防彈複合材料全球市場規模研究與預測，副產品（聚合物基、聚合物陶瓷基、金屬基），按應用（裝甲、頭盔和麵部防護，其他），區域分析，2022-2029

2021 年全球防彈複合材料市場價值約 18.9 億美元，預計在 2022-2029 年預測期內以超過 8.6% 的健康增長率增長 我在這裡。

防彈複合材料是主要用於生產背心、頭盔、防彈衣和車輛裝甲的原材料。 與彈道材料相比，彈道複合材料具有卓越的性能，因為它們重量輕、耐用，並且具有高抗衝擊性和抗損傷性。 軍事和國防部門不斷增長的需求、越來越多地採用輕質和舒適的高強度材料以及戰場場景中不斷增加的內部和外部威脅等因素正在推動全球市場的增長。

根據世界銀行的數據，2018 年軍費開支佔 GDP 的 2.1%，到 2020 年這一比例將升至 GDP 的 2.4%。 因此，不斷增加的軍費開支推動了對防彈複合材料的需求，導致全球市場加速增長。 此外，增加彈道纖維的研發和大規模生產，增加對新技術和新產品發展的投資，正在為預測期內的市場增長創造有利可圖的機會。 然而，缺乏完整的保護以及與防彈複合材料設計相關的一些複雜性阻礙了整個 2022-2029 年預測期內的市場增長。

全球防彈複合材料市場研究中考慮的主要區域是亞太地區、北美、歐洲、拉丁美洲和世界其他地區。 由於安全維護和嚴格的法規，以及不斷增加的技術發展，北美在收入方面佔據了市場主導地位。 另一方面，預計亞太地區將在預測期內以最高增長率增長。 在預測期內，軍事工業支出增加和對高端作戰解決方案的日益關注等因素正在推動市場急劇增長。

本研究的目的是闡明近年來各個細分市場和國家/地區的市場規模，並預測未來幾年的市場規模。 該報告旨在包括被調查國家工業的定性和定量方面。

它還提供了關鍵方面的詳細信息，例如決定市場未來增長的驅動因素和挑戰。 此外，它還包含供利益相關者投資的微觀市場潛在機會，以及對主要參與者的競爭格局和產品供應的深入分析。

內容

第 1 章執行摘要

• 市場概況
• 2019-2029 年全球市場和細分市場的估計和預測
  • 防彈複合材料市場：按地區劃分，2019-2029 年
  • 防彈複合材料市場：按產品分類，2019-2029
  • 防彈複合材料市場：按應用分類，2019-2029
• 主要趨勢
• 調查方法介紹
• 調查先決條件

第 2 章全球防彈複合材料市場定義和範圍

• 調查的目的
• 市場定義和範圍
  • 調查範圍
  • 工業發展
• 調查年份
• 貨幣兌換率

第3章防彈複合材料的全球市場動態

• 彈道複合材料市場影響分析 (2019-2029)
  • 市場驅動因素
    • 來自軍事和國防部門的需求增加
    • 戰場場景中的內部和外部威脅增加
  • 市場挑戰
    • 缺乏完善的保護
    • 設計防彈複合材料時涉及的一些複雜問題
  • 市場機會
    • 增加防彈纖維的研發和量產
    • 加大對新技術、新產品開發的投入

第四章全球防彈複合材料市場行業分析

• 波特 5 力模型
  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買家的議價能力
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 競爭公司之間的敵對關係
• 波特 5 力模型的未來方法 (2019-2029)
• 害蟲分析
  • 政治
  • 經濟的
  • 社交
  • 技術
• 頂級投資機會
• 關鍵成功策略
• 行業專家的展望
• 分析師的結論和建議

第 5 章風險評估：COVID-19 的影響

• 評估 COVID-19 對行業的總體影響
• COVID-19 之前和 COVID-19 之後的市場情景

第 6 章全球防彈複合材料市場：按產品分類

• 市場概況
• 全球防彈複合材料市場：按產品、按性能、潛力分析
• 2019-2029 年全球防彈複合材料市場、按產品估算和預測
• 防彈複合材料市場細分分析
  • 聚合物基質
  • 聚合物陶瓷基體
  • 金屬矩陣

第 7 章：全球防彈複合材料市場：按應用分類

• 市場概況
• 全球防彈複合材料市場：按應用、按性能、潛力分析
• 世界防彈複合材料市場，按應用估算和預測（2019-2029）
• 全球防彈複合材料市場，按細分市場分析
  • 盔甲
  • 頭盔、面罩
  • 其他

