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市場調查報告書
潔淨火力發電的未來：技術開發、主要成本、未來展望
The Future of Clean Thermal Technologies: Technology developments, key costs and the future outlook
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潔淨火力發電的未來：技術開發、主要成本、未來展望 是由出版商Business Insights在2009年10月所出版的。
這份英文市場調查報告書價格從美金2875起跳。
燃燒化石燃料的火力發電廠扮演擔負全球生產量一半以上電力的推手角色。消費量最多的燃料是煤，其次是天然氣，燃燒這些能源的發電廠是各地區的主要電力來源。這些發電設施被視為是造成地球暖化的最主要原因。在這樣的大環境下，以零碳為目標的各種新興煤火力發電技術正在積極開發當中。這些技術有可能進一步促進新的零排放煤火力發電廠建設或現有舊式發電設施的潔淨改裝。
本報告書內容包括：潔淨火力發電技術的未來相關最新開發訊息。內容綱要摘記如下：
實施概要
- 介紹
- 傳統的煤燃燒技術
- 先進零排放煤燃燒技術
- 瓦斯火力發電技術
- 碳隔離
- 環境及法規限制問題
- 潔淨火力發電經濟學
- 潔淨火力發電的未來
第1章 介紹
第2章 傳統的煤燃燒技術
- 介紹
- 煤火力發電
- 粉碳發電廠
- 流動床發電廠
- 排廢氣控制
- 粉塵及粒狀物質
- 二氧化硫
- 水銀
- 氮氧化物
- 二氧化碳
- 排廢氣
- 排放限制
第3章 先進零排放煤燃燒技術
- 介紹
- 燃燒前回收
- 綜合瓦斯化複合發電
- 全氧燃料燃燒
- 可改裝・回收的發電設施
- 發電設施的碳回收效果
第4章 瓦斯火力發電技術
- 介紹
- 天然氣發電
- 瓦斯燃燒鍋爐
- 往復式瓦斯引擎
- 複合循環發電廠
- 改良型瓦斯發電機循環
- 微發電機
- 燃料電池
- 瓦斯發電機排廢氣控制
- 一氧化碳
- 不完全燃燒碳氫
- 粒狀物質
- 二氧化硫及三氧化硫
- 氮氧化物
- 碳回收
第5章 碳隔離
- 介紹
- 問題規模
- 二氧化碳運輸
- 碳隔離
- 地理性隔離
- 海洋隔離
- 風險
- 監視及法規限制問題
第6章 環境及法規限制問題
- 介紹
- 排放及排放限制
- 碳排放
- 總量管制與交易系統
- 監視
- 碳隔離相關法規限制問題
第7章 未來展望
- 介紹
- 火力發電廠的資本成本
- 平均化電力成本
- 碳成本
第8章 潔淨火力發電的未來預測
- 介紹
- 電力用化石燃料的成長
- 火力發電的競爭力
- 商機
- 索引
Abstract
Thermal power plants burning fossil fuel account for over 50% of the
electricity generated across the globe. Coal is the most popular fuel followed
by natural gas and the power stations burning these fuels are the principle
base load plants in many parts of the world. Unfortunately these power plants
are also a major source of carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere,
emissions which are now generally considered responsible for global warming.
New, advanced coal-fired technologies are being developed that aim to have
zero-emission carbon emissions. These techniques may have potential both for
the construction of new coal-fired power stations with zero emissions and for
retrofitting to older existing power plants to convert them into zero emission
plants.
Table of Contents
Executive summary
- Introduction
- Conventional coal-burning technologies
- Advanced and zero-emission coal burning technologies
- Gas burning power generation technologies
- Carbon sequestration
- Environmental and legislative issues
- The economics of clean thermal technologies
- The future of clean thermal technologies
Chapter 1 - Introduction
- Summary
- The power sector and global warming
- The report
Chapter 2 - Conventional coal burning technologies
- Introduction
- Coal-fired power generation
- Pulverized coal power plants
- Fluidized bed power plants
- Emission control
- Dust and particulate material
- Sulfur dioxide
- Mercury
- Nitrogen oxides
- CO2
- Emission limits
Chapter 3 - Advanced and zero emission coal burning technologies
- Introduction
- Pre-combustion capture
- Integrated gasification combined cycle
- Oxyfuel combustion
- Retrofitting and capture ready plants
- Effects of carbon capture on plant performance
Chapter 4 - Gas burning power generation technologies
- Generating power from natural gas
- Gas-fired boilers
- Gas reciprocating engines
- Gas turbines
- Combined cycle power plants
- Advanced gas turbine cycles
- Micro turbines
- Fuel cells
- Gas turbine emission control
- Carbon monoxide
- Unburned hydrocarbons
- Particulate material
- Sulfur dioxide and sulfur trioxide
- Nitrogen oxides
- Carbon capture
Chapter 5 - Carbon sequestration
- Introduction
- The size of the problem
- CO2 transportation
- Carbon sequestration
- Geological sequestration
- Ocean sequestration
- Risks
- Monitoring and legislative issues
Chapter 6 - Environmental and legislative issues
- Introduction
- Emissions and emission limits
- Carbon emissions
- Cap-and-trade systems
- Monitoring
- Legislative issues associated with carbon sequestration
Chapter 7 - Future outlook
- Introduction
- Capital costs of thermal power plants
- The levelized cost of electricity
- The cost of carbon
Chapter 8 - The prospects for clean thermal technologies
- Introduction
- The growth in fossil fuel for power generation
- The competitiveness of thermal power generation
- Market opportunities
- Index
List of Figures
- Figure 1.1: CO2 emissions by sector (GtCO2/y), 2005 and 2030
- Figure 2.2: Coal-fired power generation in the OECD and non-OECD (TWh),
2006-2030
- Figure 3.3: Efficiency of coal-fired plants with carbon capture (%)
- Figure 4.4: Global power generation base on natural gas (TWh), 2006-2030
- Figure 4.5: Gas-fired power plant efficiencies (%)
- Figure 4.6: Typical gas turbine pollutant emissions (ppmV)
