At the time of the alleged 2010 embargo, Chinese firms accounted for 97 percent of rare-earth oxide production and a large fraction of the processing business that turns these into rare earth metals, alloys, and products like magnets. This near-monopoly was in a market with surging demand and intense political resonance in consuming countries. And the most dependent countries-primarily Japan and the United States, but also several European states-happened to be those over which China most wanted influence. Prices soared in the REE spot market in the wake of China's 2010 export cuts, especially as downstream users-companies that incorporate REEs into other products-filled inventories to protect themselves from future disruptions.
Downstream markets are already adjusting to the changing supply picture through normal market mechanisms. This report presents a forecast of REE for a variety of technologies: semiconductors, HDDs, FPDs, mobile devices, LEDs, and alternative energy.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
- 1.1. Rare Earth Element Characteristics
- 1.2. Rare Earth Element Resources
- 1.3. Overview of Rare Earth Element Applications
Chapter 2: Rare Earth Industry
- 2.1. China' Rare Earth Industry
- 2.1.1. China's Production
- 2.1.2. China Rare Earth Production Structure
- 2.1.3. China Rare Earth Consumption Structure
- 2.1.4. China Export of Rare Earths
- 2.1.5. Recent Activities Of China's Rare Earth Industry
- 2.1.5.1. Consolidation Of China's Rare Earth Industry
- 2.2. Rest Of World's Rare Earth Industry
- 2.2.1. UNITED STATES
- 2.2.1.1. Mountain Pass
- 2.2.1.2. Utah Rare Earth Project
- 2.2.1.3. Bear Lodge Rare-Earth Project
- 2.2.1.4. Elk Creek
- 2.2.1.5. Bokan-Dotson Ridge
- 2.2.1.6. Diamond Creek
- 2.2.1.7. Lemhi Pass
- 2.2.2. CANADA
- 2.2.2.1. MacLeod Lake Project
- 2.2.2.2. Hoidas Lake
- 2.2.2.3. Benjamin River Project
- 2.2.2.4. Douglas River Project
- 2.2.2.5. Nechalacho Rare Earth Element Project
- 2.2.2.6. Archie Lake
- 2.2.2.7. Bulstrode Rare Earth Property
- 2.2.2.8. Mount Copeland
- 2.2.2.9. Cross Hills Newfoundland
- 2.2.2.10. Kipawa
- 2.2.2.11. Strange Lake
- 2.2.2.12. Ytterby
- 2.2.2.13. Grevet REE
- 2.2.2.14. Turner Falls
- 2.2.3. SOUTH AFRICA
- 2.2.3.1. Steenkampskraal Mine South Africa
- 2.2.4. AUSTRALIA
- 2.2.4.1. Nolans Bore
- 2.2.4.2. Mount Weld
- 2.2.4.3. Jungle Well/ Laverton
- 2.2.5. GREENLAND
- 2.2.5.1. Kvanefjeld Project
- 2.2.6. ARGENTINA
- 2.2.6.1. Cueva del Chacho
- 2.2.6.2. Susques Property - Jujuy Province
- 2.2.6.3. John Galt Project
- 2.2.7. INDIA
- 2.2.7.1. Indian Rare Earth
- 2.2.8. RUSSIA
- 2.3. Profiles of Mining Corporations
Chapter 3: Rare Earth Market Analysis
- 3.1. Overview
- 3.2. Rare Earth Market
- 3.2.1. Domestic Production and Consumption
- 3.2.2. China Production and Consumption
- 3.3. Global Rare Earth Market Analysis
Chapter 4: Impact on Hi-Tech Applications
- 4.1. Semiconductors
- 4.1.1. Technology Impacted
- 4.1.1.1. High-k Dielectrics
- 4.1.1.2. Polishing Powders
- 4.1.2. Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.1.3. Market Forecast of Impacted Semiconductor Devices/Materials
- 4.2. Hard Disk Drives (HDDs)
- 4.2.1. Technology Impacted
- 4.2.1.1. Neo Magnets for HDDs
- 4.2.1.2. High Strength Glass Substrates
- 4.2.1. 3 Polishing Materials
- 4.2.2. Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.2.3. Market Forecast of Impacted HDD Devices/Materials
- 4.3. Displays - FPD/CRT
- 4.3.1. Technology Impacted
- 4.3.1.1. Polishing Materials
- 4.3.1.2. Phosphors
- 4.3.2. Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.3.3. Market Forecast of Impacted CRT/FPD Devices/Materials
- 4.4. Mobile and Mobile Internet Devices
- 4.4.1. Technology Impacted
- 4.4.2. Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.4.3. Market Forecast of Impacted Mobile Devices/Materials
- 4.5. Solid State Lighting - LED/CFL
- 4.5.1. Technology Impacted
- 4.5.1.1. Phosphors for Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
- 4.5.1.2. Phosphors for Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
- 4.5.2. Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.5.3. Market Forecast of Impacted LED Devices/Materials
- 4.6. Green Technology
- 4.6.1. Technology Impacted
- 4.6.1.1. Rare Earths for Hybrid Vehicle Batteries (NiMH)
- 4.6.1.2. Neo Magnets for Hybrid Vehicle Electric Motors and Brakes
- 4.6.1.3. Neo Magnets for Wind Turbines
- 4.6.1.4. Catalytic Converter for Automobiles
- 4.6.2. Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.6.3. Market Forecast of Impacted Green Devices/Materials
- 4.6.4. Other Green Technologies
Chapter 5: U.S Strategic Metal Perspective
- 5.1. The Application of Rare Earth Metals in National Defense
- 5.2. Rare Earth Resources and Production Potential
- 5.3. Supply Chain Issues
- 5.4. Rare Earth Legislation in the 111th Congress
- 5.4.1. H.R. 6160, Rare Earths And Critical Materials Revitalization Act Of 2010
- 5.4.2. H.R. 4866, the Rare Earths Transformation Act of 2010
- 5.4.3. S. 3521, Rare Earths Supply Technology and Resources Transformation Act of 2010
- 5.4.4. H.R. 5136, the Fiscal Year 2011 National Defense Authorization Act
- 5.4.5. P.L. 111-84, the Fiscal Year 2010 National Defense Authorization Act
- 5.4.6. H.R. 1960, National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY2014
- 5.5. Possible Policy Options
- 5.5.1. Authorize And Appropriate Funding For A USGS Assessment
- 5.5.2. Support And Encourage Greater Exploration For REE
- 5.5.3. Challenge China On Its Export Policy
- 5.5.4. Establish A Stockpile
Chapter 6: European Strategic Metal Perspective
- 6.1. Assessing Criticality
- 6.1.1. Geological And Technical Availability
- 6.1.2. Key Terms And Definitions
- 6.1.3. Geological Availability
- 6.1.4. Technological Development
- 6.1.5. Geopolitical-Economic Availability
- 6.2. Results And List Of Critical Raw Materials
- 6.2.1. Economic Importance And Supply Risks
- 6.2.2. Future Perspectives On Raw Material Demand - Implications Of Technological Change.
