Abstract
Overview
This report addresses progress and issues in the development of communications
technologies and markets that support the Intelligent Transportation Systems
(ITS). Particular, it shows the significance of Dedicated Short Reach
Communications (DSRC) in 5.9 GHz band and Project 25 trunked radio in
enhancing ITS features and effectiveness.
The development of these new communications technologies for the ITS
application is a response on the users and government organizations demand to
establish the industry standards, system compatibility and improve road safety.
Vehicular communications are becoming a reality driven by navigation safety
requirements and by the investments of car manufacturers and Public Transport
Authorities. Safe navigation support through wireless car to car and car to
curb communications has become an important priority for car manufacturers as
well as Municipal Transportation Authorities and Communications Standards
Organizations.
5.9 GHz DSRC is the emerging communication technology that offers standardized
ITS products and benefits in national large-scale deployments. U.S. DOT and
the automotive OEMs will be the strategic players making deployment decisions
in the 2008-2009 timeframe. 5.9 GHz DSRC systems provide a significant
enhancement in communication capabilities over all previous ITS communications
systems. DSRC will support multiple uses in vehicle/public safety and
commercial applications that cannot be achieved today. DSRC is a
cost-effective communications service, especially when compared with current
cellular and satellite systems.
Key Findings:
- At the present time, DSRC systems are not compatible with each other
- In the U.S., the prevailing technology is 915 MHz DSRC
- In Europe, the prevailing technology is 5.8 GHz DSRC
- 5.9 GHz DSRC has many advantages, and it is under development by various
research and standards organizations
- This technology is envisioned as a replacement of all existing DSRC
systems. This replacement will be gradual, and for several years new and old
systems will co-exist. It is not expected that the new systems will create
any noticeable interference into the old systems
- The commercial introduction of 5.9 GHz systems is expected in 2008-2009
when IEEE ratifies the 802.11p standard
- At the present time, the 5.9 GHz systems market is mostly limited to
research and testing
- The 5.9 GHz technology and market maturing is expected in the 2012-2014
timeframe.
Another communications technology that is enhancing ITS characteristics is a
standard trunked radio, known in the U.S. as Project 25 radio. This radio is
using digital technology, is frequency efficient and originally was developed
for public safety organizations. The report shows that ITS applications of P25
radio are the second in importance after public safety applications. The
report analyzes the P25 specifics for ITS applications; it shows details of
the phase approach in the radio development and standardization; it also
provides the results of the market analysis for P25 radio and its ITS
application. The report contains examples of P25 systems used in airports and
by Transit Authorities to improve efficiency of operation, safety, scheduling
and other important transportation characteristics.
Research Methodology
Considerable research was done using the Internet. Information from various
Web sites was studied and analyzed. Evaluation of publicly available marketing
and technical publications was conducted. Telephone conversations and
interviews were held with industry analysts, technical experts and executives.
In addition to these interviews and primary research, secondary sources were
used to develop a more complete mosaic of the market landscape, including
industry and trade publications, conferences and seminars.
The overriding objective throughout the work has been to provide valid and
relevant information. This has led to a continual review and update of the
information content.
Target Audience
This report is important to a wide population of researches, technical and
sales staff involved in the developing of high-speed wireless services and
products for transportation. It is recommended for both service providers and
vendors that are working with related technologies. The report also helps to
understand issues associated with relationship between ITS wireless
communications and other technologies.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
- 1.1 Goal
- 1.2 IEEE 802.11
- 1.3 Project 25
- 1.4 Scope
- 1.5 Research Methodology
- 1.6 Target Audience
2.0 Intelligent Transportation Systems
- 2.1 General
- 2.2 History: U.S.
- 2.3 ITS Architecture: U.S.
