Abstract
This report is written for a wide audience of technical and managerial staff
involved in wireless ICT-related Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
projects. The report aim is to present for such specialists major directions
and trends in wireless ICT that can lead ITS into the 4G era. The report
continues the Practel' s project that addresses advanced communications
developments in support of ITS.
In particular, this report:
1. Analyzes the global ITS developments and related markets.
2. Updates the analysis of technologies and markets for 5.9 GHz Dedicated
Short Reach Communications (DSRC). 5.9 GHz DSRC was originally developed for
the U.S. market; and currently it is at the beginning of commercialization.
The report addresses this technology specifics and benefits; recently, the EU
also approved 5.9 GHz band for its DSRC systems. Currently, the major
application of DSRC is electronic tolling; it is expected that the range of
applications will grow significantly with maturing of the technology.
3. Analyzes CALM (Communication Access for Land Mobile), which represents an
ambitious attempt to provide a platform for a wide range of present and future
communications requirements for ITS. As such, it cuts across several ongoing
standards-making efforts, including those of the ITU (such as NGN).
CALM supports continuous communications between a vehicle and the roadside
using a variety of communication media, including cellular, 5 GHz, 63 GHz and
infrared radios. CALM can support a range of applications, including vehicle
safety and information, as well as entertainment for driver and passengers.
The scope of CALM is to provide a standardized set of air interface protocols
and parameters for medium and long range, high speed ITS communication using
one or more of several media, with multipoint and networking protocols within
each media, and upper layer protocols to enable transfer between media.
4. Updates the analysis of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technologies and market;
the technology is being standardized and appreciated as the 4G era wireless
technology. It opens a wide range of applications for ITS; currently, auto
industry R&D and communications equipment manufacturers are working together
on the concept of the LTE - equipped car. The technology allows creating of
ITS infrastructural networking with a high bit rate, QoS and other important
features. Major service providers are offering LTE-based services already in
2010.
5. Analyzes specifics of Wireless Sensors Networks (WSNs), their development
and markets. It is expected that in the near future smart sensors will create
a basis for an intelligent source of information for processing in the ITS
control centers. The industry, initially, was military-oriented; but the
progress in IC miniaturization, developing such wireless technologies as
ZigBee, UWB and other (that are cost-efficient and utilize low-consumption
radios) opened a stable market for commercial applications, and particular for
the ITS. The report provides details of WSN features, markets and benefits.
Altogether, the report addresses latest trends in the wireless ICT
developments for ITS that reflect the 4G wireless communications evolution.
This analysis shows a complex picture of multiple efforts from the industry
and standardization organizations to utilize advanced communications to
support efficient Intelligent Transportation Systems.
Research Methodology
Considerable research was done using the Internet. Information from various
Web sites was studied and analyzed. Evaluation of publicly available marketing
and technical publications was conducted. Telephone conversations and
interviews were held with industry analysts, technical experts and executives.
In addition to these interviews and primary research, secondary sources were
used to develop a more complete mosaic of the market landscape, including
industry and trade publications, conferences and seminars.
The overriding objective throughout the work has been to provide valid and
relevant information. This has led to a continual review and update of the
information content.
