全球衛生棉條市場 - 2023-2030
市場調查報告書
商品編碼
1390167

全球衛生棉條市場 - 2023-2030

Global Tampons Market - 2023-2030

出版日期: | 出版商: DataM Intelligence | 英文 211 Pages | 商品交期: 約2個工作天內

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簡介目錄

概述

2022年,全球衛生棉條市場規模達42億美元,預計2030年將達到68億美元,2023-2030年預測期間CAGR為6.3%。

由於人們對經期衛生意識的增強以及對更方便、更謹慎的經期產品的轉變,衛生棉條市場正在經歷全球的重大成長。衛生棉條以其易用性和攜帶性而聞名,受到許多女性的青睞。此外,隨著社會強調女性賦權和健康,對安全有效的經期產品的需求正在上升。

市場也受到環境議題的影響,推動環保和永續衛生棉條的發展。此外,全球政府為解決經期貧困和提供負擔得起的經期產品而採取的各種舉措正在推動市場成長。最後,有機和可生物分解衛生棉條等創新產品的開發正在吸引消費者的興趣並推動市場的擴張。

由於衛生棉條製造商廣泛的行銷活動、教育和品牌意識努力,北美在衛生棉條市場上佔有最大的佔有率,使該地區的女性高度認知到衛生棉條及其好處。此外,一次性文化和圍繞月經產品的一些文化恥辱導致北美女性更喜歡衛生棉條。多種因素綜合作用,促成了北美在衛生棉條市場的主導地位。

動力學

政府採取措施解決經期貧窮並推動經期產品需求

全球範圍內的政府措施正在透過解決經期貧窮問題並向有需要的人提供免費經期產品來增加對衛生棉條和經期衛生產品的需求。這些計劃認知到,對於那些買不起經期衛生用品的個人來說,月經可能是一種經濟負擔,這可能導致他們使用衛生紙和抹布等不安全的替代品。透過分發免費的衛生棉條和衛生棉,政府旨在消除阻礙個人充分參與社會的障礙,例如教育和工作。

然而,值得注意的是,許多政府計劃主要提供一次性產品,而月經平等活動人士則主張採取更廣泛的方法,包括可重複使用和環保的替代品,如經期內衣、月亮杯等。這些措施代表了全球朝著月經公平和解決經期貧窮問題邁出的積極一步。

在環境議題的背景下,環保衛生棉條推動市場成長

衛生棉條市場是由環保衛生棉條的進步所推動的。對一次性衛生棉條的擔憂導致了有機衛生棉條等環保材料的開發。消費者擴大在女性衛生產品領域尋求更永續和對環境負責的選擇,反映出人們對環境問題的認知不斷增強以及減少浪費的願望。

義大利醫療用品公司 Corman 與斯洛維尼亞衛生用品公司 Tosama 合作,開發一種由小麥、玉米和甘蔗等廢料製成的生物塑膠衛生棉條塗抹器。經過十年的開發,塗抹器將以 Organyc 品牌銷售,計劃於第三季推出。這項創新標誌著衛生棉條產業在實現永續發展方面邁出了重要一步,為傳統塑膠塗抹器提供了更環保的替代品。

需求增加導致衛生棉條短缺

衛生棉條市場面臨嚴重限制,導致短缺。 COVID-19 大流行及其相關供應鏈中斷等因素在限制衛生棉條的供應方面發揮了至關重要的作用。工廠關閉和港口延誤擾亂了這些重要女性衛生用品的製造和分銷。同時,由於疫情相關的不確定性,消費者囤積庫存,導致需求增加,加劇了短缺。

某些衛生棉條品牌的日益普及以及衛生棉條的持續高需求,進一步導致供應緊張。短缺擴大到各個地區,影響了人們獲得經期衛生用品的機會。線上市場上的價格也飆升,導致衛生棉條變得更加昂貴。這些因素共同導致了疫情期間衛生棉條市場的限制。

目錄

第 1 章:方法與範圍

  • 研究方法論
  • 報告的研究目的和範圍

第 2 章:定義與概述

第 3 章:執行摘要

  • 按產品分類
  • 按材料分類
  • 來源片段
  • 自然片段
  • 按配銷通路分類的片段
  • 按地區分類的片段

第 4 章:動力學

  • 影響因素
    • 促進要素
      • 政府採取措施解決經期貧窮並推動經期產品需求
      • 在環境議題的背景下,環保衛生棉條推動市場成長
    • 限制
      • 需求增加導致衛生棉條短缺
    • 機會
    • 影響分析

