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全球安瓿包裝市場:預測至2028年-按材料(玻璃、塑料、金屬),體積(<2ml,3-5ml,6-8ml,8ml等）,類型,應用,用戶,地區
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1218858

全球安瓿包裝市場:預測至2028年-按材料(玻璃、塑料、金屬),體積(<2ml,3-5ml,6-8ml,8ml等）,類型,應用,用戶,地區

Ampoules Packaging Market Forecasts to 2028 - Global Analysis By Material Type (Glass, Plastic and Metal), By Capacity (Less than 2 ml, 3 to 5 ml, 6 to 8 ml and Above 8 ml), By Ampoule Type, By Application, By End User and By Geography
出版日期: | 出版商: Stratistics Market Research Consulting | 英文 175+ Pages | 商品交期: 2-3個工作天內

價格

根據 Stratistics MRC 的數據，2022 年全球安瓶包裝市場規模將達到 45 億美元，預計到 2028 年將達到 77 億美元，預測期內復合年增長率為 9.4%。

注射劑使用安瓿包裝。 是用來防止液體和固體污染的小瓶子。 由玻璃或塑料製成的安瓿可保持藥物無菌並防止其受到污染。 病毒感染和疾病的增加增加了對藥物和疫苗的市場需求。 該市場還受益於藥品包裝安全法規的收緊。

據 Pharphorum 稱，拉丁美洲的老年人口增長迅速。 2010 年，該地區 10% 的人口年齡在 60 歲以上，到 2040 年底，這一數字估計將翻一倍以上，達到 21%。

市場動態

促進因素

產品包裝需求

製藥行業對安瓿瓶的需求顯著增加。 藥物使用量的增長受到諸如防潮層、高尺寸穩定性、高衝擊強度、抗應變性、最小吸水性、透明度、耐熱性和阻燃性以及延長保質期等因素的推動。此外，對負擔得起的包裝的需求不斷增長也對市場擴張做出了重大貢獻。

抑制因素

嚴格的政府監管

嚴格的政府法規促使製造商提供安全包裝並刺激市場擴張。 但是，破裂、破損或受污染的玻璃安瓿可能會導致經皮損傷。 預計這將對預測期內玻璃安瓿包裝的增長構成挑戰。

機會

技術進步

發達國家和發展中國家的政府、聯合採購組織、監管和諮詢小組一直在努力推動推動全球疫苗需求的關鍵參與者。 這可能會導致安瓿產能很快增加。 包裝技術的進步使安瓿經久耐用、具有成本效益且與內容物無關。 因此，安瓿更常用於儲存各種商品，尤其是液體樣品。

威脅

不斷上升的製造成本和玻璃的脆弱性

由於安瓿只能使用一次，因此回收是一個非常重要的過程，跳過這個過程會大大增加製造成本。 此外，玻璃安瓿的內容物可能會受到污染。 因此，在預測期內，玻璃安瓿市場將受到阻礙。 此外，限制玻璃安瓿市場增長的主要問題是玻璃易碎。 但是，塑料安瓶也存在吸水性高、耐熱性差等缺點。

COVID-19 的影響

全球包裝安瓿市場受到了 COVID-19 的負面影響。 供應鏈中斷，生產中斷。 因此，市場增長顯著放緩。 另一方面，在此期間對藥品的需求顯著增長。 由於對安瓿和藥品的需求相關，市場呈現 V 型複蘇。 展望未來，全球市場有望恢復到之前的增長速度。

醫藥板塊有望成為預測期內最大的板塊

在最終用戶中，預計醫藥領域將在預測期內主導市場。 隨著人口中疾病爆發的增加，市場正在擴大。 必須使用安瓿來保持藥品的無菌狀態。 此外，環保且價格低廉的包裝材料的發展，也讓藥用安瓿更加實用。

