售受到影響，對扭矩矢量控制等先進汽車技術的需求也出現下滑。汽車製造商優先考慮削減成本的措施，推遲對先進系統相關研發項目的投資。

目錄

第 1 章：方法和範圍

  • 研究方法論
  • 報告的研究目的和範圍

第 2 章：定義和概述

第 3 章：執行摘要

  • 按車輛類型分類
  • 推進力片段
  • 離合器驅動片段
  • 技術片段
  • 按地區分類

第 4 章：動力學

  • 影響因素
    • 動力
      • 對電動全輪驅動 (eAWD) 系統以及嚴格的排放和燃油效率法規的需求不斷成長
      • 提高車輛安全性和穩定性，自動駕駛興趣日益濃厚
      • 汽車技術的進步以及對性能和操控性日益成長的需求
      • 對安全性、穩定性、性能和操控性的需求不斷成長
    • 限制
      • 嚴格的政府法規和技術限制
      • 初始成本高，認知度和接受度有限
    • 機會
    • 影響分析

第 5 章：行業分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供應鏈分析
  • 定價分析
  • 監管分析

第 6 章：COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 分析
    • 新冠疫情爆發前的情景
    • 新冠疫情期間的情景
    • 新冠疫情后的情景
  • COVID-19 期間的定價動態
  • 供需譜
  • 疫情期間政府與市場相關的舉措
  • 製造商戰略舉措
  • 結論

第 7 章：按車輛類型

  • 乘用車
  • 商務車輛

第 8 章：通過推進

  • 前輪驅動（FWD）
  • 後輪驅動（RWD）
  • 全輪驅動/四輪驅動 (4WD)

第 9 章：通過離合器驅動

  • 液壓
  • 電子的

第 10 章：按技術

  • 主動扭矩矢量系統
  • 被動扭矩矢量系統

第 11 章：按地區

  • 北美
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 法國
    • 義大利
    • 俄羅斯
    • 歐洲其他地區
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 亞太
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳大利亞
    • 亞太其他地區
  • 中東和非洲

第 12 章：競爭格局

  • 競爭場景
  • 市場定位/佔有率分析
  • 併購分析

第 13 章：公司簡介

  • GKN
    • 公司簡介
    • 產品組合和描述
    • 財務概覽
    • 主要進展
  • American Axle
  • Dana
  • BorgWarner
  • Eaton
  • ZF
  • JTEKT
  • Magna
  • Bosch
  • Univance

第 14 章：附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: AUTR6639

Market Overview

Global Torque Vectoring Market reached US$ 8.9 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 14.8 billion by 2030, growing with a CAGR of 19.9% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

Torque vectoring is a cutting-edge technology that allows vehicles to optimize power distribution to individual wheels, improving stability, maneuverability, and overall driving experience. By precisely adjusting the torque delivered to individual wheels, torque vectoring optimizes traction, handling, and stability, especially during cornering and slippery road conditions. The technology significantly enhances vehicle performance, safety, and overall driving experience. The global automotive industry has witnessed significant advancements in technology, transforming the way vehicles operate and enhancing overall driving performance.

The front wheel drive has witnessed rapid growth and currently holds more than half of the market share. It has witnessed significant growth due to the technology's manifold benefits in enhancing handling, stability, and performance. Likewise, the Asia-Pacific dominates the torque vectoring market, capturing the largest market share of over one-third. The Asia-Pacific's dominance is driven by the increasing demand for high-performance vehicles and advancements in automotive technology.

Market Dynamics

Advancements in Automotive Technology and Increasing Demand for Performance and Handling

Advancements in automotive technology have played a vital role in the growth of the torque vectoring market. With the advent of sensors, electronic control units (ECUs), and sophisticated algorithms, automakers can implement precise torque vectoring systems that respond instantaneously to driving conditions. The technological advancements have resulted in more effective and efficient torque distribution, boosting vehicle performance and stability.

The continuous development of sensors and ECUs enables automakers to offer various torque vectoring modes, such as rear-wheel torque vectoring and individual wheel torque vectoring, further enhancing the driving experience. The rapid evolution of automotive technology has fueled the adoption of torque vectoring systems, supporting the expansion of the global torque vectoring market.

The growing demand for high-performance vehicles with superior handling capabilities is another major driver for the torque vectoring market. Consumers, especially automotive enthusiasts, seek vehicles that offer thrilling driving experiences, sharp cornering, and precise control. Torque vectoring technology allows automakers to deliver these qualities, enabling vehicles to navigate corners with precision and agility.