- 2.4 Technologies
- 2.5 ITS Applications
- 2.6 National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP)
3.0 Wireless Communications Protocols: 5.9 GHz DSRC Basis
- 3.1 General
- 3.2 IEEE 802.11p
- 3.2.1 General
- 3.2.2 Objectives and Status
- 3.2.3 5.9 GHz Transmission Advantages
- 3.2.4 Major Features
- 3.3 IEEE 1609
- 3.3.1 General
- 3.3.2 Overview
- 3.3.3 Relationship
- 3.3.4 IEEE 1556
- 3.4 Other
- 3.5 5.9 GHz DSRC Technology
- 3.5.1 History
- 3.5.2 Licensing
- 3.5.3 Equipment
- 3.5.4 Details: Dedicated Short Range Communications
- 3.5.5 Channel Designation
- 3.5.6 Service Categories
- 3.5.7 Applications
- 3.5.8 5.9 GHz DSRC Characteristics (U.S.)
- 3.5.9 DSRC at Work
- 3.5.9.1 Priorities
- 3.5.10 Requirements: DSRC
- 3.5.11 Regulation
- 3.5.12 Comparison
- 3.6 DSRC Worldwide Standard Activity
- 3.6.1 General
- 3.6.2 Process
- 3.6.3 Directions
- 3.6.4 ISO Additions
- 3.6.5 SAE Activity
- 3.6.6 OmniAir Consortium
- 3.6.7 Program
- 3.6.8 Japan
- 3.6.9 Korea
- 3.6.10 Brazil
- 3.7 5.9 GHz DSRC Benefits and Limitations
- 3.7.1 General
- 3.7.2 Toll Industry Benefits
- 3.8 Examples
- 3.9 RFID and DSRC: Similarities and Differences
- 3.10 Market
- 3.10.1 Market Drivers
- 3.10.2 Market Requirements
- 3.10.3 Data
- 3.10.4 Market Estimate
- 3.11 Vendors
- Arinc
- Cornet
- Iteris
- Kapsch
- Mark IV
- Oki
- Q-Free
- Raytheon
- Signalion
- Sirit
- TransCore
- TechnoCom
4.0 P25 Technology: New Directions for ITS
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.1.1 ITS Communications Environment
- 4.2 Requirements
- 4.3 Standardization Process and Technologies
- 4.3.1 General: P25 Standard
- 4.3.2 Beginning
- 4.3.3 Project 25/TIA 102: Scope
- 4.3.3.1 Efforts
- 4.3.3.2 Phased Approach
- 4.3.3.2.1 Phases
- 4.3.3.2.2 Phase I
- 4.3.3.2.3 Phase II
- 4.3.3.2.4 Phase III
- 4.4 Current P25 Development-Phase I
- 4.4.1 General Mission and Objectives
- 4.4.1.2 Compliance
- 4.4.1.3 Benefits and Issues
- 4.4.2 Technical Highlights
- 4.4.2.1 Common Air Interface
- 4.4.2.2 Fixed Station Interface
- 4.4.2.3 Console Sub-system Interface
- 4.4.2.4 RF Sub-system
- 4.4.2.5 Inter-system Interface (ISSI)
- 4.4.2.6 Telephone Interconnect Interface
- 4.4.2.7 Network Management Interface
- 4.4.2.8 Host and Network Data Interfaces
- 4.4.2.9 Data Network Interface
- 4.4.2.10 Summary: Interfaces
- 4.4.3 Security
- 4.4.4 Coding
- 4.5 Frequency Bands
- 4.6 P25 Voice Messaging
- 4.7 System
- 4.8 Spectrum: Problems
- 4.9 Major Improvements
- 4.10 Services
- 4.11 Network Scenario
- 4.12 Basic Characteristics
- 4.13 Phase II
- 4.13.1 Transition
- 4.13.2 Scope
- 4.13.3 Time
- 4.13.3.1 Motorola and "Harmonized" Solutions
- 4.14 Phase III
- 4.14.1 General
- 4.14.2 Organization
- 4.14.3 Background
- 4.14.4 Project MESA Formulators
- 4.14.5 Networking
- 4.14.6 MESA Statement of Requirements (SoR)
- 4.14.6.1 General
- 4.14.6.2 Vision: Ad-hoc and Cell
- 4.14.6.2.1 Features
- 4.14.6.2.2 Technological Needs
- 4.14.6.2.3 General Technology-Requirements
- 4.14.6.2.4 Specific and Functional Requirements
- 4.14.7 Goals
- 4.14.8 Applications
- 4.14.9 Crossroads
- 4.14.9.1 Vendors Position