預計塑料行業在預測期內復合年增長率最高

在製藥行業，塑料安瓿瓶的需求量大幅增加。 因此，預計塑料行業在預測期內將實現有利可圖的增長。 防潮性、高尺寸穩定性、高衝擊強度、抗應變性、低吸水性、透明性、耐熱性、阻燃性和延長的保質期是推動這種增長的一些因素。 另一個重要因素是對低成本包裝材料的高需求。

市場份額最高的地區

在預測期內，由於美國健康相關感染和過敏症的增加導致藥物和疫苗數量增加，預計北美將主導全球安瓿市場。 此外，拉丁美洲國家正在積極嘗試將這些假冒藥品、疫苗和藥物置於消費者接觸不到的地方，這對市場增長產生了負面影響。

複合年增長率最高的地區

SGD Pharma India Ltd. 等一些公司每年生產 4,000 噸管狀西林瓶和安瓿瓶（相當於 SGD Pharma（印度）Vemula 玻璃廠生產 7 億多噸）。

主要發展

2021年8月，最大的疫苗和生物製品生產商印度血清研究所收購了印度包裝合資企業肖特凱莎50%的股權。 德國特種玻璃公司 SCHOTT AG 和印度集團 Kaisha 的合資企業生產藥品包裝產品，例如用於包裝救生藥物的西林瓶、注射器、安瓿和藥筒。

2021 年 5 月，日本包裝公司 Nipro Pharma Packaging 收購了克羅地亞玻璃藥品包裝製造商 Piramida。 在藍海資本私募股權基金的入股下，Piramida 進行了設施現代化改造，新增了 8 條生產線，安瓶和西林瓶業務得到了強勁發展。 因此，該公司躋身歐洲市場前五名製藥安瓿製造商之列。

2021 年 3 月，製藥和醫療保健行業的開發服務提供商 Aenova 顯著提高了格羅瑙工廠的安瓿瓶產能。 一條新的安瓿瓶灌裝和封口線、格羅瑙工廠的第六條無菌線、一條全新的全自動光學控制線以及一條新的包裝線使每年生產超過 1 億個安瓿瓶和西林瓶成為可能。

本報告的內容

  • 區域和國家/地區細分市場份額評估
  • 向新進入者提出戰略建議
  • 2020、2021、2022、2025 和 2028 年的綜合市場數據
  • 涵蓋市場趨勢（市場促進因素、促進因素、機遇、威脅、挑戰、投資機會、建議）
  • 根據市場預測在關鍵業務領域提出戰略建議
  • 競爭格局映射主要共同趨勢
  • 公司簡介，包括詳細的戰略、財務狀況和近期發展
  • 映射最新技術進步的供應鏈趨勢

免費定制服務

訂閱此報告的客戶將免費獲得以下自定義選項之一

  • 公司簡介
    • 其他市場參與者的綜合概況（最多 3 家公司）
    • 主要參與者的 SWOT 分析（最多 3 家公司）
  • 區域細分
    • 根據客戶要求對主要國家/地區的市場進行估算、預測和復合年增長率（注意：基於可行性檢查）
  • 競爭基準

根據產品組合、地理分佈和戰略聯盟對主要參與者進行基準測試

目錄

第 1 章執行摘要

第 2 章前言

  • 概覽
  • 利益相關者
  • 調查範圍
  • 調查方法
    • 數據挖掘
    • 數據分析
    • 數據驗證
    • 研究方法
  • 調查來源
    • 主要研究資訊來源
    • 二次研究資訊來源
    • 假設