第 5 章:產業分析

  • 波特五力分析
  • 供應鏈分析
  • 定價分析
  • 監管分析
  • 俄烏戰爭影響分析
  • DMI 意見

第 6 章:COVID-19 分析

  • COVID-19 分析
    • 新冠疫情爆發前的情景
    • 新冠疫情期間的情景
    • 新冠疫情後的情景
  • COVID-19 期間的定價動態
  • 供需譜
  • 疫情期間政府與市場相關的舉措
  • 製造商策略舉措
  • 結論

第 7 章:依產品

  • 塗抹衛生棉條
  • 非塗抹式衛生棉條

第 8 章:按材料

  • 混合
  • 黏膠
  • 棉布

第 9 章:按來源

  • 有機的
  • 傳統的

第10章 :本質

  • 有香味
  • 無味

第 11 章:按配銷通路

  • 批發商和分銷商
  • 超市/大賣場
  • 專賣店
  • 藥局/藥局
  • 網路零售商
  • 其他

第 12 章:按地區

  • 北美洲
    • 美國
    • 加拿大
    • 墨西哥
  • 歐洲
    • 德國
    • 英國
    • 法國
    • 義大利
    • 俄羅斯
    • 歐洲其他地區
  • 南美洲
    • 巴西
    • 阿根廷
    • 南美洲其他地區
  • 亞太
    • 中國
    • 印度
    • 日本
    • 澳洲
    • 亞太其他地區
  • 中東和非洲

第13章:競爭格局

  • 競爭場景
  • 市場定位/佔有率分析
  • 併購分析

第 14 章:公司簡介

  • Bodywise Ltd
    • 公司簡介
    • 產品組合和描述
    • 財務概覽
    • 主要進展
  • Corman SpA
  • Lil-Lets UK Limited
  • Procter and Gamble Co
  • Kimberly-Clark Corporation
  • Edgewell Personal Care Company
  • Unicharm Corporation
  • Johnson & Johnson Inc.
  • Cora
  • First Quality Enterprises Inc.

第 15 章:附錄

簡介目錄
Product Code: FMCG7494

Overview

Global Tampons Market reached US$ 4.2 billion in 2022 and is expected to reach US$ 6.8 billion by 2030, growing with a CAGR of 6.3% during the forecast period 2023-2030.

The tampons market is experiencing major global growth which is driven by growing awareness of menstrual hygiene and a shift towards more convenient and discreet menstrual products. Tampons are known for their ease of use and portability and are preferred by many women. Also, as societies emphasize women's empowerment and health, the demand for safe and effective menstrual products is rising.

The market is also being influenced by environmental concerns, with a push towards eco-friendly and sustainable tampons. Also, various government initiatives globally to address period poverty and provide access to affordable menstrual products are fueling market growth. Finally, innovative product developments, such as organic and biodegradable tampons, are capturing consumer interest and driving the market's expansion.

North America holds the largest share in the tampons market due extensive marketing campaigns, education and brand awareness efforts by tampon manufacturers have made women highly conscious of tampons and their benefits in the region. Also, the throwaway culture and some cultural stigmas surrounding menstrual products have led North American women to prefer tampons. The combination of factors has contributed to North America's dominant position in the tampons market.

Dynamics

Government Initiatives Tackling Period Poverty and Driving Demand for Menstrual Products

Government initiatives globally are increasing the demand for tampons and menstrual hygiene products by addressing period poverty and providing free period products to those in need. The initiatives recognize that menstruation can be a financial burden for individuals who cannot afford menstrual hygiene products, which can lead to using unsafe alternatives like toilet paper and rags. By distributing free tampons and pads, governments aim to remove barriers that hinder individuals' full participation in society, such as education and work.

However, it's important to note that many government programs primarily offer disposable products, while menstrual equity activists advocate for a broader approach that includes reusable and eco-friendly alternatives like period underwear, menstrual cups and more. The initiatives represent a positive step towards menstrual equity and addressing period poverty on a global scale.

Eco-Friendly Tampons Drive Market Growth Amid Environmental Concerns

The tampon market is driven by advancements in environmentalfriendly tampons. The concerns of disposable tampons have led to the development of eco-friendly material such as organic tampons. Consumers are increasingly seeking more sustainable and environmentally responsible options within the feminine hygiene product segment, reflecting a growing awareness of environmental issues and a desire to reduce waste.

