Abstract
Research Methodology
Considerable research was done using the Internet. Information from various
Web sites was studied and analyzed; evaluation of publicly available marketing
and technical publications was also conducted. Telephone conversations and
interviews were held with industry analysts, technical experts and executives.
In addition to these interviews and primary research, secondary sources were
used to develop a more complete mosaic of the market landscape, including
industry and trade publications, conferences and seminars.
The overriding objective throughout the work has been to provide valid and
relevant information. This has led to a continual review and update of the
information content.
Target Audience
This report analyzes a complicated landscape of high-speed (40 Gb/s and 100
Gb/s) optical systems. It targets service providers, vendors, network
operators and managers, Enterprise IT staff, investors and end users seeking
to gain a deeper understanding of the gradual migration various types of the
network towards such high - speeds transmission.
End users can also gain a more detailed understanding of product' s market and
their capabilities; as well as the economics of these technologies products to
improve cost efficiency of communications.
Brief
This issue of the report reflects dynamics of the high-speed optical
transmission systems technologies and markets and provides up to date analysis
of their benefits and issues; it continues the Practel project in the analysis
of high-speed optical communications.
At the present time, the industry is witnessing the rising interest for
high-speed communications; and the advent of 40 Gb/s pipes in carrier networks
has finally arrived. 100 Gb/s systems wide commercialization is expected in a
few years. Besides traditional applications, there are many new applications
for such high-speed communications (for example establishing connections
between peta-scale systems, or modernizing SAN systems).
2007 was the first year when sizable volume of 40 Gb/s units was shipped by
the industry. The emergence of 40G POS interfaces for backbone routers lead to
the popularity of WDM backbone transportation systems based on the
single-channel 40G technology. Most mainstream operators in Europe, America,
and Japan have begun planning or deploying long - haul backbone networks and
backbone MANs. AT&T, NTT, TransTeleCom, Telefonica, and Verizon have already
constructed 40 Gb/s networks and are offering commercial services. DT,
Swisscom, and FT are planning theirs; and China Telecom is deploying its 40
Gb/s network connecting Shanghai to Wuxi.
2007-2008 also were years of field testing 100 Gb/s systems. For example,
Verizon completed the first field test of 100 Gb/s optical transmission on a
live, in-service 312-mile network route between Tampa, Fl. and Miami. In 2009,
Verizon put in service the first 100 Gb/s link in France.
There are several factors in re-discovering attractiveness of such
transmission; the most important from them are:
- Constantly raising demand for data spectrum
- Future economics
- Increasing fiber plant utilization
- Gradual maturity of standardization activity.
Among areas the most demanding for high-speed communications systems are
Internet data and entertainment traffic, such as HD and SHD format signals
that require significant bandwidth (measured in Gb/s) for each wired household.
Though the industry has not reached the level of fiber bandwidth exhaustion,
there are regions with critical values (of 65%-70% of fiber plant utilization)
and carriers are looking for alternatives to laying new fiber.
In 2010, the IEEE ratified the 802.3ba standard; this assured vendors and
providers that high-speed communications is on track to wide
commercialization. The ITU is making progress in extension of the ONT
development (ODU4); OIF as well as other organizations are also actively
working to develop standardized high-speed transmission.
Based on these factors, the authors of this report analyzed the development of
the high-speed communications industry with the emphasis on:
- Technologies specifics
- PMD characteristics and methods for its compensation
- Marketing trends
- Vendors' portfolios survey (sixty-five vendors)
- Standardization activity.