第 3 章市場趨勢分析

  • 促進因素
  • 抑制因素
  • 機會
  • 威脅
  • 應用分析
  • 最終用戶分析
  • 新興市場
  • COVID-19 的影響

第 4 章波特五力分析

  • 供應商的議價能力
  • 買家的議價能力
  • 替代品的威脅
  • 新進入者的威脅
  • 競爭公司之間的敵對關係

第 5 章全球安瓿包裝市場：按材料類型分類

  • 玻璃
  • 塑料
  • 金屬

第 6 章全球安瓿包裝市場：按體積分類

  • 少於 2 毫升
  • 3-5ml
  • 6-8ml
  • 8毫升或更多

第 7 章全球安瓶包裝市場：按安瓶類型

  • 打開渠道
  • 封閉漏斗
  • 直桿
  • 雙芯片
  • 其他安瓶類型

第 8 章全球安瓿包裝市場：按應用

  • 浴室裝置和配件
  • 廁所設施和固定裝置
  • 廚房和水槽裝置及配件

第 9 章全球安瓿包裝市場：按最終用戶分類

  • 個人護理和化妝品
  • 醫藥
  • 化學
  • 牙科
  • 獸醫
  • 美容輔助
  • 其他最終用戶

第 10 章全球安瓿包裝市場：按地區

  • 北美
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 意大利
    • 法國
    • 西班牙
    • 其他歐洲
  • 亞太地區
    • 日本
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 澳大利亞
    • 新西蘭
    • 韓國
    • 其他亞太地區
  • 南美洲
    • 阿根廷
    • 巴西
    • 智利
    • 其他南美洲
  • 中東和非洲
    • 沙特阿拉伯
    • 阿拉伯聯合酋長國
    • 卡塔爾
    • 南非
    • 其他中東地區

第 11 章主要發展

  • 合同、夥伴關係、協作和合資企業
  • 收購與合併
  • 新產品發布
  • 業務擴展
  • 其他關鍵策略

第 12 章公司簡介

  • AAPL Solutions
  • Nipro Pharma Packaging International NV
  • Schott AG
  • Gerresheimer AG
  • J.Penner Corporation
  • Stevanato Group
  • ESSCO Glass
  • James Alexander Corporation
  • Amposan S.A.
  • Global Pharmatech Pvt Ltd
  • Hindusthan National Glass & Industries Limited
  • Adelphi Healthcare Packaging
  • Solopharm Company
  • Sandfire Scientific Ltd
Product Code: SMRC22394

According to Stratistics MRC, the Global Ampoules Packaging Market is accounted for $4.5 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach $7.7 billion by 2028 growing at a CAGR of 9.4% during the forecast period. Injectable medication is packaged in ampoules. They are small bottles that are used to prevent contamination of liquids and solids. Drugs are kept sterile and protected from contamination by ampoules, which are either made of glass or plastic. Due to the rise in viral infections and diseases, there is a rising market demand for medications and vaccines. The market is also being driven by an increase in safety regulations for pharmaceutical packaging.

According to Pharmaphorum, Latin America's geriatric base is increasing rapidly. In 2010, 10% of the region's population was above 60 years, and by the end of 2040, this number is estimated to more than double, reaching 21%.

Market Dynamics:

Driver:

Demand for Product Packaging

The demand for ampoules in the pharmaceutical industry is rising significantly. The increased use of pharmaceuticals has been facilitated by factors such as moisture barriers, high dimensional stability, high impact strength, resistance to strain, minimal water absorption, transparency, heat and flame resistance, and extensions of expiration dates. Furthermore, contributing significantly to the market's expansion is the rising demand for affordable packaging.

Restraint:

Stringent government regulations

Because of the government's strict regulations, manufacturers provide safe packaging, which will spur market expansion. However, glass ampoules that are cracked, broken, or contaminated may cause percutaneous injury. This is expected to be a difficult task in the growth of glass ampoules packaging during the forecast period.

Opportunity:

Technological advancements

Governments in developed and developing nations, pooled procurement organisations, and regulatory and advisory cells made an effort for the advancements in the key players which is fueling the global demand for vaccines. This will likely lead to an increase in ampoule output capacity quickly. Due to advances in packaging technology, ampoules are now more durable, cost-effective, and content-independent. As a result, ampoules are used more commonly to store a variety of goods, especially liquid samples.