第 8 章全球防彈複合材料市場：區域分析

• 防彈複合材料全球市場、區域市場概況
• 北美
  • 美國
    • 2019-2029 年按產品估算和預測
    • 按應用分類的估計和預測，2019-2029 年
  • 加拿大
• 歐洲防彈複合材料市場概況
  • 英國
  • 德國
  • 法國
  • 西班牙
  • 意大利
  • 其他歐洲地區
• 亞太防彈複合材料市場概況
  • 中國
  • 印度
  • 日本
  • 澳大利亞
  • 韓國
  • 其他亞太地區
• 拉丁美洲防彈複合材料市場概況
  • 巴西
  • 墨西哥
  • 其他拉丁美洲地區
• 世界其他地區

第 9 章衝突信息

• 頂級市場策略
• 公司簡介
  • Honeywell International Inc
    • 主要信息
    • 概覽
    • 財務信息（取決於數據可用性）
    • 產品概述
    • 近期趨勢
  • Koninklijke DSM N.V.
  • BAE Systems
  • Royal Ten Cate
  • Morgan Advanced Materials
  • DuPont de Nemours Inc.
  • Solvay
  • Teijin Limited
  • M Cube Technologies Inc.
  • MKU Limited

第 10 章研究過程

• 研究過程
  • 數據挖掘
  • 分析
  • 市場評估
  • 驗證
  • 出版
• 調查屬性
• 調查先決條件

Global Ballistic Composites Market is valued at approximately USD 1.89 billion in 2021 and is anticipated to grow with a healthy growth rate of more than 8.6% over the forecast period 2022-2029. Ballistic composites are the raw materials that are primarily adopted in the production of vests, helmets, and body and vehicle armors. The ballistic composites offer better performance compared to ballistic materials as they are lightweight, durable, and have high impact resistance and damage tolerance. Factors such as rising demand from the military & defense sector, growing adoption of lightweight, comfortable and high-strength materials, coupled with the increasing internal and external threats in battlefield scenarios are driving market growth around the world.

According to the World Bank, in 2018, military expenditure accounted for 2.1% of GDP, and the percentage increased and climb up to 2.4% of GDP in 2020. Therefore, the rising spending on the military is propelling the demand for ballistic composites, which, in turn, accelerated the market growth globally. In addition, increasing R&D and mass production of ballistic fiber and increasing investment in the evolution of new technologies and products are creating lucrative opportunities for market growth over the forecasting years. However, the lack of complete protection and several complexities associated with designing ballistic composites are hindering market growth throughout the forecast period of 2022-2029.

The key regions considered for the Global Ballistic Composites Market study include Asia Pacific, North America, Europe, Latin America, and the Rest of the World. North America dominated the market in terms of revenue, owing to the maintenance of security and stringent regulations, along with increasing technological development. Whereas, the Asia Pacific is expected to grow with the highest growth rate during the forecast period. Factors such as rising expenditure by the military industry, as well as growing focus on high-end combat solutions, are burgeoning the market growth in the forecasting years.

Major market players included in this report are:

Honeywell International Inc

Koninklijke DSM N.V.

BAE Systems

Royal Ten Cate

Morgan Advanced Materials

DuPont de Nemours Inc.

Solvay

Teijin Limited

M Cube Technologies Inc.

MKU Limited

Recent Developments in the Market:

• In January 2022, North Korea confirmed that the country fired a "Hwasong-12" a mid-range ballistic missile with the aim of testing the weapon quality and proficiency.

Global Ballistic Composites Market Report Scope:

Historical Data: 2019-2020-2021

Base Year for Estimation: 2021

Forecast period: 2022-2029

Report Coverage: Revenue forecast, Company Ranking, Competitive Landscape, Growth factors, and Trends

Segments Covered: Product, Application, Region

Regional Scope: North America; Europe; Asia Pacific; Latin America; Rest of the World

Customization Scope: Free report customization (equivalent up to 8 analyst's working hours) with purchase. Addition or alteration to country, regional & segment scope*

The objective of the study is to define the market sizes of different segments & countries in recent years and to forecast the values for the coming years. The report is designed to incorporate both qualitative and quantitative aspects of the industry within the countries involved in the study.

The report also caters the detailed information about the crucial aspects such as driving factors & challenges which will define the future growth of the market. Additionally, it also incorporates potential opportunities in micro markets for stakeholders to invest along with a detailed analysis of the competitive landscape and product offerings of key players. The detailed segments and sub-segment of the market are explained below:

By Product:

Polymer Matrix

Polymer-Ceramic Matrix

Metal Matrix

By Application:

Armor

Helmets & Face Protection

Others

By Region:

North America

U.S.

