Product Code: TMRGL85716
Fog Harvesting Market - Scope of Report
TMR's report on the global fog harvesting market studies the past as well as the current growth trends and opportunities to gain valuable insights of the indicators of the market during the forecast period from 2023 to 2031. The report provides revenue of the global fog harvesting market for the period 2017-2031, considering 2023 as the base year and 2031 as the forecast year. The report also provides the compound annual growth rate (CAGR %) of the global fog harvesting market from 2023 to 2031.
The report has been prepared after an extensive research. Primary research involved bulk of the research efforts, wherein analysts carried out interviews with key opinion leaders, industry leaders, and opinion makers. Secondary research involved referring to key players' product literature, annual reports, press releases, and relevant documents to understand the fog harvesting market.
Market Snapshot |
Market Value in 2023 | US$ 2.7 Mn |
Market Value in 2031 | US$ 4.5 Mn |
CAGR | 5.7% |
Secondary research also included Internet sources, statistical data from government agencies, websites, and trade associations. Analysts employed a combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches to study various attributes of the global fog harvesting market.
The report includes an elaborate executive summary, along with a snapshot of the growth behavior of various segments included in the scope of the study. Moreover, the report throws light on the changing competitive dynamics in the global fog harvesting market. These serve as valuable tools for existing market players as well as for entities interested in participating in the global fog harvesting market.
The report delves into the competitive landscape of the global fog harvesting market. Key players operating in the global fog harvesting market have been identified and each one of these has been profiled in terms of various attributes. Company overview, financial standings, recent developments, and SWOT are the attributes of players in the global fog harvesting market profiled in this report.
Key Questions Answered in Global Fog Harvesting Market Report:
- What is the sales/revenue generated by fog harvesting across all regions during the forecast period?
- What are the opportunities in the global fog harvesting market?
- What are the major drivers, restraints, opportunities, and threats in the market?
- Which regional market is set to expand at the fastest CAGR during the forecast period?
- Which segment is expected to generate the highest revenue globally in 2031?
- Which segment is projected to expand at the highest CAGR during the forecast period?
- What are the market positions of different companies operating in the global market?
Fog Harvesting Market - Research Objectives and Research Approach
The comprehensive report on the global fog harvesting market begins with an overview, followed by the scope and objectives of the study. The report provides detailed explanation of the objectives behind this study and key vendors and distributors operating in the market and regulatory scenario for approval of products.
For reading comprehensibility, the report has been compiled in a chapter-wise layout, with each section divided into smaller ones. The report comprises an exhaustive collection of graphs and tables that are appropriately interspersed. Pictorial representation of actual and projected values of key segments is visually appealing to readers. This also allows comparison of the market shares of key segments in the past and at the end of the forecast period.
The report analyzes the global fog harvesting market in terms of product, end-user, and region. Key segments under each criterion have been studied at length, and the market share for each of these at the end of 2031 has been provided. Such valuable insights enable market stakeholders in making informed business decisions for investment in the global fog harvesting market.
Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
- 1.1. Global Market Outlook
- 1.2. Demand Side Trends
- 1.3. Key Facts and Figures
- 1.4. Trends Impacting Market
- 1.5. TMR's Growth Opportunity Wheel
2. Market Overview
- 2.1. Market Segmentation
- 2.2. Key Developments
- 2.3. Market Definitions
- 2.4. Key Market Trends
- 2.5. Market Dynamics
- 2.5.1. Drivers
- 2.5.2. Restraints
- 2.5.3. Opportunities
- 2.6. Global Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023-2031
- 2.6.1. Global Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters)
- 2.6.2. Global Fog Harvesting Market Revenue (US$ Mn)
- 2.7. Porter's Five Forces Analysis
- 2.8. Regulatory Landscape
- 2.9. Value Chain Analysis
- 2.9.1. List of Fog Collector Providers
- 2.9.2. List of Manufacturers
- 2.9.3. List of Potential Customers
- 2.10. Economic Recovery Post COVID-19
- 2.10.1. Impact on Supply Chain of Fog Harvesting Market
- 2.10.2. Recovery in Demand for Fog Harvesting - Post Crisis
3. Impact of Current Geopolitical Scenario on Market
4. Production Output Analysis (Million Liters)
- 4.1. North America
- 4.2. Europe
- 4.3. Asia Pacific
- 4.4. Latin America
- 4.5. Middle East & Africa
5. Price Trend Analysis and Forecast (US$/Ton), 2023-2031
- 5.1. Price Comparison Analysis by Technology
- 5.2. Price Comparison Analysis by Region
6. Global Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 6.1. Introduction and Definitions
- 6.2. Global Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 6.2.1. Nylon
- 6.2.2. Polyethylene
- 6.2.3. Polypropylene
- 6.3. Global Fog Harvesting Market Attractiveness, by Material
7. Global Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 7.1. Introduction and Definitions
- 7.2. Global Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 7.2.1. Single Layer
- 7.2.2. Double Layer
- 7.3. Global Fog Harvesting Market Attractiveness, by Technology
8. Global Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 8.1. Introduction and Definitions
- 8.2. Global Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 8.2.1. Standard Fog Collector
- 8.2.2. Alternative Fog Collector
- 8.3. Global Fog Harvesting Market Attractiveness, by Fog Collector
9. Global Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 9.1. Introduction and Definitions
- 9.2. Global Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 9.2.1. Agriculture
- 9.2.2. Residential
- 9.2.3. Commercial
- 9.2.4. Building & Construction
- 9.2.5. Infrastructure
- 9.2.6. Others
- 9.3. Global Fog Harvesting Market Attractiveness, by Application
10. Global Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, by Region, 2023-2031
- 10.1. Key Findings
- 10.2. Global Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Region, 2023-2031
- 10.2.1. North America
- 10.2.2. Europe
- 10.2.3. Asia Pacific
- 10.2.4. Latin America
- 10.2.5. Middle East & Africa
- 10.3. Global Fog Harvesting Market Attractiveness, by Region
11. North America Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023-2031
- 11.1. Key Findings
- 11.2. North America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 11.3. North America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 11.4. North America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 11.5. North America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 11.6. North America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country, 2023-2031
- 11.6.1. U.S. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 11.6.2. U.S. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 11.6.3. U.S. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 11.6.4. U.S. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 11.6.5. Canada Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material Technology, 2023-2031
- 11.6.6. Canada Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 11.6.7. Canada Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 11.6.8. Canada Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 11.7. North America Fog Harvesting Market Attractiveness Analysis
12. Europe Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023-2031
- 12.1. Key Findings
- 12.2. Europe Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 12.3. Europe Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 12.4. Europe Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 12.5. Europe Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 12.6. Europe Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2023-2031
- 12.6.1. Germany Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 12.6.2. Germany Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 12.6.3. Germany Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 12.6.4. Germany. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 12.6.5. France Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 12.6.6. France Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 12.6.7. France Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 12.6.8. France. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 12.6.9. U.K. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 12.6.10. U.K. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 12.6.11. U.K. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 12.6.12. U.K. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 12.6.13. Italy Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 12.6.14. Italy. Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 12.6.15. Italy Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 12.6.16. Italy Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 12.6.17. Russia & CIS Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 12.6.18. Russia & CIS Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 12.6.19. Russia & CIS Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 12.6.20. Russia & CIS Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 12.6.21. Rest of Europe Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 12.6.22. Rest of Europe Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 12.6.23. Rest of Europe Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 12.6.24. Rest of Europe Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 12.7. Europe Fog Harvesting Market Attractiveness Analysis
13. Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023-2031
- 13.1. Key Findings
- 13.2. Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material