Threat:

Rise in production cost and brittleness of glass

Recycling is a crucial step because ampoules can only be used once, so skipping this step would result in a significant increase in production costs. It is still a concern that glass ampoules can contaminate the contents due to this. The market for glass ampoules is therefore hampered during the projection period. Additionally, a major issue limiting growth in the market for glass ampoules is the brittleness of glass. But plastic ampoules have drawbacks as well, including high absorbability and low heat resistance.

COVID-19 Impact:

The market for packaging ampoules around the world was negatively impacted by COVID-19. Production was interrupted as a result of extensive supply chain disruptions. The market growth rate significantly decreased as a result. On the other hand, the demand for pharmaceuticals rose sharply during that time. The market displayed a V-shaped recovery because the demand for ampoules and drugs are directly correlated. It is anticipated that the global market will soon return to its prior growth rate.

The Pharmaceutical segment is expected to be the largest during the forecast period

Among end users, the pharmaceuticals segment is expected to dominate the market during the projection period. The market is expanding as disease incidence among groups of people is increasing. Ampoules must be used in order to preserve the aseptic conditions of pharmaceutical drugs. Moreover, pharmaceutical ampoules are becoming more viable due to the development of environmentally friendly and affordable packaging materials.

The plastic segment is expected to have the highest CAGR during the forecast period

The pharmaceutical industry has seen a significant increase in the demand for plastic ampoules; therefore, the plastic segment is anticipated to have lucrative growth during the estimation period. Barriers against moisture, high dimensional stability, high impact strength, resistance to strain, low water absorption, transparency, resistance to heat and flame, and extension of expiration dates are features that have contributed to this growth. Another important factor in this regard is the high demand for low-cost packaging.

Region with largest share:

Over the forecast period, North America is anticipated to dominate the global ampoules market as the number of drugs and vaccines has increased due to rising health-related infections and allergies in the United States. Furthermore, Latin American countries are actively working to prevent these counterfeit medicines, vaccines, and drugs from reaching consumers, which has an adverse effect on the market's growth.

Region with highest CAGR:

Asia Pacific region is expected to have lucrative growth during the forecast period as developing nations like India experience exceptional growth in the pharmaceutical industry, including players like SGD Pharma India Ltd., which produces 4,000 metric tonnes of tubular vials and ampoules annually (equivalent to more than 700 million pieces at the Vemula glassworks of SGD Pharma (India)).

Key players in the market

Some of the key players in Ampoules Packaging market include AAPL Solutions, Nipro Pharma Packaging International NV, Schott AG, Gerresheimer AG, J.Penner Corporation, Stevanato Group, ESSCO Glass, James Alexander Corporation, Amposan S.A., Global Pharmatech Pvt Ltd, Hindusthan National Glass & Industries Limited, Adelphi Healthcare Packaging, Solopharm Company and Sandfire Scientific Ltd.

Key Developments:

In August 2021, Serum Institute of India, the largest vaccine producer and manufacturer of biologics, had bought a 50% stake in the Indian packaging joint venture SCHOTT Kaisha. The joint venture between Germany's specialty glass company SCHOTT AG and Indian group Kaisha, manufactures pharma packaging products such as vials, syringes, ampoules and cartridges used to package life-saving medications.

In May 2021, Japan-based packaging company Nipro PharmaPackaging had acquired Croatian glass pharmaceutical packaging manufacturer Piramida. Under the ownership of Blue Sea Capital private equity fund, Piramida got a modernisation of its facilities, welcomed eight new production lines, and witnessed a strong development of its ampoules and vials business. This led the company being ranked among the top five largest ampoule manufacturers for the pharmaceutical industry in the European market.

In March 2021, Aenova, one of the leading development service provider sand contract manufacturers for the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries, significantly increased its ampoule capacities, at its Gronau site. With the new ampoule filling and closing line, the sixth sterile line at the Gronau site, a new fully automatic optical control line and a likewise new packaging line, a total of more than 100 million ampoules and vials can now be produced per year.