Target Audience
This report is important to a wide population of researches, technical and
sales staff involved in the developing of ITS-specific wireless communications
services and products for transportation. It is recommended for both service
providers and vendors that are working with related technologies. The report
also helps to understand issues associated with wireless communications to
support ITS and other technologies.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction 9
- 1.1 Goal9
- 1.2 Scope10
- 1.3 Research Methodology11
- 1.4 Target Audience11
2.0 Intelligent Transportation Systems 12
- 2.1 General12
- 2.2 ITS History: U.S.13
- 2.3 ITS Architecture: U.S.14
- 2.4 Global ITS Development16
- 2.4.1 Europe17
- 2.4.2 Japan18
- 2.5 ITS Applications19
- 2.6 National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP)21
- 2.7 IntelliDrive24
- 2.8 ITS: Market Estimate25
3.0 5.9 GHz DSRC Standardization and Development 28
- 3.1 General28
- 3.2 IEEE 802.11p29
- 3.2.1 General29
- 3.2.2 Objectives and Status30
- 3.2.2.1 IEEE 802.11p and ASTM31
- 3.2.2.2 OmniAir32
- 3.2.3 5.9 GHz DSRC Advantages33
- 3.2.4 Major Features: IEEE 802.11p34
- 3.3 IEEE 160936
- 3.3.1 General36
- 3.3.2 Overview36
- 3.3.3 IEEE 1609 in Use37
- 3.4 DSRC Worldwide Standard Activity37
- 3.4.1 General38
- 3.4.2 Process38
- 3.5 5.9 GHz DSRC Development42
- 3.5.1 General43
- 3.5.2 History - DSRC43
- 3.5.3 Equipment44
- 3.5.4 Details44
- 3.5.5 Channel Designation46
- 3.5.6 Place47
- 3.5.7 Applications48
- 3.5.8 Summary: DSRC (5.9 GHz) Transmission Characteristics50
- 3.5.9 Procedures52
- 3.5.9.1 Priorities53
- 3.5.9.2 Requirements: DSRC53
- 3.5.10 Regulation53
- 3.5.11 Comparison55
- 3.5.12 5.9 GHz DSRC Benefits and Limitations56
- 3.5.12.1 General56
- 3.5.12.2 Toll Industry Benefits57
- 3.5.12.3 Limitations58
- 3.6 Market58
- 3.6.1 Market Drivers58
- 3.6.2 Marketability58
- 3.6.3 Market Requirements59
- 3.6.4 Data60
- 3.6.5 Market Estimate60
- 3.7 Industry62
- Arinc63
- Arada64
- Efkon65
- Kapsch66
- Oki68
- Q-Free70
- Savari71
- Sirit73
4.0 CALM: Communication Access for Land Mobile 75
- 4.1 Goals75
- 4.1.1 Vehicle- Infrastructure76
- 4.2 Specifics77
- 4.3 ISO TC 204 WG 1677
- 4.4 Major Protocols79
- 4.5 CALM: Applications82
- 4.6 Issues83
5.0 Long Term Evolution (LTE): Technology and Market 84
- 5.1 4G Technologies84
- 5.1.1 Wireless Revolution or Evolution?84
- 5.1.2 4G as 3G Successor84
- 5.1.3 Requirements86
- 5.1.4 Typical Features86
- 5.2 3GPPand LTE87
- 5.3 Broadband Wireless Communications-Phases91
- 5.4 LTE Standardization-Industry Collaboration92
- 5.4.1 Industry Initiative93
- 5.5 Key Features of LTE93
- 5.6 Details95
- 5.7 LTE Advanced97
- 5.8 SON98
- 5.9 Benefits99
- 5.10 Voice Support100
- 5.11 SAE/EPS101
- 5.11.1 Functional Structure101
- 5.11.2 Interfaces102
- 5.12 Market103
- 5.12.1 Demand: Wireless Broadband104
- 5.12.2 LTE Market Projections104
- 5.13 Vendors and Providers106
- 4M Wireless107
- Agilent107
- Altair Semiconductor108
- Alcatel-Lucent-NEC109
- Altera112
- Aricent112
- Axis113
- Commagility114
- Ericsson115
- Fujitsu116
- Infineon118
- Huawei118
- Lime Microsystems120
- mimoON121
- Motorola122
- Nokia Siemens Networks123
- NXP124
- picoChip125
- Qualcomm127
- Samsung127
- Starent (Cisco)128
- TI129
- Sequans130
- Signalion131
- ZTE132
6.0 LTE and ITS 134
7.0 Smart Sensors Technology- Specifics and Applications 138
- 7.1 Smart Sensor Structure138
- 7.1.2 Classification - Smart Sensors139
- 7.1.3 Details142
- 7.1.3.1 WSN-Smart Sensors142
- 7.1.3.2 Requirements143
- 7.2 Networking145
- 7.2.1 Features of Mesh Networks146
- 7.2.2 Benefits and Limitations147
