Product Code: ANV846
REPORT HIGHLIGHT
The global Pine-Derived Chemicals market is estimated to be worth $5,300.8 million in 2021. Pine-Derived Chemicals market is expected to expand at an 4.7% CAGR during the forecast period.
Market Introduction
A set of sustainable, naturally occurring molecules generated from the pine tree is known as pine-derived chemicals (genus Pinus). Pine trees are native to the northern hemisphere, although they may now be found all over the world. The United States, as well as Canada, Scandinavia, South America, and Asia, have significant pine resources. Pine forests have become more commercially important, with more wood and non-wood items being produced. Pine is becoming more popular as a producer of pine-derived chemicals to meet the needs of the chemical, food and beverage, and pharmaceutical industries. Pine-derived compounds have been used in biorefineries, which is noteworthy.
Pine oleoresin and turpentine are two of the most widely used pine-derived compounds in the marketplace. The latter, which is made from pine oil, is commonly used as a paint thinner. Pine oleoresin, on the other hand, has been extensively studied for its potential in the production of green chemicals and biofuels.
Market Dynamics
Chemicals made from pine trees are an important commercial product of pine trees. Because people are more interested in environmentally friendly products, demand for these items is skyrocketing. These chemicals use natural renewable resources as raw materials to create both basic and necessary commodities, hence reducing carbon emissions. The market has seen some revenue growth as the market for pine oil disinfectants has increased. A significant trend strengthening the potential of the pine-derived chemicals market is the increased demand for them in perfumes and flavouring compounds. They're also utilised in food as additives. As a result, an increase in demand for pine-derived chemicals in food flavouring is a significant trend driving the pine-derived chemicals market forward.
The increase in commercial use of turpentine compounds is a key trend that is boosting the market's prospects. Oleoresin by-products have gained popularity in recent years. Food additives containing oleoresin are extensively utilised.
The widespread usage of pine-derived chemicals in medicinal and pharmaceutical applications is a key driver for the pine-derived chemicals market's large commercial application sectors. They are employed in the delivery of drugs. The market for pine-derived compounds is expected to rise due to the growing popularity of synthetic pine oil.
Segmentation Analysis
Pine-Derived Chemicals Market is segmented type source, process and application. Based on application, the sulphate segment is the largest segment of the global pine-derived chemicals market. Pinewood pulp, which is made entirely of cellulose fibre, is made using sulphate processing. The complete procedure is known as the kraft process, and it is a common method for extracting pine compounds. CTO and CST are the two main by-products of this process, both of which have a wide range of applications in the end-user industry.
In terms of application category, the adhesives & coating products are anticipated to capture a significant share of 24% of the worldwide pine-derived chemicals market. Adhesives and sealants are multipurpose goods made from pine trees. The automobile and construction industries are the two major businesses that rely heavily on adhesives and sealants.
Competitive Landscape
The global Pine-Derived Chemicals market is highly competitive with a presence of few international players. Some of the major players in the market are Eastman Chemical Company, Mentha & Allied Products, Mahendra Rosin & Turpentine, Harima Chemicals Group, among others. Industry players are relying on product approvals, product launches, mergers and acquisitions to gain a significant share of the global Pine-Derived Chemicals market. For instance, in February 2022, DCL Corporation partnered with Chemiplas Australia Pty Ltd to enable Chemiplas to become the leading distributor of DCL Corporation for the Australia and New Zealand region.
Key features of the study:
- This proposed research study on Pine-Derived Chemicals market provides market size (US$ million), compound annual growth rate (CAGR %) and forecast estimation (2022-2028), considering 2021 as the base year
- The research report elucidates potential growth opportunities across different segments/countries and explains attractive investment proposition matrix for Pine-Derived Chemicals market.
- The overall report identifies new investment opportunities, challenges faced by established players, and growth factors to sustain in the Pine-Derived Chemicals market.
- Impact of COVID-19 on Pine-Derived Chemicals market size, forecast, CAGR, and market dynamics are discussed in detail under the research scope. Detailed insight on Pine-Derived Chemicals market post-COVID will also be covered.
- In order to give the users of this report a comprehensive view on the Pine-Derived Chemicals market, we have also included competitive landscape and key innovator analysis for the Pine-Derived Chemicals market
- The study encompasses a growth prospect mapping analysis, wherein all the industry segments are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and attractiveness.
- The report offers detailed company profiling featuring major market participants which will help users to understand their financial information and strategic initiatives of players operating in the Pine-Derived Chemicals market.
- In addition, the report also unveil the important acquisitions & mergers, collaborations & joint ventures, new launch, research & development, regional expansion of major participants involved in the market on global as well as regional level.