- Figure 5.7: National power plant CO2 intensity (kgCO2/MWh)
- Figure 5.8: Cost of transportation of CO2 by pipeline and sea ($/tCO2)
- Figure 5.9: Potential global underground storage capacities (Gt CO2)
- Figure 6.10: World Bank guidelines for emissions from power plants
- Figure 6.11: Acid gas emissions in the CAIR region of the US (million
tonnes), 1990-2030
- Figure 7.12: Installed cost of thermal power generating capacity in the US
(2007 $/kW)
- Figure 7.13: Lazard capital cost comparison for thermal power generating
capacity ($/kW)
- Figure 7.14: Capital cost of adding flue gas cleanup to US coal-fired
power plants ($/kW)
- Figure 7.15: The predicted cost of a carbon capture and storage
demonstration project in China (€ m)
- Figure 7.16: Levelized cost of electricity for new capacity entering
service in the US in 2016 ($/MWh)
- Figure 7.17: Levelized cost in Nominal 2009$ of electricity from thermal
power plants in California entering service in 2009 ($/MWh)
- Figure 7.18: Levelized cost in Nominal 2018$ of electricity from thermal
power plants in California entering service in 2018 ($/MWh)
- Figure 7.19: Levelized cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants in
the UK (£/MWh)
- Figure 8.20: Proportion of global electricity generated by thermal power
plants (%), 2006-2030
- Figure 8.21: Global power generation based on coal and natural gas (TWh),
2006-2030
- Figure 8.22: Global coal-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
- Figure 8.23: Global natural gas-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
- Figure 8.24: Global power generation growth to 2030 under the IEA' s 450
scenario (GW)
- Figure 8.25: Levelized cost comparison between thermal, nuclear and
alternative technologies entering service in 2016 ($/MWh)
- Figure 8.26: Levelized cost comparison for generating capacity in
California ($/MWh)
- Figure 8.27: Key thermal power plant and emission control market drivers
and resistors
List of Tables
- Table 1.1: CO2 emissions by sector (GtCO2/y), 2005 and 2030
- Table 2.2: Coal-fired power generation in the OECD and non-OECD (TWh),
2006-2030
- Table 2.3: Typical pulverized coal fired power plant operating conditions
and efficiency
- Table 2.4: Comparison of wet and dry FGD
- Table 3.5: Efficiency of coal-fired plants with carbon capture (%)
- Table 4.6: Global power generation base on natural gas (TWh), 2006-2030
- Table 4.7: Gas-fired power plant efficiencies (%)
- Table 4.8: Typical gas turbine pollutant emissions (ppmV)
- Table 5.9: National power plant CO2 emissions from ten largest emitters
- Table 5.10: Cost of transportation of CO2 by pipeline and sea ($/tCO2)
- Table 5.11: Potential global underground storage capacities (Gt CO2)
- Table 6.12: Typical daily production from a 500MW coal-fired power plant
- Table 6.13: Acid gas emissions in the CAIR region of the US (million
tonnes), 1990-2030
- Table 6.14: EU guidelines for power plant emissions
- Table 7.15: Installed cost of thermal power generating capacity in the US
(2007 $/kW)
- Table 7.16: Lazard capital cost comparison for thermal power generating
capacity ($/kW)
- Table 7.17: Capital cost of adding flue gas cleanup to US coal-fired power
plants ($/kW)
- Table 7.18: The predicted cost of a carbon capture and storage
demonstration project in China (€ m)
- Table 7.19: Levelized cost of electricity for new capacity entering
service in the US in 2016 ($/MWh)
- Table 7.20: Levelized cost in Nominal 2009$ of electricity from thermal
power plants in California entering service in 2009 ($/MWh)
- Table 7.21: Levelized cost in Nominal 2018$ of electricity from thermal
power plants in California entering service in 2018 ($/MWh)
- Table 7.22: Levelized cost of electricity from coal-fired power plants in
the UK (£/MWh)
- Table 8.23: Proportion of global electricity generated by thermal power
plants (%), 2006-2030
- Table 8.24: Global power generation based on coal and natural gas (TWh),
2006-2030
- Table 8.25: Global coal-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
- Table 8.26: Global natural gas-fired generating capacity (GW), 2006-2030
- Table 8.27: Global power generation growth to 2030 under the IEA' s 450
scenario (GW)
- Table 8.28: Levelized cost comparison between thermal, nuclear and
alternative technologies entering service in 2016 ($/MWh)
- Table 8.29: Levelized cost comparison for generating capacity in
California ($/MWh)
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