- 7.3 Details of Applications - WSN147
- 7.4 Standardization: IEEE 1451148
- 7.4.1 General148
- 7.4.2 Family149
- 7.4.3 Details150
- 7.5 ITS and WSN151
- 7.6 Challenges153
- 7.7 Market Characteristics154
- 7.7.1 General154
- 7.7.2 Market Estimate154
- 7.7.3 Trends156
- 7.8 WSN Equipment Vendors157
- BAE Systems157
- BBN159
- Crossbow (WSN)161
- Crane (WSN-ZigBee)-Textron (acquired in 2010)162
- Dust Networks (USG-Mesh)165
- Elta (Sensors)166
- GTT (WSN for ITS)167
- Intel (Chipsets)168
- Freescale (Sensors)169
- Harris (Smart Sensors)170
- IWT (Mesh)172
- Kapsch (Traffic Sensor)175
- McQ (UGS)175
- MeshDynamics (Mesh)176
- Millennial Net (Mesh-UGS)178
- MeshNetics-Atmel (WSN Software)180
- NorthropGrumman (UGS)181
- Octave Technologies (SW, WSN)182
- Qual-Tron183
- Rheinmetall (UGS)184
- Selex (UGS)185
- Smart Sensor Systems185
- Strix (Mesh)186
- Telonics (Sensors)189
- TextRon (UGS)190
- Trident (UGS-UWB)192
- ZelTech (UGS)195
8.0 Conclusions 197
APPENDIX I: ISO ITS Standards 199
APPENDIX II: ITS-related National and International Standards 202
- Figure 1: Wireless Communications: ITS Environment13
- Figure 2: ITS Architecture15
- Figure 3: NTCIP Structure22
- Figure 4: TAM: Global ITS Equipment Sales ($B)26
- Figure 5: TAM: Global ITS WICT Equipment Sales ($B)26
- Figure 6: ITS Market Regional Segments ($B)27
- Figure 7: Communications Model: WAVE28
- Figure 8: Standards Relation32
- Figure 9: DSRC Transmission35
- Figure 10: 5.9 GHz DSRC Program Schedule39
- Figure 11: N.A. 5.9 GHz DSRC Program42
- Figure 12: ITS-DSRC45
- Figure 13: DSRC: Spectrum Allocation Details46
- Figure 14: Channel Assignment - 5.9 GHz DSRC47
- Figure 15: Major Categories-5.9 GHz DSRC Services48
- Figure 16: Collision Detection/Avoidance System49
- Figure 17: Work Zone Warning49
- Figure 18: "Smart" Car50
- Figure 19: 5.9 GHz DSRC Rate vs. Distance51
- Figure 20: Logical Flow53
- Figure 21: DSRC Frequencies Planning and Services55
- Figure 22: TAM NA: 5.9 GHz DSRC Tag Sales ($M)61
- Figure 23: TAM NA: 5.9 GHz DSRC Tag Sales (Mil. Units)61
- Figure 24: TAM NA: 5.9 GHz DSRC Readers & Associated Equipment Sales
(Units 000)62
- Figure 25: TAM NA: 5.9 GHz DSRC Readers & Associated Equipment Sales ($M)62
- Figure 26: CALM: Infrastructure-Vehicle76
- Figure 27: CALM Architecture83
- Figure 28: Evolution Path89
- Figure 29: Towards Wireless Mobile Broadband90
- Figure 30: LTE - IP95
- Figure 31: Projection: Global Broadband Mobile Subscribers Base (B)104
- Figure 32: LTE Services Subscribers' Base: Global (M)104
- Figure 33: Projection: LTE - based Services Providers Revenue: Global
($M)105
- Figure 34: Projection: LTE-able Devices Production (Mil)105
- Figure 35: Service Operation Center136
- Figure 36: Two Groups139
- Figure 37: Functions140
- Figure 38: Technologies141
- Figure 39: WSN-UGS Node142
- Figure 40: TAM: Global - WSN Nodes Sales ($B)154
- Figure 41: TAM: Global - WSN Node Sales (M Units)154
- Figure 42: Smart Sensor Market Geographical Segmentation155
- Figure 43: WSN Node Sizing156
- Table 1: Investments for 201025
- Table 2: 915 MHz and 5.9 GHz DSRC Features34
- Table 3: 5.9 GHz DSRC U.S. Characteristics51
- Table 4: Events Priorities53
- Table 5: Requirements53
- Table 6: Service-related Characteristics55
- Table 7: 915 MHz and 5.9 GHz DSRC Differences56
- Table 8: 5.9 GHz DSRC Advantages57
- Table 9: CALM-ISO WG16 Protocols82
- Table 10: 3G and 4G Features86
- Table 11: 3GPP Releases88
- Table 12: Major LTE Characteristics93
- Table 13: LTE Frequency Bands94
- Table 14: Release 8 Users Equipment Categories96
- Table 15: ITS-WSN Applications151
- Table 16: Smart Sensor-Price Components155