Material Types Covered:

  • Glass
  • Plastic
  • Metal

Capacities Covered:

  • Less than 2 ml
  • 3 to 5 ml
  • 6 to 8 ml
  • Above 8 ml

Ampoule Types Covered:

  • Open Funnel
  • Closed Funnel
  • Straight Stem
  • Double Tip
  • Other Ampoule Types

Applications Covered:

  • Bathroom Fixtures & Fittings
  • Toilet Fixtures & Fittings
  • Kitchen And Sink Fixtures & Fittings

End Users Covered:

  • Personal Care and Cosmetics
  • Pharmaceutical
  • Chemical
  • Dental
  • Veterinary
  • Beauty Aids
  • Other End Users

Regions Covered:

  • North America
    • US
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • Italy
    • France
    • Spain
    • Rest of Europe
  • Asia Pacific
    • Japan
    • China
    • India
    • Australia
    • New Zealand
    • South Korea
    • Rest of Asia Pacific
  • South America
    • Argentina
    • Brazil
    • Chile
    • Rest of South America
  • Middle East & Africa
    • Saudi Arabia
    • UAE
    • Qatar
    • South Africa
    • Rest of Middle East & Africa

What our report offers:

  • Market share assessments for the regional and country-level segments
  • Strategic recommendations for the new entrants
  • Covers Market data for the years 2020, 2021, 2022, 2025, and 2028
  • Market Trends (Drivers, Constraints, Opportunities, Threats, Challenges, Investment Opportunities, and recommendations)
  • Strategic recommendations in key business segments based on the market estimations
  • Competitive landscaping mapping the key common trends
  • Company profiling with detailed strategies, financials, and recent developments
  • Supply chain trends mapping the latest technological advancements

Free Customization Offerings:

All the customers of this report will be entitled to receive one of the following free customization options:

  • Company Profiling
    • Comprehensive profiling of additional market players (up to 3)
    • SWOT Analysis of key players (up to 3)
  • Regional Segmentation
    • Market estimations, Forecasts and CAGR of any prominent country as per the client's interest (Note: Depends on feasibility check)
  • Competitive Benchmarking

Benchmarking of key players based on product portfolio, geographical presence, and strategic alliances

Table of Contents

1 Executive Summary

2 Preface

  • 2.1 Abstract
  • 2.2 Stake Holders
  • 2.3 Research Scope
  • 2.4 Research Methodology
    • 2.4.1 Data Mining
    • 2.4.2 Data Analysis
    • 2.4.3 Data Validation
    • 2.4.4 Research Approach
  • 2.5 Research Sources
    • 2.5.1 Primary Research Sources
    • 2.5.2 Secondary Research Sources
    • 2.5.3 Assumptions

3 Market Trend Analysis

  • 3.1 Introduction
  • 3.2 Drivers
  • 3.3 Restraints
  • 3.4 Opportunities
  • 3.5 Threats
  • 3.6 Application Analysis
  • 3.7 End User Analysis
  • 3.8 Emerging Markets
  • 3.9 Impact of Covid-19

4 Porters Five Force Analysis

  • 4.1 Bargaining power of suppliers
  • 4.2 Bargaining power of buyers
  • 4.3 Threat of substitutes
  • 4.4 Threat of new entrants
  • 4.5 Competitive rivalry

5 Global Ampoules Packaging Market, By Material Type

  • 5.1 Introduction
  • 5.2 Glass
  • 5.3 Plastic
  • 5.4 Metal

6 Global Ampoules Packaging Market, By Capacity

  • 6.1 Introduction
  • 6.2 Less than 2 ml
  • 6.3 3 to 5 ml
  • 6.4 6 to 8 ml
  • 6.5 Above 8 ml

7 Global Ampoules Packaging Market, By Ampoule Type

  • 7.1 Introduction
  • 7.2 Open Funnel
  • 7.3 Closed Funnel
  • 7.4 Straight Stem
  • 7.5 Double Tip
  • 7.6 Other Ampoule Types