- 6.2.3. Emerging technologies and raw materials
Chapter 7: Rebuilding a U.S. Supply Chain
- 7.1. Non-Chinese Sources of New Rare Earths
- 7.2. Impact of Price Hikes by Application
List of Tables
- 1.1. Selected Rare Earth Element Bearing Products
- 1.2. Rare Earths Elements And Some Of Their End Uses
- 2.1. Rare Earth Prices
- 2.2. Global Capacity Of Rare Earth Oxides - 2010
- 2.3. Global Capacity Of Rare Earth Oxides - 2014
- 3.1. U.S. Rare Earth Statistics
- 3.2. Rare Earth Prices
- 3.3. Rare Earth Elements: World Production And Reserves
- 3.4. Rare Earth Oxide Capacity
- 3.5. Rare Earth Oxide Capacity
- 3.6. Rare Earth Oxide Demand-Supply
- 3.7. Rare Earth Composition By End Use
- 4.1. Properties Of Rare Earth Ln2O3 Oxides
- 4.2. Forecast of CMP Slurry
- 4.3. Demand of Rare Earths for Neo Magnets
- 4.4. Market Forecast for Hard Disk Drives by Size
- 4.5. Market Forecast For Ceria Slurry For Glass Disks
- 4.6. Demand of Rare Earths for Polishing Compounts for FPD/CRT
- 4.7. Demand of Rare Earths for Phosphors for FPD/CRT
- 4.8. Market Forecast of FPD/CRT by Type
- 4.9. Market Forecast of Mobile/MID by Type
- 4.10. Demand of Rare Earths for Phosphors for CFLs
- 4.11. Market forecast of Backlight LEDs by Application
- 4.12. Demand of Rare Earths for NiMH Batteries
- 4.13. Demand of Rare Earths for Neo Magnets
- 4.14. Demand for Rare Earths for Automobile Catalysts
- 5.1. Rare Earth Elements: World Production And Reserves
- 6.1. Rare Earth Applications
- 6.2. Global Metal Production
List of Figures
- 1.1. Periodic Table Of Rare Earth Elements
- 1.2. Abundance Of The Rare Earth Elements
- 1.3. Rare Earth Production Since 1950
- 1.4. China's Rare Earth Dominance
- 2.1. Rare Earth Proportion And Distribution In China
- 2.2. Production Of Rare Earth Concentrates Since 1994
- 2.3. Production Of Smelting Separation Products Since 1999
- 2.4. Production Of Rare Earth Metals Since 1988
- 2.5. Production Of Rare Earth Oxides Since 1950
- 2.6. Consumption Of Rare Earths Since 1990
- 2.7. Consumption Structure Of China From 1988
- 2.8. Gross Volume Of Exports From 1979
- 2.9. Gross Value Of Exports From 1979
- 3.1. U.S. Distribution Of Refined Rare Earth Products
- 3.2. Rare-Earth Price Index
- 3.3. Comparison Of Rare Earth Consumption .Between
China And The World
- 3.4. Global Supply-Demand Forecast
- 3.5. ROW Supply-Demand Forecast
- 3.6. REO Distribution By Weight - 2010
- 3.7. REO Distribution By Revenue - 2010
- 3.8. REO Distribution By Weight - 2014
- 3.9. REO Distribution By Revenue - 2014
- 3.10. REE Composition By End Use
- 3.11. Approximate Percentage Content Of Current And
Prospective Ores
- 4.1. Illustration of MOSFET and Gate Oxide
- 4.2. STI CMP Using Ceria
- 4.3. HDD Drive and Neo Magnets
- 4.4. Glass Media Drive Forecast
- 4.5. Market Forecast For Neo Magnets
- 4.6. Illustration of Phosphors in PDPs
- 4.7. Market Forecast For Neo Magnets
- 4.8. Traditional Design of a 5-mm white LED
- 4.9. Scattered Photon Extraction white LED
- 4.10. Supply Chain for Fluorescent Lighting
- 4.11. Rare Earths Used in Hybrid Vehicles
- 4.12. Hybrid Vehicle Battery (NiMH)
- 4.13. Hybrid Vehicle Electric Motor and Brakes
- 4.14. Wind Turbine Motor
- 4.15. Supply Chain for Permanent Magnets
- 4.16. Catalytic Converter for Automobiles
- 4.17. Forecast of Hybrid Vehicles
- 4.18. Forecast of Wind Generators
- 6.1. Supply Of Strategic Metals To The European Union