- 4.14.10 Technology Details: System of Systems
- 4.14.10.1 Framework description
- 4.14.11 Architecture
- 4.14.12 Security
- 4.14.13 Projects P25 and MESA
- 4.15 Characteristics
- 4.15.1 Technical
- 4.15.2 Economics
- 4.16 P25 Radio Market: ITS Application
- 4.16.1 General
- 4.16.2 Geography
- 4.16.3 Market Drivers
- 4.16.4 Market Forecast
- 4.16.4.1 Model Assumptions
- 4.16.4.2 Addressable Market Estimate
- 4.17 Vendors
- Catalyst
- Daniels
- Datron
- Digital Voice System
- EDAS Secure Networks
- EF Johnson
- Etherstack
- ICOM America
- Kenwood
- M/A-Com (Tyco Electronic)
- Midland
- Motorola
- Nexus Wireless
- Relm
- Raytheon JPS
- Simoco
- Thales
- Tait Electronics
- Technisonic
- Westel
- Wireless Pacific
- 4.18 Examples
5.0 Conclusions
Appendix A: The Project 25 Suite of Standards Documents
FIGURES:
- Figure 1: IEEE 802.11 Family of Standards Evolution
- Figure 2: ITS Architecture
- Figure 3: NTCIP Structure
- Figure 4: Communications Model-DSRC
- Figure 5: IEEE Standards -Relationship
- Figure 6: Service-related Characteristics
- Figure 7: 5.9 GHz DSRC: Spectrum Allocation Details
- Figure 8: Details
- Figure 9: Major Service Categories
- Figure 10: Collision Detection/Avoidance System
- Figure 11: Work Zone Warning
- Figure 12: "Smart" Car
- Figure 13: 5.9 GHz DSRC Rate vs. Distance
- Figure 14: Implementation Characteristics
- Figure 15: Communications Process: Logical Flow
- Figure 16: DSRC Frequency Planning
- Figure 17: 5.9 GHz SDRC Program Schedule
- Figure 18: 5.9 GHz DSRC Program
- Figure 19: Developing Pilot Programs
- Figure 20: Market Estimate: 5.9 GHz DSRC Readers ($M)
- Figure 21: Market Estimate: 5.9 GHz DSRC Tags ($M)
- Figure 22: APCO Project 25 Interface Committee P25
- Figure 23: Generic-P25 System Structure
- Figure 24: ISSI-P25 System-to-System
- Figure 25: ISSI-Roaming
- Figure 26: P25 Radio System Model Illustration
- Figure 27: Revised Frequency Plan
- Figure 28: Revised Spectrum (Upper 700 MHz sub-band)
- Figure 29: 700 MHz Auction
- Figure 30: P25 Network Architecture
- Figure 31: Partners
- Figure 32: MESA Networking
- Figure 33: PSR Evolution
- Figure 34: P25 Equipment Addressable Market ($B)
- Figure 35: P25 Equipment Addressable Market - Worldwide ($B)
- Figure 36: P25 Radio Major Applications (2008)
- Figure 37: Addressable Market: U.S. P25 Radio Sales for ITS Application
($B)
- Figure 38: Addressable Market: Worldwide P25 Radio Sales for ITS
Application ($B)
TABLES:
- Table 1: IEEE 802.11a Standard Major Characteristics
- Table 2: IEEE 802.11b Standard Major Characteristics
- Table 3: IEEE 802.11g Standard Major Characteristics
- Table 4: Standardization
- Table 5: 5.9 GHz DSRC U.S. Characteristics
- Table 6: Outline of DSRC Characteristics (Japan)
- Table 7: Priorities
- Table 8: Requirements
- Table 9: DSRC Differences: 915 MHz and 5.9 GHz
- Table 10: Summary Standards
- Table 11: 5.9 GHz DSRC Advantages
- Table 12: DSRC Benefits
- Table 13: P25 Advantages and Issues
- Table 14: PSR Bands
- Table 15: P25 Services
- Table 16 Mesa Networks Levels
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