- The global Pine-Derived Chemicals market report primarily caters to various stakeholders in this industry including suppliers, investors, new entrants, distributors, and financial analysts
SCOPE OF THE REPORT
The scope of this report covers the market by its major segments, which include as follows:
Global Pine-Derived Chemicals Market Key Players
- Eastman Chemical Company
- Mentha & Allied Products
- Mahendra Rosin & Turpentine
- Harima Chemicals Group
- Forchem OYJ
- Ingevity Corporation
- Kraton Corporation
- Arakawa Chemical Industries
- George-Pacific Chemicals
- Florachem Corporation
- Foreverest Resources
- Midhills Rosin & Turpenes
- Keichem Indonesia
Global Pine-Derived Chemicals Market by Type
- Tall oil fatty acid
- Tall oil rosin
- Gum turpentine
- Gum rosin
- Sterols
- Pitch
Global Pine-Derived Chemicals Market by Source
- Living trees
- Dead pine stumps & logs
- By-product of sulfate pulping
Global Pine-Derived Chemicals Market by Application
- Adhesives & sealants
- Paints & coatings
- Surfactants
- Printing inks
- Others
Global Pine-Derived Chemicals Market by Process
- Kraft process
- Tapping process
Global Pine-Derived Chemicals Market by Region
- North America
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
- Europe
- Germany
- United Kingdom
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
- Asia-Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- Australia
- South Korea
- Rest of Asia-Pacific
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Rest of Latin America
- Middle-East and Africa
- GCC
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle-East and Africa
TABLE OF CONTENT
1. Pine-Derived Chemicals Market Overview
2. Executive Summary
- 2.1. Market Snippet
- 2.1.1. Market Snippet by Type
- 2.1.2. Market Snippet by Sources
- 2.1.3. Market Snippet by Process
- 2.1.4. Market Snippet by Application
- 2.1.5. Market Snippet by Country
- 2.1.6. Market Snippet by Region
- 2.2. Competitive Insights
3. Pine-Derived Chemicals Key Market Trends
- 3.1. Market Drivers
- 3.1.1. Impact Analysis of Market Drivers
- 3.2. Market Restraints
- 3.2.1. Impact Analysis of Market Restraints
- 3.3. Market Opportunities
- 3.4. Market Future Trends
4. Pine-Derived Chemicals Industry Study
- 4.1. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 4.2. Marketing Strategy Analysis
- 4.3. Growth Prospect Mapping
- 4.4. Regulatory Framework Analysis
5. Pine-Derived Chemicals Market: COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.1. Pre-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.2. Post-COVID-19 Impact Analysis
- 5.2.1. Top Performing Segments
- 5.2.2. Marginal Growth Segments
- 5.2.3. Top Looser Segments
- 5.2.4. Marginal Loss Segments
6. Pine-Derived Chemicals Market Landscape
- 6.1. Market Share Analysis, 2020
- 6.2. Key Innovators Analysis
- 6.3. Breakdown Data, by Key Manufacturer
- 6.3.1. Established Players' Analysis
- 6.3.2. Emerging Players' Analysis
7. Pine-Derived Chemicals Market - By Type
- 7.1. Overview
- 7.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Type, 2021 & 2028 (%)
- 7.1.2. Tall oil fatty acid
- 7.1.3. Tall oil rosin
- 7.1.4. Gum turpentine
- 7.1.5. Gum rosin
- 7.1.6. Sterols
- 7.1.7. Pitch
8. Pine-Derived Chemicals Market - By Sources
- 8.1. Overview
- 8.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Sources, 2021 & 2028 (%)
- 8.1.2. Living trees
- 8.1.3. Dead pine stumps & logs
- 8.1.4. By-product of sulfate pulping
9. Pine-Derived Chemicals Market - By Process
- 9.1. Overview
- 9.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Type, 2021 & 2028 (%)
- 9.1.2. Kraft process
- 9.1.3. Tapping process
10. Pine-Derived Chemicals Market - By Application
- 10.1. Overview
- 10.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Sources, 2021 & 2028 (%)
- 10.1.2. Adhesives & sealants
- 10.1.3. Paints & coatings
- 10.1.4. Surfactants
- 10.1.5. Printing inks
- 10.1.6. Others
11. Pine-Derived Chemicals Market- By Geography
- 11.1. Introduction
- 11.1.1. Segment Share Analysis, By Geography, 2021 & 2028 (%)
- 11.2. North America
- 11.2.1. Overview
- 11.2.2. Key Manufacturers in North America
- 11.2.3. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.2.4. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.2.5. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.2.6. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.2.7. North America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.2.8. U.S.
