At the time of the alleged 2010 embargo, Chinese firms accounted for 97 percent of rare-earth oxide production and a large fraction of the processing business that turns these into rare earth metals, alloys, and products like magnets. This near-monopoly was in a market with surging demand and intense political resonance in consuming countries. And the most dependent countries-primarily Japan and the United States, but also several European states-happened to be those over which China most wanted influence. Prices soared in the REE spot market in the wake of China's 2010 export cuts, especially as downstream users-companies that incorporate REEs into other products-filled inventories to protect themselves from future disruptions.
Downstream markets are already adjusting to the changing supply picture through normal market mechanisms. This report presents a forecast of REE for a variety of technologies: semiconductors, HDDs, FPDs, mobile devices, LEDs, and alternative energy.
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
- 1.1 Rare Earth Element Characteristics
- 1.2 Rare Earth Element Resources
- 1.3 Overview of Rare Earth Element Applications
Chapter 2: Rare Earth Industry
- 2.1 China' Rare Earth Industry
- 2.1.1 China's Production
- 2.1.2 China Rare Earth Production Structure
- 2.1.3 China Rare Earth Consumption Structure
- 2.1.4 China Export of Rare Earths
- 2.1.5 Recent Activities Of China's Rare Earth Industry
- 2.1.5.1 Consolidation Of China's Rare Earth Industry
- 2.2 Rest Of World's Rare Earth Industry
- 2.2.1 UNITED STATES
- 2.2.1.1 Mountain Pass
- 2.2.1.2 Utah Rare Earth Project
- 2.2.1.3 Bear Lodge Rare-Earth Project
- 2.2.1.4 Elk Creek
- 2.2.1.5 Bokan-Dotson Ridge
- 2.2.1.6 Diamond Creek
- 2.2.1.7 Lemhi Pass
- 2.2.2 CANADA
- 2.2.2.1 MacLeod Lake Project
- 2.2.2.2 Hoidas Lake
- 2.2.2.3 Benjamin River Project
- 2.2.2.4 Douglas River Project
- 2.2.2.5 Nechalacho Rare Earth Element Project
- 2.2.2.6 Archie Lake
- 2.2.2.7 Bulstrode Rare Earth Property
- 2.2.2.8 Mount Copeland
- 2.2.2.9 Cross Hills Newfoundland
- 2.2.2.10 Kipawa
- 2.2.2.11 Strange Lake
- 2.2.2.12 Ytterby
- 2.2.2.13 Grevet REE
- 2.2.2.14 Turner Falls
- 2.2.3 SOUTH AFRICA
- 2.2.3.1 Steenkampskraal Mine South Africa
- 2.2.4 AUSTRALIA
- 2.2.4.1 Nolans Bore
- 2.2.4.2 Mount Weld
- 2.2.4.3 Jungle Well/ Laverton
- 2.2.5 GREENLAND
- 2.2.5.1 Kvanefjeld Project
- 2.2.6 ARGENTINA
- 2.2.6.1 Cueva del Chacho
- 2.2.6.2 Susques Property - Jujuy Province
- 2.2.6.3 John Galt Project
- 2.2.7 INDIA
- 2.2.7.1 Indian Rare Earth
- 2.2.8 RUSSIA
- 2.3 Profiles of Mining Corporations
Chapter 3: Rare Earth Market Analysis
- 3.1 Overview
- 3.2 Rare Earth Market
- 3.2.1 Domestic Production and Consumption
- 3.2.2 China Production and Consumption
- 3.3 Global Rare Earth Market Analysis
Chapter 4: Impact on Hi-Tech Applications
- 4.1 Semiconductors
- 4.1.1 Technology Impacted
- 4.1.1.1 High-k Dielectrics
- 4.1.1.2 Polishing Powders
- 4.1.2 Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.1.3 Market Forecast of Impacted Semiconductor Devices/Materials
- 4.2 Hard Disk Drives (HDDs)
- 4.2.1 Technology Impacted
- 4.2.1.1 Neo Magnets for HDDs
- 4.2.1.2 High Strength Glass Substrates
- 4.2.1. 3 Polishing Materials
- 4.2.2 Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.2.3 Market Forecast of Impacted HDD Devices/Materials
- 4.3 Displays - FPD/CRT
- 4.3.1 Technology Impacted
- 4.3.1.1 Polishing Materials
- 4.3.1.2 Phosphors
- 4.3.2 Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.3.3 Market Forecast of Impacted CRT/FPD Devices/Materials
- 4.4 Mobile and Mobile Internet Devices
- 4.4.1 Technology Impacted
- 4.4.2 Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.4.3 Market Forecast of Impacted Mobile Devices/Materials
- 4.5 Solid State Lighting - LED/CFL
- 4.5.1 Technology Impacted
- 4.5.1.1 Phosphors for Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
- 4.5.1.2 Phosphors for Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL)
- 4.5.2 Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.5.3 Market Forecast of Impacted LED Devices/Materials
- 4.6 Green Technology
- 4.6.1 Technology Impacted
- 4.6.1.1 Rare Earths for Hybrid Vehicle Batteries (NiMH)
- 4.6.1.2 Neo Magnets for Hybrid Vehicle Electric Motors and Brakes
- 4.6.1.3 Neo Magnets for Wind Turbines
- 4.6.1.4 Catalytic Converter for Automobiles
- 4.6.2 Rare Earth Material Used
- 4.6.3 Market Forecast of Impacted Green Devices/Materials
- 4.6.4 Other Green Technologies
Chapter 5: U.S Strategic Metal Perspective
- 5.1 The Application of Rare Earth Metals in National Defense
- 5.2 Rare Earth Resources and Production Potential
- 5.3 Supply Chain Issues
- 5.4 Rare Earth Legislation in the 111th Congress
- 5.4.1 H.R. 6160, Rare Earths And Critical Materials Revitalization Act Of 2010
- 5.4.2 H.R. 4866, the Rare Earths Transformation Act of 2010
- 5.4.3 S. 3521, Rare Earths Supply Technology and Resources Transformation Act of 2010
- 5.4.4 H.R. 5136, the Fiscal Year 2011 National Defense Authorization Act
- 5.4.5 P.L. 111-84, the Fiscal Year 2010 National Defense Authorization Act
- 5.4.6 H.R. 1960, National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) for FY
- 5.5 Possible Policy Options
- 5.5.1 Authorize And Appropriate Funding For A USGS Assessment
- 5.5.2 Support And Encourage Greater Exploration For REE
- 5.5.3 Challenge China On Its Export Policy
- 5.5.4 Establish A Stockpile
Chapter 6: European Strategic Metal Perspective
- 6.1 Assessing Criticality
- 6.1.1 Geological And Technical Availability
- 6.1.2 Key Terms And Definitions
- 6.1.3 Geological Availability
- 6.1.4 Technological Development
- 6.1.5 Geopolitical-Economic Availability
- 6.2 Results And List Of Critical Raw Materials
- 6.2.1 Economic Importance And Supply Risks
- 6.2.2 Future Perspectives On Raw Material Demand - Implications Of Technological Change.
