|
市場調查報告書
生物質的未來：技術開發•主要成本•未來展望
The Future Of Biomass: Technology developments, key costs and the future outlook
|
生物質的未來：技術開發•主要成本•未來展望 是由出版商Business Insights在2009年11月所出版的。
這份英文市場調查報告書包含134 pages 價格從美金2875起跳。
本報告書內容包括：生物質發電的動向與展望調查分析、生物質資源及能源原料作物的規模•生產量、發電技術的類型與概要、環境及法規上的課題、生物質發電的各種成本、生物質發電的發展展望等，內容綱要摘記如下：
實施摘要
第1章 介紹
第2章 生物質資源
- 資源的規模
- 生物質資源的類型
- 殘餘物
- 燃料木材
- 能源作物
- 資源：地區別
第3章 能源作物
第4章 生物質發電技術
- 生物質直火加熱
- 司爐燃燒
- 懸浮燃燒
- 流動床燃燒
- 蒸氣循環的改善
- 混燒
- 直火燃料的考察
- 燃料處理
- 氣化
- 固定層式氣化爐
- 流動層式氣化爐
- 利用生物質氣化技術的發電
- 模組化系統
- 生物質的厭氧發酵
- 生物質消化槽
第5章 環境•法規上的課題
- 碳循環與大氣的暖化
- 生物質與二氧化碳
- 排放至大氣的非二氧化碳氣體
- 生命週期分析
- 能源作物
- 廢棄物燃料
- 農業廢棄物
- 森林廢棄物
- 都市廢棄物
- 法規上的課題
- 生物質能源作物的影響因素
第6章 發電用生物質的經濟學
第7章 未來展望
- 生物質能源：成本比較
- 財政面的獎勵•阻礙
- 全球的生物質市場
- 生物質的成長與目標
- 生物質的展望
圖表
Abstract
Biomass has always been an important source of energy for mankind and today it
accounts for 10% of primary energy consumption. Most of this is traditional
fuels used for cooking and heating in the developing world. In the developed
world until the end of the last century its use was mainly restricted to niche
applications such as combined heat and power generation in the wood and paper
industries. Today the perception of biomass is changing and it is being
recognized once more as a valuable modern fuel that can provide a renewable
energy to replace fossil fuel in power generation. As a consequence its use is
growing at it is set to become one of the major renewable sources over then
next two decades. Biomass consists of all the plant material on the surface of
the earth (and in the seas if algae are included). Almost two thirds of the
total is regenerated each year during seasonal growth. The total regenerated
is probably equivalent to more than three times total global energy
consumption in 2008. Around 3% of this is used each year, mostly in the form
of wood. Energy crops are crops that are grown specifically to provide some
form of fuel. The most widespread today are crops grown for the production of
ethanol or biodiesel but there is also a developing industry growing
combustion fuel for power plants. Crops that are suitable need to be fast
growing. Those that have so far proved the most suitable are fast growing
woody crops such as willow and poplar that can be coppiced and grasses such as
switchgrass and micanthus. The traditional ways of exploiting biomass for
power generation are via direct combustion or gasification. Direct combustion
plants tend to be the simplest but are relatively inefficient. Gasification
plants vary in complexity with the more complex offering higher efficiency. In
addition to these two types of system it is possible to generate a methane
rich gas by anaerobic digestion of certain animal wastes.
