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齒科設備植牙

市場調查報告書

商品編碼

1439698

牙植體 - 全球市場考量、競爭格局、市場預測 (2030)

Dental Implants - Market Insights, Competitive Landscape, and Market Forecast - 2030

出版日期: 按訂單生產 | 出版商:

DelveInsight | 英文 150 Pages | 商品交期: 2-10個工作天內

價格

簡介目錄圖表

全球植牙市場預計到 2023 年將達到 51.265 億美元，到 2030 年將達到 85.894 億美元，2024-2030 年預測期間複合年增長率為 9.36%。由於老化、不良飲食習慣、口腔衛生不良和事故導致的牙齒脫落和蛀牙增加預計將增加對植牙的需求。此外，對美容牙科的需求不斷增加、CAD技術在植牙中的應用不斷擴大以及全球範圍內對美容修復體的需求不斷增加也將增強該市場，從而導致2024-2030年預測期內植牙市場的整體成長。

植牙市場動態

植牙市場主要受到年齡相關的牙齒脫落和齲齒增加、不良飲食習慣、攝取含糖和富含碳水化合物的飲料、口腔衛生惡化、交通和運動相關事故以及增加的影響。人口老化。政府為提高全世界良好口腔衛生意識而採取的舉措預計將推動市場的發展，由於牙齒脫落和齲齒增加等各種原因，對該產品的需求將不斷增長。

根據世界衛生組織 (WHO) (2022) 的數據，全球約有 35 億人患有齲齒、牙周病和口腔外傷等口腔疾病。根據同一消息來源，大約有 20 億人的恆牙患有齲齒，5.2 億兒童的乳牙患有齲齒。由於全球患有齲齒的患者數量不斷增加，市場對植牙的需求不斷增加。

根據美國疾病管制與預防中心 (CDC) 口腔健康監測報告（2019），2019 年美國 2 至 5 歲兒童乳牙齲齒盛行率估計為 23%。塔。根據同一來源，四分之一(26%) 65 歲以上的成年人只有八顆或更少的牙齒，大約六分之一(17%) 65 歲以上的成年人已經失去了所有牙齒。我就是這樣。齲齒和牙周病是牙齒脫落的主要原因，而且兩者都是可以預防的。然而，兒童通常會因為沒有採取適當的預防措施而導致牙齒脫落或蛀牙。這將進一步增加齲齒和牙齒脫落的盛行率，從而增加對牙植體的需求並推動 2024-2030 年預測期內的市場成長。

此外，新產品的上市也推動了市場的成長。例如，2022年6月，Neoss宣佈在美國推出NeossONE。 NeossONE 是 Neoss 植體系統的獨特解決方案，涵蓋三個植體系列，包括一個假體平台中的所有植體直徑和基台。

2022 年 6 月，全球植牙市場領導者 ZimVie 宣佈聯合推出經 FDA 批准的 T3 PRO 錐形植體和 Encode Emergence Healing Abutment。 Encode Emergence Healing Abutment 基於 ZimVie 的三合一 Encode 印模系統構建，可提供清晰的口內掃瞄和美觀效果，旨在支持患者舒適度和康復。

因此，所有上述因素都將在 2024-2030 年預測期內推動植牙市場的發展。

然而，植牙的高成本和導致自付費用的報銷挑戰可能會阻礙植牙市場的成長。

COVID-19 大流行對牙植體產業產生了巨大的負面影響。牙科護理涉及患者和醫生之間的密切接觸，這增加了傳播感染的風險，並導致患者就診和選擇性牙科手術的減少。此外，由於嚴格的封鎖規定，供應鏈中斷，導致原料取得困難以及植牙體的製造過程停止。因此，市場設備短缺加劇，阻礙了整體市場的成長。然而，隨著大眾接種疫苗以及跨境貿易和供應鏈的恢復，植牙市場預計將再次恢復動力，並推動疫情後的市場成長。