- 6.2.3 Emerging technologies and raw materials
Chapter 7: Rebuilding a U.S. Supply Chain
- 7.1 Non-Chinese Sources of New Rare Earths
- 7.2 Impact of Price Hikes by Application
List of Tables
- 1.1 Selected Rare Earth Element Bearing Products
- 1.2 Rare Earths Elements And Some Of Their End Uses
- 2.1 Rare Earth Prices
- 2.2 Global Capacity Of Rare Earth Oxides - 2010
- 2.3 Global Capacity Of Rare Earth Oxides - 2014
- 3.1 U.S. Rare Earth Statistics
- 3.2 Rare Earth Prices
- 3.3 Rare Earth Elements: World Production And Reserves
- 3.4 Rare Earth Oxide Capacity
- 3.5 Rare Earth Oxide Capacity
- 3.6 Rare Earth Oxide Demand-Supply
- 3.7 Rare Earth Composition By End Use
- 4.1 Properties Of Rare Earth Ln2O3 Oxides
- 4.2 Forecast of CMP Slurry
- 4.3 Demand of Rare Earths for Neo Magnets
- 4.4 Market Forecast for Hard Disk Drives by Size
- 4.5 Market Forecast For Ceria Slurry For Glass Disks
- 4.6 Demand of Rare Earths for Polishing Compounts for FPD/CRT
- 4.7 Demand of Rare Earths for Phosphors for FPD/CRT
- 4.8 Market Forecast of FPD/CRT by Type
- 4.9 Market Forecast of Mobile/MID by Type
- 4.10 Demand of Rare Earths for Phosphors for CFLs
- 4.11 Market forecast of Backlight LEDs by Application
- 4.12 Demand of Rare Earths for NiMH Batteries
- 4.13 Demand of Rare Earths for Neo Magnets
- 4.14 Demand for Rare Earths for Automobile Catalysts
- 5.1 Rare Earth Elements: World Production And Reserves
- 6.1 Rare Earth Applications
- 6.2 Global Metal Production
List of Figures
- 1.1 Periodic Table Of Rare Earth Elements
- 1.2 Abundance Of The Rare Earth Elements
- 1.3 Rare Earth Production Since 1950
- 1.4 China's Rare Earth Dominance
- 2.1 Rare Earth Proportion And Distribution In China
- 2.2 Production Of Rare Earth Concentrates Since 1994
- 2.3 Production Of Smelting Separation Products Since 1999
- 2.4 Production Of Rare Earth Metals Since 1988
- 2.5 Production Of Rare Earth Oxides Since 1950
- 2.6 Consumption Of Rare Earths Since 1990
- 2.7 Consumption Structure Of China From 1988
- 2.8 Gross Volume Of Exports From 1979
- 2.9 Gross Value Of Exports From 1979
- 3.1 U.S. Distribution Of Refined Rare Earth Products
- 3.2 Rare-Earth Price Index
- 3.3 Comparison Of Rare Earth Consumption - Between China And The World
- 3.4 Global Supply-Demand Forecast
- 3.5 ROW Supply-Demand Forecast
- 3.6 REO Distribution By Weight - 2010
- 3.7 REO Distribution By Revenue - 2010
- 3.8 REO Distribution By Weight - 2014
- 3.9 REO Distribution By Revenue - 2014
- 3.10 REE Composition By End Use
- 3.11 Approximate Percentage Content Of Current And Prospective Ores
- 4.1 Illustration of MOSFET and Gate Oxide
- 4.2 STI CMP Using Ceria
- 4.3 HDD Drive and Neo Magnets
- 4.4 Glass Media Drive Forecast
- 4.5 Market Forecast For Neo Magnets
- 4.6 Illustration of Phosphors in PDPs
- 4.7 Market Forecast For Neo Magnets
- 4.8 Traditional Design of a 5-mm white LED
- 4.9 Scattered Photon Extraction white LED
- 4.10 Supply Chain for Fluorescent Lighting
- 4.11 Rare Earths Used in Hybrid Vehicles
- 4.12 Hybrid Vehicle Battery (NiMH)
- 4.13 Hybrid Vehicle Electric Motor and Brakes
- 4.14 Wind Turbine Motor
- 4.15 Supply Chain for Permanent Magnets
- 4.16 Catalytic Converter for Automobiles
- 4.17 Forecast of Hybrid Vehicles
- 4.18 Forecast of Wind Generators
- 6.1 Supply Of Strategic Metals To The European Union