Canada

Europe

UK

Germany

France

Spain

Italy

ROE

Asia Pacific

China

India

Japan

Australia

South Korea

RoAPAC

Latin America

Brazil

Mexico

ROLA

Rest of the World

Table of Contents

Chapter 1. Executive Summary

• 1.1. Market Snapshot
• 1.2. Global & Segmental Market Estimates & Forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
  • 1.2.1. Ballistic Composites Market, by Region, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
  • 1.2.2. Ballistic Composites Market, by Product, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
  • 1.2.3. Ballistic Composites Market, by Application, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• 1.3. Key Trends
• 1.4. Estimation Methodology
• 1.5. Research Assumption

Chapter 2. Global Ballistic Composites Market Definition and Scope

• 2.1. Objective of the Study
• 2.2. Market Definition & Scope
  • 2.2.1. Scope of the Study
  • 2.2.2. Industry Evolution
• 2.3. Years Considered for the Study
• 2.4. Currency Conversion Rates

Chapter 3. Global Ballistic Composites Market Dynamics

• 3.1. Ballistic Composites Market Impact Analysis (2019-2029)
  • 3.1.1. Market Drivers
    • 3.1.1.1. Rising demand from military & defense sector
    • 3.1.1.2. Increasing internal and external threats in battlefield scenarios
  • 3.1.2. Market Challenges
    • 3.1.2.1. Lack of complete protection
    • 3.1.2.2. Several complexities are associated with designing of ballistic composites
  • 3.1.3. Market Opportunities
    • 3.1.3.1. Increasing R&D and mass production of ballistic fiber
    • 3.1.3.2. Increasing investment in the evolution of new technologies and products

Chapter 4. Global Ballistic Composites Market Industry Analysis

• 4.1. Porter's 5 Force Model
  • 4.1.1. Bargaining Power of Suppliers
  • 4.1.2. Bargaining Power of Buyers
  • 4.1.3. Threat of New Entrants
  • 4.1.4. Threat of Substitutes
  • 4.1.5. Competitive Rivalry
• 4.2. Futuristic Approach to Porter's 5 Force Model (2019-2029)
• 4.3. PEST Analysis
  • 4.3.1. Political
  • 4.3.2. Economical
  • 4.3.3. Social
  • 4.3.4. Technological
• 4.4. Top investment opportunity
• 4.5. Top winning strategies
• 4.6. Industry Experts Prospective
• 4.7. Analyst Recommendation & Conclusion

Chapter 5. Risk Assessment: COVID-19 Impact

• 5.1. Assessment of the overall impact of COVID-19 on the industry
• 5.2. Pre COVID-19 and post COVID-19 Market scenario

Chapter 6. Global Ballistic Composites Market, by Product

• 6.1. Market Snapshot
• 6.2. Global Ballistic Composites Market by Product, Performance - Potential Analysis
• 6.3. Global Ballistic Composites Market Estimates & Forecasts by Product 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• 6.4. Ballistic Composites Market, Sub Segment Analysis
  • 6.4.1. Polymer Matrix
  • 6.4.2. Polymer-Ceramic Matrix
  • 6.4.3. Metal Matrix

Chapter 7. Global Ballistic Composites Market, by Application

• 7.1. Market Snapshot
• 7.2. Global Ballistic Composites Market by Application, Performance - Potential Analysis
• 7.3. Global Ballistic Composites Market Estimates & Forecasts by Application 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• 7.4. Ballistic Composites Market, Sub Segment Analysis
  • 7.4.1. Armor
  • 7.4.2. Helmets & Face Protection
  • 7.4.3. Others

Chapter 8. Global Ballistic Composites Market, Regional Analysis

• 8.1. Ballistic Composites Market, Regional Market Snapshot
• 8.2. North America Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.2.1. U.S. Ballistic Composites Market
    • 8.2.1.1. Product breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029
    • 8.2.1.2. Application breakdown estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029
  • 8.2.2. Canada Ballistic Composites Market
• 8.3. Europe Ballistic Composites Market Snapshot
  • 8.3.1. U.K. Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.3.2. Germany Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.3.3. France Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.3.4. Spain Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.3.5. Italy Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.3.6. Rest of Europe Ballistic Composites Market
• 8.4. Asia-Pacific Ballistic Composites Market Snapshot
  • 8.4.1. China Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.4.2. India Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.4.3. Japan Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.4.4. Australia Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.4.5. South Korea Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.4.6. Rest of Asia Pacific Ballistic Composites Market
• 8.5. Latin America Ballistic Composites Market Snapshot
  • 8.5.1. Brazil Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.5.2. Mexico Ballistic Composites Market
  • 8.5.3. Rest of Latin America Ballistic Composites Market
• 8.6. Rest of The World Ballistic Composites Market