The performance and handling aspects have become significant factors influencing vehicle purchasing decisions. The demand for improved performance has driven automakers to adopt torque vectoring systems, thus propelling the growth of the global torque vectoring market.

Increasing Demand for Safety, Stability, Performance and Handling

One of the primary drivers of the torque vectoring market is the emphasis on safety and stability in modern vehicles. Governments around the world have been implementing stringent safety regulations to reduce the number of road accidents and improve vehicle stability during cornering and challenging driving conditions.

Torque vectoring systems provide enhanced traction, reducing the risk of skidding and ensuring better control of the vehicle, particularly on slippery or uneven roads. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 1.35 million people die each year due to road accidents, and road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death among young people aged 5 to 29 years. As governments strive to improve road safety, automakers are increasingly integrating torque vectoring systems into their vehicles, contributing to the growth of the global torque vectoring market.

Consumers, especially automotive enthusiasts, seek vehicles that offer thrilling driving experiences, sharp cornering, and precise control. Torque vectoring technology allows automakers to deliver these qualities, enabling vehicles to navigate corners with precision and agility. The performance and handling aspects have become significant factors influencing vehicle purchasing decisions. The respective demand for improved performance has driven automakers to adopt torque vectoring systems, thus propelling the growth of the global torque vectoring market.

High Initial Cost and Limited Awareness and Acceptance

The high initial cost associated with integrating torque vectoring systems into vehicles poses a significant restraint on market growth. While the technology offers improved handling and performance, the added complexity and advanced components contribute to a higher cost of production. This, in turn, translates to increased vehicle prices, deterring potential buyers.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that the average price of a new light vehicle in U.S. has been steadily increasing over the years. In 2020, the average price reached approximately $40,000, showcasing the financial burden on consumers and the potential reluctance to invest in vehicles equipped with torque vectoring systems.

Despite the advancements in automotive technology, many consumers are still unaware of the benefits of torque vectoring systems. Limited awareness and understanding of how these systems work and their impact on vehicle performance and safety hinder the market's growth. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) reported that consumers' knowledge and awareness of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), which include torque vectoring, remains limited. A study conducted by the NHTSA revealed that only 37% of respondents were familiar with ADAS technologies. The respective lack of awareness might contribute to the slow adoption of torque vectoring systems.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted economies and industries worldwide, and the automotive sector has been no exception. Among the various automotive technologies affected, torque vectoring, a crucial system that enhances vehicle stability and performance, has experienced fluctuations in demand and growth patterns. Before the pandemic, the global automotive industry was experiencing steady growth, and the demand for advanced technologies, including torque vectoring, was on the rise. According to government sources, the automotive sector contributed significantly to the global GDP, with sales and production trends showing positive momentum.

Furthermore, supply chain disruptions affected the availability of critical components required for torque vectoring systems. The dependence on international suppliers and the closure of borders in various regions resulted in delays in manufacturing and shipment of components, further hampering the market's growth. As vehicle production and sales were impacted, the demand for advanced automotive technologies, including torque vectoring, also saw a downturn. Automotive manufacturers prioritized cost-cutting measures, postponing investments in research and development projects related to advanced systems.

Segment Analysis

The global torque vectoring market is segmented based on vehicle type, propulsion, clutch actuation, technology and region.

Enhanced Handling and Stability and Improved Traction

Torque vectoring technology has emerged as a revolutionary force in the automotive industry, offering improved handling, stability, and performance. Among the various drivetrain configurations, front-wheel drive (FWD) vehicles have witnessed substantial growth in adopting torque vectoring systems. Torque vectoring is an advanced technology used in vehicles to control the distribution of power to the wheels actively. It optimizes cornering capabilities by varying the torque applied to each wheel, thereby enhancing stability and traction during acceleration and cornering. The respective technology is particularly beneficial in front-wheel drive vehicles, where torque is typically biased towards the front wheels.

In FWD vehicles, torque vectoring minimizes understeer by delivering more power to the outer front wheel during cornering, resulting in improved grip and stability. This ensures that the vehicle maintains its intended path, enhancing overall handling and providing a more engaging driving experience. Front-wheel drive vehicles often suffer from wheel spin, especially during acceleration on slippery surfaces. Torque vectoring technology addresses this issue by distributing power to the wheels with the most traction, mitigating wheel slip and ensuring efficient power delivery to the road.

Geographical Analysis

Rapid Economic Growth and Increasing Urbanization in Asia-Pacific

The automotive industry has undergone remarkable advancements in recent years, with technological innovations transforming the driving experience. Among the various automotive technologies, torque vectoring has emerged as a significant trend that enhances vehicle performance, stability, and handling. Torque vectoring is a dynamic system that controls the distribution of torque between the wheels, resulting in improved traction and maneuverability. In the Asia-Pacific region, this technology has gained substantial momentum, positioning the region as a key player in the global torque vectoring market.