本報告提供了全球植牙市場的研究和分析，包括市場規模和預測、驅動因素和挑戰、公司和產品概況。

植牙市場驅動因素
- 由於牙科疾病發生率增加，患者數量不斷增加
- 提高人們對牙科疾病的認識
- 選擇美容牙科的人數增加
植牙市場的限制與挑戰
- 植牙相關的高成本
- 報銷方面的挑戰導致自付費用
植牙市場機遇
- 提高患者植牙的可用性
- 擴大新興市場植牙的供應

第5章植牙市場波特五力分析

第6章COVID-19對植牙市場的影響分析

第7章植牙市場佈局

依產品類型
- 骨內植入物
- 骨膜下植體
- 顴骨植入物
依設計類型
- 平行植牙
- 錐形牙植體
依材料類型
- 鈦植入物
- 鋯植體
按最終用戶
- 醫院
- 牙醫診所
- 其他
按地區
- 北美
- 歐洲
- 亞太地區
- 其他領域

第 8 章植牙市場：全球公司佔有率分析 - 3 至 5 家主要公司

第9章植牙市場公司及產品概況

ZimVie Inc.
Envista
Institut Straumann AG
Dentsply Sirona
Henry Schein, Inc.
Biotech Dental
CeraRoot USA Inc
MEGA'GEN Implant Co. Ltd.
Adin Dental Implant Systems Ltd.
Bicon, LLC
Blue Sky Bio
TBR Dental
Cortex
Osstem and Hiossen Implant UK
Sweden & Martina S.p.A
SHOFU INC. Biotec implant systms GmbH
Neobiotech
DentiumUSA
Neoss Limited
Southern Implants (Pvt) Ltd

第10章KOL觀看次數

第 11 章專案方法

第 12 章關於 DelveInsight

第 13 章免責聲明與聯絡我們

簡介目錄圖表

Product Code: DIMDCL0540

Dental Implants Market By Product Type (Endosteal Implants, Subperiosteal Implants, And Zygomatic Implants), By Design Type (Parallel-Walled Dental Implants And Tapered Dental Implants), By Material Type (Titanium And Zirconium), By End-User (Hospitals, Dental Clinics, And Others), by geography is expected to grow at a steady CAGR forecast till 2030 owing to rising patient pool due to increasing incidence of dental disorders and increasing population opting for dental aesthetics

The global dental implants market was valued at USD 5,126.50 million in 2023, growing at a CAGR of 9.36% during the forecast period from 2024 to 2030 to reach USD 8,589.40 million by 2030. The increased tooth loss and tooth decay owing to age, bad eating habits, poor oral hygiene, and accidents are going to increase the demand for dental implants. Further, increased demand for cosmetic dentistry, the extended application of computer-aided design technology in implant dentistry, and increased demand for aesthetic restoration across the world are also anticipated to bolster the market, thereby contributing to the growth of the overall dental implants market during the forecast period from 2024-2030.

Dental Implants Market Dynamics:

The dental implants market is witnessing a growth in product demand owing to various reasons including increased tooth loss and tooth decay due to age, bad eating habits, high sugar & carbohydrate drinks intake, poor oral hygiene, road & sports-related accidents, increase in the number of tooth loss and tooth decay in rising geriatric population, and government imitations to create awareness of good oral health across the world is expected to drive the dental implants market.

According to World Health Organisation 2022, globally around 3.5 billion people get affected by oral diseases such as dental caries, periodontal disease, and oro-dental trauma among others. As per the same source, around 2 billion people suffer from caries of permanent teeth and 520 million children suffer from caries of primary teeth. As the number of patients suffering from tooth carriers is rising globally thereby increasing the demand for dental implants in the market.

As per the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Oral Health Surveillance Report 2019, it was estimated that in 2019 the prevalence of dental caries in the primary teeth of children aged 2-5 years was 23% in the United States. As per the same source, one quarter (26%) of adults aged 65 or older have 8 or fewer teeth, and about 1 in 6 (17%) adults aged 65 or older had lost all of their teeth. Dental caries and periodontal (gum) disease are the leading causes of tooth loss; both are preventable. But, usually, children do not take suitable preventive measures, leading to tooth loss or tooth decay. This will further increase the prevalence of tooth caries and tooth loss thereby will increase the demand for dental implants during the forecast period from 2024-2030 which will drive the market growth.