Italian medical supplies company Corman has partnered with Slovenian sanitary supply firm Tosama to develop a bioplastic tampon applicator made from waste materials like wheat, corn and sugarcane. After a decade of development, the applicators will be sold under the Organyc brand, with the launch planned for the third quarter. The innovation marks a significant step in achieving sustainability in the tampon industry, offering a more eco-friendly alternative to traditional plastic applicators.

Increased Demand Lead to Tampon Shortage

The tampon market has faced significant restraints, resulting in a shortage. The factors like COVID-19 pandemic and its associated supply chain disruptions have played a crucial role in limiting the availability of tampons. Factory closures and port delays disrupted the manufacturing and distribution of these essential feminine hygiene products. Simultaneously, increased demand, driven by consumer stockpiling due to pandemic-related uncertainties, exacerbated the shortage.

The growing popularity of certain tampon brands and tampons' continuous high demand, have further strained the supply. The shortage extended to various regions, affecting people's access to menstrual hygiene products. Prices on online marketplaces also surged, making tampons less affordable. The factors collectively contributed to the tampon market's restraints during the pandemic.

Segment Analysis

The global tampons market is segmented based on product, material, source, nature, distribution channel and region.

Blended Tampons Dominate the Market with Innovative Design and Superior Performance

Blended tampons holds the largest share in the tampons market with their innovative design and effective performance. The tampons combine natural fibers, like cotton, with synthetic materials, creating a product that offers both comfort and absorbency. Blended tampons are known for their reliability in providing leak protection, making them a preferred choice among consumers. It are designed to adapt to the body's shape and provide maximum absorption without causing discomfort.

The combination of natural and synthetic materials caters to the diverse needs and preferences of menstruating individuals. Blended tampons have positioned themselves as the leading product in the market, reflecting the demand for both effectiveness and comfort in menstrual hygiene products.

Geographical Penetration

North America's Tampons Market: Dominance, Education and Cultural Barriers

North America's dominance in the tampons market is attributed to heightened awareness and extensive marketing campaigns conducted by tampon manufacturers in the region. The efforts have educated women about the benefits of tampons, making them a widely recognized and preferred menstrual hygiene product. However, traditional views, throwaway culture and lingering puritanical stigmas impede the adoption of cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternatives, such as menstrual cups.

Cultural factors and habits play a significant role in maintaining the demand for tampons. Although alternatives like menstrual cups offer eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions, overcoming deeply ingrained habits and cultural perceptions remains a challenge. Despite the potential for alternative products, tampons continue to maintain their dominance in North America's menstrual hygiene market.

COVID-19 Impact Analysis

The COVID-19 pandemic had significant effects on the tampons market. In the early stages, panic buying and supply chain disruptions led to temporary shortages of various consumer goods, including tampons. The increased demand and disrupted production temporarily impacted product availability. However, the pandemic also influenced consumer behavior. As people faced economic uncertainties, some shifted to cheaper alternatives like sanitary pads.

Furthermore, awareness of menstrual hygiene and health grew, with people focusing on personal well-being. Concerns over sustainability also gained prominence during the pandemic, leading to increased interest in eco-friendly menstrual products. Remote work and lockdowns altered daily routines, impacting tampon usage patterns. Overall, the market adapted to changing circumstances, with both challenges and opportunities emerging as a result of the pandemic.

Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis

The Russia-Ukraine war has had a significant impact on the tampons market, primarily due to its effect on cotton prices. The conflict, coupled with disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and weather-related challenges, has resulted in a substantial increase in cotton prices, with the World Bank warning of a nearly 40% rise in 2022.

Cotton is a key raw material used in tampon production and such price increases can lead to higher manufacturing costs for tampon producers. The increased costs may, in turn, be passed on to consumers in the form of higher tampon prices. As a result, the war's economic ramifications have contributed to cost pressures in the tampons market, potentially impacting both manufacturers and consumers.

AI Impact Analysis

AI is significantly impacting the cloud-native platform market by enhancing automation, security and efficiency. AI technologies are being used to optimize resource allocation, improve performance monitoring and enhance cybersecurity within cloud-native environments. Machine learning and AI-driven analytics enable predictive maintenance and self-healing systems, reducing downtime and enhancing reliability. Moreover, AI plays a vital role in managing the complexity of modern cloud-native applications, making them more resilient and adaptable to changing workloads and user demands.