8 Global Ampoules Packaging Market, By Application

  • 8.1 Introduction
  • 8.2 Bathroom Fixtures & Fittings
  • 8.3 Toilet Fixtures & Fittings
  • 8.4 Kitchen And Sink Fixtures & Fittings

9 Global Ampoules Packaging Market, By End User

  • 9.1 Introduction
  • 9.2 Personal Care and Cosmetics
  • 9.3 Pharmaceutical
  • 9.4 Chemical
  • 9.5 Dental
  • 9.6 Veterinary
  • 9.7 Beauty Aids
  • 9.8 Other End Users

10 Global Ampoules Packaging Market, By Geography

  • 10.1 Introduction
  • 10.2 North America
    • 10.2.1 US
    • 10.2.2 Canada
    • 10.2.3 Mexico
  • 10.3 Europe
    • 10.3.1 Germany
    • 10.3.2 UK
    • 10.3.3 Italy
    • 10.3.4 France
    • 10.3.5 Spain
    • 10.3.6 Rest of Europe
  • 10.4 Asia Pacific
    • 10.4.1 Japan
    • 10.4.2 China
    • 10.4.3 India
    • 10.4.4 Australia
    • 10.4.5 New Zealand
    • 10.4.6 South Korea
    • 10.4.7 Rest of Asia Pacific
  • 10.5 South America
    • 10.5.1 Argentina
    • 10.5.2 Brazil
    • 10.5.3 Chile
    • 10.5.4 Rest of South America
  • 10.6 Middle East & Africa
    • 10.6.1 Saudi Arabia
    • 10.6.2 UAE
    • 10.6.3 Qatar
    • 10.6.4 South Africa
    • 10.6.5 Rest of Middle East & Africa

11 Key Developments

  • 11.1 Agreements, Partnerships, Collaborations and Joint Ventures
  • 11.2 Acquisitions & Mergers
  • 11.3 New Product Launch
  • 11.4 Expansions
  • 11.5 Other Key Strategies

12 Company Profiling

  • 12.1 AAPL Solutions
  • 12.2 Nipro Pharma Packaging International NV
  • 12.3 Schott AG
  • 12.4 Gerresheimer AG
  • 12.5 J.Penner Corporation
  • 12.6 Stevanato Group
  • 12.7 ESSCO Glass
  • 12.8 James Alexander Corporation
  • 12.9 Amposan S.A.
  • 12.10 Global Pharmatech Pvt Ltd
  • 12.11 Hindusthan National Glass & Industries Limited
  • 12.12 Adelphi Healthcare Packaging
  • 12.13 Solopharm Company
  • 12.14 Sandfire Scientific Ltd

List of Tables

  • 1 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Region (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 2 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Material Type (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 3 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Glass (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 4 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Plastic (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 5 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Metal (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 6 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Capacity (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 7 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Less than 2 ml (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 8 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By 3 to 5 ml (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 9 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By 6 to 8 ml (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 10 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Above 8 ml (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 11 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Ampoule Type (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 12 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Open Funnel (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 13 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Closed Funnel (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 14 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Straight Stem (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 15 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Double Tip (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 16 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Other Ampoule Types (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 17 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Application (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 18 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Bathroom Fixtures & Fittings (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 19 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Toilet Fixtures & Fittings (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 20 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Kitchen And Sink Fixtures & Fittings (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 21 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By End User (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 22 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Personal Care and Cosmetics (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 23 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Pharmaceutical (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 24 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Chemical (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 25 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Dental (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 26 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Veterinary (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 27 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Beauty Aids (2020-2028) ($MN)
  • 28 Global Ampoules Packaging Market Outlook, By Other End Users (2020-2028) ($MN)

Note: Tables for North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, South America and Middle East & Africa Regions are also represented in the same manner as above.