Moreover, the new product launches in the market, in turn, will also drive market growth. For instance, in June 2022, Neoss announced the launch of NeossONE in the United States. NeossONE is a solution unique to the Neoss Implant System - one prosthetic platform, across three implant ranges, including all implant diameters and abutments.

In June 2022, ZimVie, a global leader in the dental implants market, announced the joint launch of the FDA-cleared T3 PRO Tapered Implant and Encode Emergence Healing Abutment. The Encode Emergence Healing Abutment builds upon ZimVie's three-in-one Encode Impression System, which provides clear intraoral scans and esthetics, and is designed to support patient comfort and healing.

Thus, all the above-mentioned factors will drive the market for dental implants during the forecast period from 2024-2030.

However, the high cost of dental implants and reimbursement challenges leading to out-of-pocket expenses may hamper the dental implants market growth.

The COVID-19 pandemic had a drastic negative impact on the dental implants industry. Dental procedures involve close contact between the patient and doctor, increasing the risk of spreading the infection, this leads to a decline in the number of patient visits and elective dental procedures. Moreover, due to strict lockdown restrictions, there was a disruption in the supply chain leading to the unavailability of raw materials and halting the manufacturing processes of dental implants. This led to an increase in the shortage of devices in the market hampering the overall market growth. However, with the masses being vaccinated, and the resumption of the cross-border trade and supply chain, the dental implant market has picked up momentum again and is expected to drive market growth during the post-pandemic scenario.

Dental Implants Market Segment Analysis:

Dental Implants Market by Product Type (Endosteal Implants, Subperiosteal Implants, and Zygomatic Implants), by Design Type (Parallel-walled Dental Implants and Tapered Dental Implants), by Material Type (Titanium and Zirconium), by End-User (Hospitals, Dental Clinics, and Others) and by Geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Rest of the World)

In the material type segment of the dental implants market, the titanium material was valued at USD 4,577.74 million in 2022 and is expected to grow at a CAGR of 9.16% during the forecast period from 2024 to 2030 to reach USD 7,588.97 million by 2030.

This can be ascribed to the various advantages that are associated with this material. Titanium implants are long-lasting, strong, lightweight, and non-corrosive. They have excellent biocompatibility with the bone and gum tissues as compared to the zirconium dental implants. Moreover, zirconium implants can deteriorate over time but titanium can overpower this disadvantage. Some patients have their titanium dental implants in great condition for over 30 years and have a long-term success rate of approximately 95%.

The availability of titanium dental implants in two parts makes it easier for dentists to carry out the implantation process effectively. The two-piece construction of titanium dental implants is also helpful for surgeons or doctors to carry out the implantation for angled implants. Further, titanium implants are incredibly strong, have high flexural properties, and can resist fracture.

Thus, owing to several advantages associated with the material, the demand for titanium dental implants is expected to increase during the forecast period which may drive the overall market growth of dental implants.

North America is expected to dominate the overall Dental Implants Market:

Among all the regions, North America is expected to hold the largest share in the dental implants market and was valued at USD 2,235.70 million in 2022 and is likely to grow at a CAGR of 9.28% during the forecast period from 2024 to 2030 to reach USD 3,732.08 million by 2030.

This domination is due to the rising burden of the geriatric population associated with dental problems, an increasing prevalence of dental diseases, and the growing product development activities in the sector of dental implants in the United States. Further, the presence of a well-established infrastructure for supporting dental surgeries and the awareness among the population of oral hygiene is also expected to drive market growth in the region.

The prevalence of tooth decay and the cavity is higher in geriatric people, as the geriatric population is increasing so is the prevalence of tooth decay. According to the United States Census Bureau 2019, by 2060, in the United States, nearly all adults (96%) aged 65 years or older will have a cavity; one in five will have untreated tooth decay, and about two in three (68%) adults aged 65 years or older will have gum disease.