Sopra Banking Software (SBS) has introduced its SBP Core Platform, an AI-enabled core banking system that leverages cloud technology. The platform boasts open architecture, high scalability and integrated AI features, designed to support various banking services, including deposits, payments, lending, compliance and regulatory reporting. SBS's Digital Engagement Platform is seamlessly integrated with the SBP Core Platform, offering a cost-effective and quick-to-market solution for banks seeking comprehensive banking services.

By Product

  • Applicator Tampon
  • Non-Applicator Tampon

By Material

  • Cotton
  • Viscose
  • Blended

By Source

  • Organic
  • Conventional

By Nature

  • Scented
  • Unscented

By Distribution Channel

  • Wholesalers and Distributors
  • Supermarket/Hypermarkets
  • Specialty Stores
  • Pharmacy / Drug Stores
  • Online Retailers
  • Other

By Region

  • North America
    • U.S.
    • Canada
    • Mexico
  • Europe
    • Germany
    • UK
    • France
    • Italy
    • Russia
    • Rest of Europe
  • South America
    • Brazil
    • Argentina
    • Rest of South America
  • Asia-Pacific
    • China
    • India
    • Japan
    • Australia
    • Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • Middle East and Africa

Key Developments

  • In June 2022, Sequel, a startup co-founded by two Stanford engineers and high-level athletes, launched innovative leakage-preventing tampons. The company secured US$5 million in seed funding from investors like MaC VC, Pear Accelerator and more. Sequel's tampons feature a unique spiral design for even fluid absorption, addressing concerns athletes face during high-performance activities. With granted and pending patents, Sequel aims to raise women's product standards and plans to bring its pioneering tampons to the market.
  • In September 2019, o.b., a pioneering tampon brand created by a woman in 1950, introduced o.b. organic, a new product line featuring 100% certified organic cotton tampons from tip to string. For the first time, o.b. offered the choice of tampons with or without a Tru-Comfort plant-based applicator, aligned with their commitment to sustainability. The brand, which had traditionally provided applicator-free tampons for nearly 70 years, aimed to offer women an eco-friendly option without compromising protection.

Competitive Landscape

The major global players in the market include: Infosys Corp., Bacancy technology Pvt ltd., Pivotal infrastructure Pvt ltd., Cloudhelix Limited., LTI Infotech Corp., Computaris Inc., Cognizant Technology Inc., Indianic infotech ltd, Infostretch corporation and Sciencesoft Corp.

Why Purchase the Report?

  • To visualize the global tampons market segmentation based on product, material, source, nature, distribution channel and region, as well as understand key commercial assets and players.
  • Identify commercial opportunities by analyzing trends and co-development.
  • Excel data sheet with numerous data points of tampons market-level with all segments.
  • PDF report consists of a comprehensive analysis after exhaustive qualitative interviews and an in-depth study.
  • Product mapping available as excel consisting of key Products of all the major players.

The global tampons market report would provide approximately 77 tables, 77 figures and 211 Pages.

Target Audience 2023

  • Manufacturers/ Buyers
  • Industry Investors/Investment Bankers
  • Research Professionals
  • Emerging Companies

Table of Contents

1. Methodology and Scope

  • 1.1. Research Methodology
  • 1.2. Research Objective and Scope of the Report

2. Definition and Overview

3. Executive Summary

  • 3.1. Snippet by Product
  • 3.2. Snippet by Material
  • 3.3. Snippet by Source
  • 3.4. Snippet by Nature
  • 3.5. Snippet by Distribution Channel
  • 3.6. Snippet by Region

4. Dynamics

  • 4.1. Impacting Factors
    • 4.1.1. Drivers
      • 4.1.1.1. Government Initiatives Tackling Period Poverty and Driving Demand for Menstrual Products
      • 4.1.1.2. Eco-Friendly Tampons Drive Market Growth Amid Environmental Concerns
    • 4.1.2. Restraints
      • 4.1.2.1. Increased Demand Lead to Tampon Shortage
    • 4.1.3. Opportunity
    • 4.1.4. Impact Analysis

5. Industry Analysis

  • 5.1. Porter's Five Force Analysis
  • 5.2. Supply Chain Analysis
  • 5.3. Pricing Analysis
  • 5.4. Regulatory Analysis
  • 5.5. Russia-Ukraine War Impact Analysis
  • 5.6. DMI Opinion