- 11.2.8.1. Overview
- 11.2.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.2.8.3. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.2.8.4. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.2.8.5. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.2.8.6. U.S. Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.2.9. Canada
- 11.2.9.1. Overview
- 11.2.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 1.1.1.1. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 1.1.1.2. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 1.1.1.3. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 1.1.1.4. Canada Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3. Europe
- 11.3.1. Overview
- 11.3.2. Key Manufacturers in Europe
- 11.3.3. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.4. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.5. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.6. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.7. Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.8. Germany
- 11.3.8.1. Overview
- 11.3.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.3.8.3. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.8.4. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.8.5. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.8.6. Germany Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.9. Italy
- 11.3.9.1. Overview
- 11.3.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.3.9.3. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.9.4. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.9.5. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.9.6. Italy Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.10. United Kingdom
- 11.3.10.1. Overview
- 11.3.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.3.10.3. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.10.4. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.10.5. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.10.6. United Kingdom Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.11. France
- 11.3.11.1. Overview
- 11.3.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.3.11.3. France Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.11.4. France Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.11.5. France Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.11.6. France Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.12. Rest of Europe
- 11.3.12.1. Overview
- 11.3.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.3.12.3. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.12.4. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.12.5. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.3.12.6. Rest of the Europe Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4. Asia Pacific (APAC)
- 11.4.1. Overview
- 11.4.2. Key Manufacturers in Asia Pacific
- 11.4.3. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.4. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.5. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.6. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.7. Asia Pacific Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.8. India
- 11.4.8.1. Overview
- 11.4.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.4.8.3. India Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.8.4. India Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.8.5. India Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.8.6. India Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.9. China
- 11.4.9.1. Overview
- 11.4.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.4.9.3. China Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.9.4. China Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.9.5. China Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.9.6. China Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.10. Japan
- 11.4.10.1. Overview
- 11.4.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.4.10.3. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.10.4. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.10.5. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.10.6. Japan Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.11. South Korea
- 11.4.11.1. Overview
- 11.4.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.4.11.3. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.11.4. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.11.5. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.11.6. South Korea Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.12. Rest of APAC
- 11.4.12.1. Overview
- 11.4.12.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.4.12.3. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.12.4. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.12.5. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.4.12.6. Rest of APAC Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5. Latin America
- 11.5.1. Overview
- 11.5.2. Key Manufacturers in Latin America
- 11.5.3. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.4. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.5. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.6. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.7. Latin America Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.8. Brazil
- 11.5.8.1. Overview
- 11.5.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.5.8.3. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.8.4. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.8.5. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.8.6. Brazil Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.9. Mexico
- 11.5.9.1. Overview
- 11.5.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.5.9.3. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.9.4. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.9.5. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.9.6. Mexico Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.10. Argentina
- 11.5.10.1. Overview
- 11.5.10.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.5.10.3. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.10.4. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.10.5. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.10.6. Argentina Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.11. Rest of LATAM
- 11.5.11.1. Overview
- 11.5.11.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.5.11.3. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.11.4. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.11.5. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.5.11.6. Rest of LATAM Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6. Middle East and Africa
- 11.6.1. Overview
- 11.6.2. Key Manufacturers in Middle East and Africa
- 11.6.3. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Country, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.4. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.5. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.6. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.7. Middle East and Africa Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.8. Saudi Arabia
- 11.6.8.1. Overview
- 11.6.8.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.6.8.3. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.8.4. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.8.5. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.8.6. Saudi Arabia Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.9. United Arab Emirates
- 11.6.9.1. Overview
- 11.6.9.2. Market Analysis, Forecast, and Y-O-Y Growth Rate, 2017 - 2028, (US$ Million)
- 11.6.9.3. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Type, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.9.4. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Sources, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.9.5. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Process, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
- 11.6.9.6. United Arab Emirates Market Size and Forecast, By Application, 2017 - 2028 (US$ Million)
12. Key Vendor Analysis
- 12.1. Competitive Dashboard
- 12.2. Company Profiles
- 12.2.1. Eastman Chemical Company
- 12.2.2. Mentha & Allied Products
- 12.2.3. Mahendra Rosin & Turpentine
- 12.2.4. Harima Chemicals Group
- 12.2.5. Forchem OYJ
- 12.2.6. Ingevity Corporation
- 12.2.7. Kraton Corporation
- 12.2.8. Arakawa Chemical Industries
- 12.2.9. George-Pacific Chemicals
- 12.2.10. Florachem Corporation
- 12.2.11. Drt
- 12.2.12. Foreverest Resources
- 12.2.13. Midhills Rosin & Turpenes
- 12.2.14. Keichem Indonesia
13. 360 Degree Analyst View
14. Appendix
- 14.1. Research Sourceology
- 14.2. References
- 14.3. Abbreviations
- 14.4. Disclaimer
- 14.5. Contact Us