Table of Contents
Executive summary
- Introduction
- Biomass resources
- Energy crops
- Biomass power generation technologies
- Environmental and legislative issues
- The economics of biomass for electricity generation
- The future of biomass power generation
Chapter 1 Introduction
- Summary
- Biomass development
- The structure of the report
Chapter 2 Biomass resources
- Introduction
- The size of the resource
- Types of biomass resource
- Residues
- Fuelwood
- Energy crops
- Regional resources
Chapter 3 Energy crops
- Introduction
- Types of energy crop
- Energy crop infrastructure
Chapter 4 Biomass power generation technologies
- Introduction
- Direct firing of biomass
- Stoker combustors
- Suspension combustion
- Fluidized bed combustors
- Steam cycle improvements
- Co-firing
- Direct firing fuel considerations
- Fuel handling
- Gasification
- Fixed bed gasifiers
- Fluidized bed gasifiers
- Power production using biomass gasification
- Modular systems
- Anaerobic fermentation of biomass
- Biomass digesters
Chapter 5 Environmental and legislative issues
- Introduction
- The carbon cycle and atmospheric warming
- Biomass and carbon dioxide
- Atmospheric emissions other than carbon dioxide
- Life cycle assessment
- Energy crops
- Waste fuel
- Agricultural wastes
- Forestry residues
- Urban waste
- Legislative issues
- Issues affecting biomass energy crops
Chapter 6 The economics of biomass for electricity generation
- Introduction
- Installed costs of biomass generating plants
- Fuel costs
- Cost of electricity
Chapter 7 Future outlook
- Introduction
- Comparative costs of energy from biomass
- Financial incentives and deterrents
- Global biomass markets
- Biomass growth and targets
- Biomass prospects
- Index
List of Figures
- Figure 2.1: Breakdown of biomass contribution to primary energy
consumption (%)
- Figure 2.2: Bagasse annual potential availability (thousand tonnes), 2007
- Figure 2.3: Global wood fuel consumption (PJ), 2007
- Figure 2.4: Current and predicted EU biomass resources (Mtoe/y)
- Figure 2.5: Current and potential US biomass resources (Million dry
tonnes/y), 2005
- Figure 2.6: Potential power generation from biomass among ASEAN countries
(MW)
- Figure 2.7: Breakdown of currently available biomass in China by type (%)
- Figure 2.8: Maximum regional bioenergy production potentials (EJ/y)
- Figure 4.9: Typical biomass combustion technology power generation
efficiencies (%)
- Figure 4.10: Typical wood gas composition (%)
- Figure 4.11: Biogas energy content (MJ/m3)
- Figure 4.12: Power generation systems for biomass (%)
- Figure 5.13: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (ppm)
- Figure 6.14: Estimated biomass generation installed costs in California
($/kW), 2007
- Figure 6.15: Energy content of biomass fuels (MJ/kg)
- Figure 6.16: Energy crop costs ($/tonne), 2007
- Figure 6.17: Energy crop costs ($/tonne), 2007
- Figure 6.18: UK wood fuel power costs (£/MWh), 2008
- Figure 6.19: Estimated biomass generation costs in California ($/MWh), 2007
- Figure 7.20: Levelized cost of electricity from power plants ($/MWh), 2009
- Figure 7.21: Global biomass-based electricity production (TWh), 2007
- Figure 7.22: Global biomass production by country (TWh), 2007
- Figure 7.23: Biomass use in Europe (ktoe/%), 2007
- Figure 7.24: US biomass-based electricity production (TWh), 2009
- Figure 7.25: EU renewable energy roadmap targets (TWh), 2006-2020
List of Tables
- 2.1: Breakdown of biomass contribution to primary energy consumption (%)
- 2.2: Potential long term biomass supply by category, (EJ), 2000
- 2.3: Bagasse annual potential availability (thousand tonnes), 2007
- 2.4: Global wood fuel consumption (PJ), 2007
- 2.5: Current and predicted EU biomass resources (Mtoe/y)
- 2.6: Current and potential US biomass resources (Million dry tonnes/y),
2005
- 2.7: Potential power generation from biomass among ASEAN countries (MW)
- 2.8: Breakdown of currently available biomass in China by type (%)
- 2.9: Maximum regional bioenergy production potentials (EJ/y)
- 3.10: Properties of miscanthus and switchgrass as combustion fuels
- 3.11: Typical energy crop yields
- 4.12: Typical biomass combustion technology power generation efficiencies
(%)
- 4.13: Typical wood gas composition (%)
- 4.14: Biogas energy content (MJ/m3)
- 4.15: Power generation systems for biomass
- 5.16: Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (ppm), 1700-2100
- 5.17: Typical atmospheric emissions from combustion power plants (kg/MWh)
- 5.18: Power plant total energy balance (kJ/kWh)
- 6.19: Installed cost of biomass CHP and power-only
- 6.20: Estimated biomass generation costs in California, 2007
- 6.21: Energy content of biomass fuels (MJ/kg)
- 6.22: Energy crop costs ($/tonne), 2007
- 6.23: Energy crop costs ($/tonne), 2007
- 6.24: UK wood fuel costs, 2008
- 6.25: Cost of electricity from biomass CHP and power only installations
- 6.26: Estimated biomass generation costs in California
- 7.27: IEA global power generation scenarios (TWh), 2008
- 7.28: The cost of electricity from power plants ($/MWh), 2009
- 7.29: Global biomass-based electricity production (TWh), 2007
- 7.30: Global biomass production by country (TWh), 2007
- 7.31: Biomass use in Europe (ktoe/%), 2007
- 7.32: US biomass-based electricity production (TWh), 2009
- 7.33: EU renewable energy roadmap targets (TWh), 2006-2020
|