The report addresses these and other related issues; it shows that 40 Gb/s and
100 Gb/s fiber optics communications is today reality; and, depending on the
global economy conditions, these systems proliferation is expected in the
2012-2014 time frame.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 Recent History
- 1.2 Standardization Activity
- 1.3 Challenges and Drivers
- 1.4 Goals
- 1.5 Dispersion
- 1.6 Demand
- 1.7 Scope
- 1.8 Research Methodology
- 1.9 Target Audience8
2.0 Standardization Process
- 2.1 IEEE
- 2.1.1 Major Milestones
- 2.1.2 Synopsis
- 2.1.3 Interfaces
- 2.2 ITU-T
- 2.3 Cooperation
- 2.4 Interest Group
- 2.5 Industry Activity
- 2.6 "Road to 100G" Alliance
- 2.7 X40
- 2.8 SSR-40
- 2.9 Standardization Drivers and Issues: 100 Gb/s
- 2.9.1 Demand
- 2.9.2 Benefits
- 2.10 Current Status of Technologies
- 2.10.1 40 Gb/s Transmission
- 2.10.2 100 Gb/s Transmission
- 2.11 OIF Framework Document: 100G
- 2.11.1 DP QPSK
- 2.11.2 Coherent Receiver
- 2.11.3 Layers
3.0 Impairments
4.0 High-rate Systems and PMD
- 4.1 General
- 4.1.1 Standards
- 4.1.2 Interest
- 4.2 Directions: High-speed Transmission
- 4.3 40G: Constrains and Perspectives
- 4.4 Issues: 40 Gb/s-100 Gb/s
- 4.4.1 ICs-40 Gb/s
- 4.4.2 Optics-40 Gb/s
5.0 Applications-High-rate Transmission
6.0 PMD Nature and Characteristics
- 6.1 Challenge
- 6.2 Effect
- 6.2.1 Cause and Nature
- 6.2.2 Statistics
- 6.2.3 Penalties
7.0 PMD Effect and Compensation Methods
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 Network Design
- 7.3 Compensation Techniques
- 7.3.1 Optical Compensation
- 7.3.1.1 Standards
- 7.3.1.2 Techniques
- 7.3.1.3 Classification Based on Order of Compensation
- 7.3.1.4 Example
- 7.3.1.5 Details
- 7.4 Electronics Methods
- 7.5 Mode Coupling - Fiber Method
- 7.6 Polarization Maintaining Fiber
- 7.6.1 Fiber Types
- 7.6.2 Fiber PMD Audits
- 7.7 Increasing PMD Tolerance
- 7.8 "Universal" Compensator
8.0 Market Estimate
- 8.1 40 and 100Gbps: Next Market Steps
- 8.2 Present Time
- 8.2.1 Core IP Networking Drivers
- 8.2.2 From 40 Gb/s to 100 Gb/s
- 8.2.3 Market Characteristics
- 8.3 PMDC Market Drivers
- 8.3.1 CAPEX Savings
- 8.3.2 OPEX Savings
- 8.3.3 Technological Factors
- 8.4 Market Forecast
- 8.4.1 Model Assumptions
- 8.4.2 Analysis
- 8.4.2.1 Market Estimate for High-rate Transmission Systems
- 8.4.2.2 PMDC Market
9.0 PMDC Market Players
- General Photonics
- OZ OPTICS
- StrataLight (acquired by OpNext in 2009)
10.0 Manufacturers: 40 Gb/ and 100 Gb/s Systems Components
- Altera
- AppliedMicro
- API-Picometrix
- Avalon Microelectronics
- Avago
- Bay Microsystems
- Centellax
- ColarChip
- CoreOptics (Acquired by Cisco in 2010)
- Corning
- Discovery Semiconductors
- Covega
- Enablence
- Finisar
- Fujitsu
- GigaOptix
- IBM (in collaboration with Cisco)
- Inphi
- Intel
- Ixia
- JDSU
- JGKB Photonics (VersaWave)
- Hitachi
- Ofidium
- Opnext
- Optoplex
- Oclaro
- Oki Semiconductor
- Narda
- NeoPhotonics
- NetLogic Microsystems
- ReflexPhotonic
- SMI (SemTech acquired this company in 2009)
- StrataLight
- Santur
- TeraXion
- Tpack
- Triquint
- u2t Photonics AG
- VI Systems
11.0 Manufacturers: 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Transmission Platforms
- Alcatel-Lucent
- Ciena
- Cisco
- ECI
- Ekinops
- Ericsson
- Infinera
- Juniper
- Huawei
- Fujitsu
- Mintera (acquired by Oclaro in 2010)
- MRV
- NEC
- Nokia Siemens Networks
- OpVista
- Qlogic
- Opnext
- Telcordia
- Tellabs
- Voltaire
- Xtera
- ZTE
12.0 Conclusions
Attachment I: Future Work
Attachment II: Formats and Modulations
Attachment III: Coherent Detection
Attachment IV: 40 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s Networks Deployment - Samples (2009-2010)