Chapter 9. Competitive Intelligence

• 9.1. Top Market Strategies
• 9.2. Company Profiles
  • 9.2.1. Honeywell International Inc
    • 9.2.1.1. Key Information
    • 9.2.1.2. Overview
    • 9.2.1.3. Financial (Subject to Data Availability)
    • 9.2.1.4. Product Summary
    • 9.2.1.5. Recent Developments
  • 9.2.2. Koninklijke DSM N.V.
  • 9.2.3. BAE Systems
  • 9.2.4. Royal Ten Cate
  • 9.2.5. Morgan Advanced Materials
  • 9.2.6. DuPont de Nemours Inc.
  • 9.2.7. Solvay
  • 9.2.8. Teijin Limited
  • 9.2.9. M Cube Technologies Inc.
  • 9.2.10. MKU Limited

Chapter 10. Research Process

• 10.1. Research Process
  • 10.1.1. Data Mining
  • 10.1.2. Analysis
  • 10.1.3. Market Estimation
  • 10.1.4. Validation
  • 10.1.5. Publishing
• 10.2. Research Attributes
• 10.3. Research Assumption

LIST OF TABLES

• TABLE 1. Global Ballistic Composites Market, report scope
• TABLE 2. Global Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by Region 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 3. Global Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by Product 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 4. Global Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by Application 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 5. Global Ballistic Composites Market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 6. Global Ballistic Composites Market by region, estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 7. Global Ballistic Composites Market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 8. Global Ballistic Composites Market by region, estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 9. Global Ballistic Composites Market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 10. Global Ballistic Composites Market by region, estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 11. Global Ballistic Composites Market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 12. Global Ballistic Composites Market by region, estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 13. Global Ballistic Composites Market by segment, estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 14. Global Ballistic Composites Market by region, estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 15. U.S. Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 16. U.S. Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 17. U.S. Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 18. Canada Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 19. Canada Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 20. Canada Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 21. UK Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 22. UK Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 23. UK Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 24. Germany Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 25. Germany Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 26. Germany Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 27. France Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 28. France Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 29. France Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 30. Italy Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 31. Italy Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 32. Italy Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 33. Spain Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 34. Spain Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 35. Spain Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 36. RoE Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 37. RoE Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 38. RoE Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 39. China Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 40. China Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 41. China Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 42. India Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 43. India Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 44. India Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 45. Japan Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 46. Japan Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 47. Japan Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 48. South Korea Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 49. South Korea Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 50. South Korea Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 51. Australia Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 52. Australia Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 53. Australia Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 54. RoAPAC Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 55. RoAPAC Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 56. RoAPAC Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 57. Brazil Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 58. Brazil Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 59. Brazil Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 60. Mexico Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 61. Mexico Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 62. Mexico Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 63. RoLA Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 64. RoLA Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 65. RoLA Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 66. Row Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts, 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 67. Row Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 68. Row Ballistic Composites Market estimates & forecasts by segment 2019-2029 (USD Billion)
• TABLE 69. List of secondary sources, used in the study of global Ballistic Composites Market
• TABLE 70. List of primary sources, used in the study of global Ballistic Composites Market
• TABLE 71. Years considered for the study
• TABLE 72. Exchange rates considered

List of tables and figures and dummy in nature, final lists may vary in the final deliverable

LIST OF FIGURES

List of figures

• FIG 1. Global Ballistic Composites Market, research methodology
• FIG 2. Global Ballistic Composites Market, Market estimation techniques
• FIG 3. Global Market size estimates & forecast methods
• FIG 4. Global Ballistic Composites Market, key trends 2021
• FIG 5. Global Ballistic Composites Market, growth prospects 2022-2029
• FIG 6. Global Ballistic Composites Market, porters 5 force model
• FIG 7. Global Ballistic Composites Market, pest analysis
• FIG 8. Global Ballistic Composites Market, value chain analysis
• FIG 9. Global Ballistic Composites Market by segment, 2019 & 2029 (USD Billion)
• FIG 10. Global Ballistic Composites Market by segment, 2019 & 2029 (USD Billion)
• FIG 11. Global Ballistic Composites Market by segment, 2019 & 2029 (USD Billion)
• FIG 12. Global Ballistic Composites Market by segment, 2019 & 2029 (USD Billion)
• FIG 13. Global Ballistic Composites Market by segment, 2019 & 2029 (USD Billion)
• FIG 14. Global Ballistic Composites Market, regional snapshot 2019 & 2029
• FIG 15. North America Ballistic Composites Market 2019 & 2029 (USD Billion)
• FIG 16. Europe Ballistic Composites Market 2019 & 2029 (USD Billion)
• FIG 17. Asia Pacific Ballistic Composites Market 2019 & 2029 (USD Billion)
• FIG 18. Latin America Ballistic Composites Market 2019 & 2029 (USD Billion)
• FIG 19. Global Ballistic Composites Market, company Market share analysis (2021)

List of tables and figures and dummy in nature, final lists may vary in the final deliverable