As per the data released by the CDC in 2022, in the year 2019, nearly one in five adults aged 65 or older have lost all of their teeth in the United States. Complete tooth loss is twice as prevalent among adults aged 75 and older (26%) compared with adults aged 65-74 (13%). The rising prevalence of tooth loss and tooth decay is increasing in older age, which will increase the demand for dental implants in the market.

Moreover, according to CDC, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2022, most Americans especially young people consume sugary drinks daily. As per the same source, 6 in 10 young people aged 2 to 19 years and 5 in 10 adults in America consume a sugary drink in a single day. The high consumption of sugar in children and young people will increase the risk of tooth decay and caries which will lead the people to go for diagnosis and proper treatment ultimately driving the need for implants, thereby bolstering the dental implants market growth.

Also, the increase in the number of accidents on roads or industries, workplace, or due to natural calamities, sports-related injuries, among others lead to tooth loss, ultimately increasing the number of implantation surgeries driving the product demand. For instance, as per the American association of endodontists 2022, in America, more than five million teeth are knocked out every year in children and adults due to some accidents.

Thus, all the above-mentioned factors are anticipated to propel the North American dental implant market growth.

Dental Implants Market Key Players:

Some of the key market players operating in the dental implants market include Institute Straumann AG, Dentsply Sirona., ZimVie Inc., Envista, Institut Straumann AG, Dentsply Sirona, Henry Schein, Inc, Biotech Dental, CeraRoot USA Inc, CeraRoot USA Inc, MEGA'GEN Implant Co. Ltd., Adin Dental Implant Systems Ltd., Bicon, LLC, Blue Sky Bio, TBR Dental, Cortex, Osstem, and Hiossen Implant UK, Sweden & Martina S.p.A., Biotec implant systems GmbH, Neobiotech, DentiumUSA, Neoss Limited, and Southern Implants (Pvt) Ltd among others

Recent Developmental Activities in the Dental Implants Market:

In April 2022, Envista Holdings Corporation, a global dental brands company with more than 30 trusted dental brands, announced the completion of the acquisition of Carestream (one of the leading companies in digital imaging, software, and practice management solutions for intraoral scanning) Dental's Intraoral Scanner business. The business will be rebranded as DEXIS and will operate as part of the Envista Equipment and Consumables Segment.

In September 2022, Keystone Dental Inc., one of the largest independent dental implant companies operating in North America, announced that it has completed the acquisition of Osteon Medical. This acquisition increases Keystone's global visibility in the dental market with innovative solutions and a high-value proposition. It provides Keystone with the opportunity to market a full-arch implant portfolio through dedicated production facilities in both Melbourne and Osaka, Japan.

In May 2022, Western Dental & Orthodontics, one of the leaders in accessible and affordable oral health care, announced partnering with the Straumann Group, one of the global leaders in aesthetic and dental implant technology, to expand access to dental implants. Under this partnership, Straumann will provide high-quality dental implants, abutments, and crowns under the Neodent brand for all 333 Western Dental and affiliated offices.

Key Takeaways from the Dental Implants Market Report Study

Market size analysis for current dental implants market size (2023), and market forecast for 5 years (2024-2030)
The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on this market is significant. To capture and analyze suitable indicators, our experts are closely watching the dental implant market.
Top key product/services/technology developments, mergers, acquisitions, partnerships, and joint ventures happened over the last 3 years
Key companies dominating the global dental implants market.
Various opportunities available for the other competitor in the dental implants market space.
What are the top performing segments in 2023? How these segments will perform in 2030.
Which is the top-performing regions and countries in the current dental implants market scenario?
Which are the regions and countries where companies should have concentrated on opportunities for dental implant market growth in the coming future?

Target Audience who can be benefited from this Dental Implants Market Report Study

Dental implants providers
Research organizations and consulting companies
Dental implants-related organizations, associations, forums, and other alliances
Government and corporate offices
Start-up companies, venture capitalists, and private equity firms
Distributors and Traders dealing in dental implants
Various End-users who want to know more about the dental implants market and latest technological developments in the dental implants market.