The Asia-Pacific region has been making remarkable strides in the automotive industry, with several countries experiencing rapid economic growth and increasing urbanization. As a result, there has been a surge in demand for high-performance vehicles, driving the adoption of advanced technologies like torque vectoring in the region. Governments across Asia-Pacific have also been actively promoting the use of advanced automotive technologies to enhance road safety and reduce carbon emissions, further fueling the growth of the torque vectoring market. The aforementioned facts acts as major factor boosting the growth of Asia-Pacific.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include GKN and American Axle, Dana, BorgWarner, Eaton, ZF, JTEKT, Magna, Bosch and Univance.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global torque vectoring market segmentation based on vehicle type, propulsion, clutch actuation, technology and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of torque vectoring market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as excel consisting of key products of all the major players.

The global torque vectoring market report would provide approximately 64tables, 69figures and 192 Pages.

Target Audience 2023

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Vehicle Type
  • 3.2. Snippet by Propulsion
  • 3.3. Snippet by Clutch Actuation
  • 3.4. Snippet by Technology
  • 3.5. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Growing Demand for Electric All-Wheel Drive (eAWD) Systems and Stringent Emission and Fuel Efficiency Regulations
      • 4.1.1.2. Improving Vehicle Safety and Stability and Growing Interest in Autonomous Driving
      • 4.1.1.3. Advancements in Automotive Technology and Increasing Demand for Performance and Handling
      • 4.1.1.4. Increasing Demand for Safety, Stability, Performance and Handling
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Stringent Government Regulations and Technological Limitations
      • 4.1.2.2. High Initial Cost and Limited Awareness and Acceptance
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis

6. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Vehicle Type

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle Type
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Vehicle Type
  • 7.2. Passenger Vehicles*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Commercial Vehicles

8. By Propulsion

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Propulsion
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Propulsion
  • 8.2. Front wheel drive (FWD)*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Rear wheel drive (RWD)
  • 8.4. All wheel drive/Four wheel drive (4WD)

9. By Clutch Actuation

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Clutch Actuation
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Clutch Actuation
  • 9.2. Hydraulic*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Electronic

10. By Technology

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Technology
  • 10.2. Active Torque Vectoring System*
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 10.3. Passive Torque Vectoring System

11. By Region

  • 11.1. Introduction
    • 11.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 11.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 11.2. North America
    • 11.2.1. Introduction
    • 11.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle Type
    • 11.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Propulsion
    • 11.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Clutch Actuation
    • 11.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 11.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.2.7.1. U.S.
      • 11.2.7.2. Canada
      • 11.2.7.3. Mexico
  • 11.3. Europe
    • 11.3.1. Introduction
    • 11.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle Type
    • 11.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Propulsion
    • 11.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Clutch Actuation
    • 11.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 11.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.3.7.1. Germany
      • 11.3.7.2. UK
      • 11.3.7.3. France
      • 11.3.7.4. Italy
      • 11.3.7.5. Russia
      • 11.3.7.6. Rest of Europe
  • 11.4. South America
    • 11.4.1. Introduction
    • 11.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle Type
    • 11.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Propulsion
    • 11.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Clutch Actuation
    • 11.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 11.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.4.7.1. Brazil
      • 11.4.7.2. Argentina
      • 11.4.7.3. Rest of South America
  • 11.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 11.5.1. Introduction
    • 11.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle Type
    • 11.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Propulsion
    • 11.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Clutch Actuation
    • 11.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology
    • 11.5.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 11.5.7.1. China
      • 11.5.7.2. India
      • 11.5.7.3. Japan
      • 11.5.7.4. Australia
      • 11.5.7.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 11.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 11.6.1. Introduction
    • 11.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 11.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Vehicle Type
    • 11.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Propulsion
    • 11.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Clutch Actuation
    • 11.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Technology

12. Competitive Landscape

  • 12.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 12.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 12.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

13. Company Profiles

  • 13.1. GKN*
    • 13.1.1. Company Overview
    • 13.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 13.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 13.1.4. Key Developments
  • 13.2. American Axle
  • 13.3. Dana
  • 13.4. BorgWarner
  • 13.5. Eaton
  • 13.6. ZF
  • 13.7. JTEKT
  • 13.8. Magna
  • 13.9. Bosch
  • 13.10. Univance

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

14. Appendix

  • 14.1. About Us and Services
  • 14.2. Contact Us