6. COVID-19 Analysis

  • 6.1. Analysis of COVID-19
    • 6.1.1. Scenario Before COVID
    • 6.1.2. Scenario During COVID
    • 6.1.3. Scenario Post COVID
  • 6.2. Pricing Dynamics Amid COVID-19
  • 6.3. Demand-Supply Spectrum
  • 6.4. Government Initiatives Related to the Market During Pandemic
  • 6.5. Manufacturers Strategic Initiatives
  • 6.6. Conclusion

7. By Product

  • 7.1. Introduction
    • 7.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 7.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Product
  • 7.2. Applicator Tampon*
    • 7.2.1. Introduction
    • 7.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 7.3. Non-Applicator Tampon

8. By Material

  • 8.1. Introduction
    • 8.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 8.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Material
  • 8.2. Blended*
    • 8.2.1. Introduction
    • 8.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 8.3. Viscose
  • 8.4. Cotton

9. By Source

  • 9.1. Introduction
    • 9.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 9.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Source
  • 9.2. Organic*
    • 9.2.1. Introduction
    • 9.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 9.3. Conventional

10. By Nature

  • 10.1. Introduction
    • 10.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Nature
    • 10.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Nature
  • 10.2. Scented*
    • 10.2.1. Introduction
    • 10.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 10.3. Unscented

11. By Distribution Channel

  • 11.1. Introduction
    • 11.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 11.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Distribution Channel
  • 11.2. Wholesalers and Distributors*
    • 11.2.1. Introduction
    • 11.2.2. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%)
  • 11.3. Supermarket/Hypermarkets
  • 11.4. Specialty Stores
  • 11.5. Pharmacy / Drug Stores
  • 11.6. Online Retailers
  • 11.7. Other

12. By Region

  • 12.1. Introduction
    • 12.1.1. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Region
    • 12.1.2. Market Attractiveness Index, By Region
  • 12.2. North America
    • 12.2.1. Introduction
    • 12.2.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.2.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 12.2.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 12.2.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 12.2.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Nature
    • 12.2.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 12.2.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.2.8.1. U.S.
      • 12.2.8.2. Canada
      • 12.2.8.3. Mexico
  • 12.3. Europe
    • 12.3.1. Introduction
    • 12.3.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.3.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 12.3.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 12.3.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 12.3.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Nature
    • 12.3.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 12.3.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.3.8.1. Germany
      • 12.3.8.2. UK
      • 12.3.8.3. France
      • 12.3.8.4. Italy
      • 12.3.8.5. Russia
      • 12.3.8.6. Rest of Europe
  • 12.4. South America
    • 12.4.1. Introduction
    • 12.4.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.4.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 12.4.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 12.4.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 12.4.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Nature
    • 12.4.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 12.4.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.4.8.1. Brazil
      • 12.4.8.2. Argentina
      • 12.4.8.3. Rest of South America
  • 12.5. Asia-Pacific
    • 12.5.1. Introduction
    • 12.5.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.5.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 12.5.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 12.5.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 12.5.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Nature
    • 12.5.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel
    • 12.5.8. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Country
      • 12.5.8.1. China
      • 12.5.8.2. India
      • 12.5.8.3. Japan
      • 12.5.8.4. Australia
      • 12.5.8.5. Rest of Asia-Pacific
  • 12.6. Middle East and Africa
    • 12.6.1. Introduction
    • 12.6.2. Key Region-Specific Dynamics
    • 12.6.3. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Product
    • 12.6.4. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Material
    • 12.6.5. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Source
    • 12.6.6. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Nature
    • 12.6.7. Market Size Analysis and Y-o-Y Growth Analysis (%), By Distribution Channel

13. Competitive Landscape

  • 13.1. Competitive Scenario
  • 13.2. Market Positioning/Share Analysis
  • 13.3. Mergers and Acquisitions Analysis

14. Company Profiles

  • 14.1. Bodywise Ltd*
    • 14.1.1. Company Overview
    • 14.1.2. Product Portfolio and Description
    • 14.1.3. Financial Overview
    • 14.1.4. Key Developments
  • 14.2. Corman SpA
  • 14.3. Lil-Lets UK Limited
  • 14.4. Procter and Gamble Co
  • 14.5. Kimberly-Clark Corporation
  • 14.6. Edgewell Personal Care Company
  • 14.7. Unicharm Corporation
  • 14.8. Johnson & Johnson Inc.
  • 14.9. Cora
  • 14.10. First Quality Enterprises Inc.

LIST NOT EXHAUSTIVE

15. Appendix

  • 15.1. About Us and Services
  • 15.2. Contact Us