Frequently Asked Questions for Dental Implants Market:

1. What are dental implants?

A dental implant is a structure that replaces a missing tooth. With screw-like devices, the surgeon inserts an implant into the jawbone, and it acts as an anchor for an artificial tooth, called a crown.

2. What is the market for global dental implants?

The global dental implants market was valued at USD 5,126.50 million in 2023, growing at a CAGR of 9.36% during the forecast period from 2024 to 2030 to reach USD 8,589.40 million by 2030.

3. What are the drivers for the global dental implant market?

The dental implants market is witnessing positive market growth owing to the increased tooth loss and tooth decay due to age, bad eating habits, poor oral hygiene, accidents, increased demand for cosmetic dentistry & aesthetic restoration, increase in the number of tooth loss & tooth decay in rising geriatric population, and extended application of computer-aided design technology in implant dentistry across the world are anticipated to bolster the market.

4. Who are the key players operating in the global dental implants market?

5. Which region has the highest share in the Dental implants Market?

North America is expected to hold the highest share of the revenue in the dental implants market during the forecast period. This can be ascribed to the rising burden of the geriatric population associated with dental problems, an increasing prevalence of dental diseases, high-tech medical facilities, government initiatives, a highly potent market in terms of product development and launches, and the local presence of key market players among other factors in the region.

1. Dental implants Market Report Introduction

2. Dental implants Market Executive Summary

2.1. Scope of the Study
2.2. Market at Glance
2.3. Competitive Assessment
2.4. Financial Benchmarking

3. Regulatory Analysis

3.1. The United States
3.2. Europe
3.3. Japan
3.4. China

4. Dental implants Market Key Factors Analysis

4.1. Dental implants Market Drivers
- 4.1.1. Rising patient pool due to increasing incidence of dental disorders
- 4.1.2. Increased awareness among the population owing to dental disorders
- 4.1.3. The increasing population opting for dental aesthetics
4.2. Dental implants Market Restraints and Challenges
- 4.2.1. High cost associated with dental implants
- 4.2.2. Reimbursement challenges leading to out-of-pocket expenses
4.3. Dental implants Market Opportunities
- 4.3.1. Increased patient affordability and accessibility of dental implants
- 4.3.2. Expanding the availability of dental implants in emerging markets

5. Dental implants Market Porter's Five Forces Analysis

5.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
5.2. Bargaining Power of Consumers
5.3. Threat of New Entrants
5.4. Threat of Substitutes
5.5. Competitive Rivalry

6. COVID-19 Impact Analysis on Dental implants Market

7. Dental Implants Market Layout

7.1. By Product Type
- 7.1.1. Endosteal Implants
- 7.1.2. Subperiosteally Implants
- 7.1.3. Zygomatic Implants
7.2. By Design Type
- 7.2.1. Parallel-Walled Dental Implants
- 7.2.2. Tapered Dental Implants
7.3. By Material Type
- 7.3.1. Titanium Implant
- 7.3.2. Zirconium Implant
7.4. By End-User
- 7.4.1. Hospitals
- 7.4.2. Dental Clinics
- 7.4.3. Others
7.5. By Geography
- 7.5.1. North America
  - 7.5.1.1. United States Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.1.2. Canada Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.1.3. Mexico Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
- 7.5.2. Europe
  - 7.5.2.1. France Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.2.2. Germany Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.2.3. United Kingdom Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.2.4. Italy Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.2.5. Spain Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.2.6. Russia Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.2.7. Rest of Europe Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
- 7.5.3. Asia-Pacific
  - 7.5.3.1. China Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.3.2. Japan Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.3.3. India Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.3.4. Australia Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.3.5. South Korea Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.3.6. Rest of Asia Pacific Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
- 7.5.4. Rest of the World (RoW)
  - 7.5.4.1. Middle East Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.4.2. Africa Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)
  - 7.5.4.3. South America Dental Implants Market in USD million (2021-2030)