- 13.3. Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 13.4. Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 13.5. Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 13.6. Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2023-2031
- 13.6.1. China Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 13.6.2. China Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 13.6.3. China Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 13.6.4. China Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 13.6.5. Japan Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 13.6.6. Japan Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 13.6.7. Japan Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 13.6.8. Japan Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 13.6.9. India Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 13.6.10. India Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 13.6.11. India Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 13.6.12. India Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 13.6.13. ASEAN Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 13.6.14. ASEAN Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 13.6.15. ASEAN Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 13.6.16. ASEAN Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 13.6.17. Rest of Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 13.6.18. Rest of Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 13.6.19. Rest of Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 13.6.20. Rest of Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 13.7. Asia Pacific Fog Harvesting Market Attractiveness Analysis
14. Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023-2031
- 14.1. Key Findings
- 14.2. Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material Technology, 2023-2031
- 14.3. Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 14.4. Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 14.5. Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 14.6. Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2023-2031
- 14.6.1. Brazil Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 14.6.2. Brazil Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 14.6.3. Brazil Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 14.6.4. Brazil Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 14.6.5. Mexico Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 14.6.6. Mexico Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 14.6.7. Mexico Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 14.6.8. Mexico Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 14.6.9. Rest of Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 14.6.10. Rest of Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 14.6.11. Rest of Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 14.6.12. Rest of Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 14.7. Latin America Fog Harvesting Market Attractiveness Analysis
15. Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Analysis and Forecast, 2023-2031
- 15.1. Key Findings
- 15.2. Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 15.3. Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 15.4. Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 15.5. Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 15.6. Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Country and Sub-region, 2023-2031
- 15.6.1. GCC Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 15.6.2. GCC Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 15.6.3. GCC Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 15.6.4. GCC Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 15.6.5. South Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 15.6.6. South Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 15.6.7. South Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 15.6.8. South Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 15.6.9. Rest of Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Material, 2023-2031
- 15.6.10. Rest of Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Technology, 2023-2031
- 15.6.11. Rest of Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Fog Collector, 2023-2031
- 15.6.12. Rest of Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Volume (Million Liters) and Value (US$ Mn) Forecast, by Application, 2023-2031
- 15.7. Middle East & Africa Fog Harvesting Market Attractiveness Analysis
16. Competition Landscape
- 16.1. Market Players - Competition Matrix (by Tier and Size of Companies)
- 16.2. Market Share Analysis, 2022
- 16.3. Market Footprint Analysis
- 16.3.1. By Fog Collector
- 16.3.2. By Application
- 16.4. Company Profiles
- 16.4.1. Aqualonis GmbH
- 16.4.1.1. Company Revenue
- 16.4.1.2. Business Overview
- 16.4.1.3. Product Segments
- 16.4.1.4. Geographic Footprint
- 16.4.1.5. Production Technology/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
- 16.4.1.6. Strategic Partnership, Technology Expansion, New Product Innovation etc.
- 16.4.2. FogQuest
- 16.4.2.1. Company Revenue
- 16.4.2.2. Business Overview
- 16.4.2.3. Product Segments
- 16.4.2.4. Geographic Footprint
- 16.4.2.5. Production Technology/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
- 16.4.2.6. Strategic Partnership, Technology Expansion, New Product Innovation etc.
- 16.4.3. Permalution
- 16.4.3.1. Company Revenue
- 16.4.3.2. Business Overview
- 16.4.3.3. Product Segments
- 16.4.3.4. Geographic Footprint
- 16.4.3.5. Production Technology/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
- 16.4.3.6. Strategic Partnership, Technology Expansion, New Product Innovation etc.
- 16.4.4. WasserStiftung
- 16.4.4.1. Company Revenue
- 16.4.4.2. Business Overview
- 16.4.4.3. Product Segments
- 16.4.4.4. Geographic Footprint
- 16.4.4.5. Production Technology/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
- 16.4.4.6. Strategic Partnership, Technology Expansion, New Product Innovation etc.
- 16.4.5. Bayside Fog Collector
- 16.4.5.1. Company Revenue
- 16.4.5.2. Business Overview
- 16.4.5.3. Product Segments
- 16.4.5.4. Geographic Footprint
- 16.4.5.5. Production Technology/Plant Details, etc. (*As Applicable)
- 16.4.5.6. Strategic Partnership, Technology Expansion, New Product Innovation etc.
17. Primary Research: Key Insights
18. Appendix