8. Dental implants Market Global Company Share Analysis - Key 3-5 Companies

9. Dental implants Market Company and Product Profiles

9.1. ZimVie Inc.
- 9.1.1. Company Overview
- 9.1.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.1.3. Financial Overview
- 9.1.4. Product Listing
- 9.1.5. Entropy
9.2. Envista
- 9.2.1. Company Overview
- 9.2.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.2.3. Financial Overview
- 9.2.4. Product Listing
- 9.2.5. Entropy
9.3. Institut Straumann AG
- 9.3.1. Company Overview
- 9.3.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.3.3. Financial Overview
- 9.3.4. Product Listing
- 9.3.5. Entropy
9.4. Dentsply Sirona
- 9.4.1. Company Overview
- 9.4.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.4.3. Financial Overview
- 9.4.4. Product Listing
- 9.4.5. Entropy
9.5. Henry Schein, Inc.
- 9.5.1. Company Overview
- 9.5.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.5.3. Financial Overview
- 9.5.4. Product Listing
- 9.5.5. Entropy
9.6. Biotech Dental
- 9.6.1. Company Overview
- 9.6.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.6.3. Financial Overview
- 9.6.4. Product Listing
- 9.6.5. Entropy
9.7. CeraRoot USA Inc
- 9.7.1. Company Overview
- 9.7.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.7.3. Financial Overview
- 9.7.4. Product Listing
- 9.7.5. Entropy
9.8. MEGA'GEN Implant Co. Ltd.
- 9.8.1. Company Overview
- 9.8.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.8.3. Financial Overview
- 9.8.4. Product Listing
- 9.8.5. Entropy
9.9. Adin Dental Implant Systems Ltd.
- 9.9.1. Company Overview
- 9.9.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.9.3. Financial Overview
- 9.9.4. Product Listing
- 9.9.5. Entropy
9.10. Bicon, LLC
- 9.10.1. Company Overview
- 9.10.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.10.3. Financial Overview
- 9.10.4. Product Listing
- 9.10.5. Entropy
9.11. Blue Sky Bio
- 9.11.1. Company Overview
- 9.11.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.11.3. Financial Overview
- 9.11.4. Product Listing
- 9.11.5. Entropy
9.12. TBR Dental
- 9.12.1. Company Overview
- 9.12.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.12.3. Financial Overview
- 9.12.4. Product Listing
- 9.12.5. Entropy
9.13. Cortex
- 9.13.1. Company Overview
- 9.13.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.13.3. Financial Overview
- 9.13.4. Product Listing
- 9.13.5. Entropy
9.14. Osstem and Hiossen Implant UK
- 9.14.1. Company Overview
- 9.14.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.14.3. Financial Overview
- 9.14.4. Product Listing
- 9.14.5. Entropy
9.15. Sweden & Martina S.p.A
- 9.15.1. Company Overview
- 9.15.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.15.3. Financial Overview
- 9.15.4. Product Listing
- 9.15.5. Entropy
9.16. SHOFU INC. Biotec implant systms GmbH
- 9.16.1. Company Overview
- 9.16.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.16.3. Financial Overview
- 9.16.4. Product Listing
- 9.16.5. Entropy
9.17. Neobiotech
- 9.17.1. Company Overview
- 9.17.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.17.3. Financial Overview
- 9.17.4. Product Listing
- 9.17.5. Entropy
9.18. DentiumUSA
- 9.18.1. Company Overview
- 9.18.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.18.3. Financial Overview
- 9.18.4. Product Listing
- 9.18.5. Entropy
9.19. Neoss Limited
- 9.19.1. Company Overview
- 9.19.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.19.3. Financial Overview
- 9.19.4. Product Listing
- 9.19.5. Entropy
9.20. Southern Implants (Pvt) Ltd
- 9.20.1. Company Overview
- 9.20.2. Company Snapshot
- 9.20.3. Financial Overview
- 9.20.4. Product Listing
- 9.20.5. Entropy