全球潔淨碳技術市場：2009年 - 碳能源綠化

碳發電為了作為有吸引力的技術選擇存活，就必須更加改善其環境性能/經濟效益、熱效率及降低排放氣體量。

本報告書內容包括：主要潔淨碳技術説明、各種技術的優缺點、主要動向及課題、2009年的市場規模及在2014年之前的預測、未來需求的影響因素分析、法規・規範條件、主要企業介紹等。內容綱要摘記如下：

第1章 實施概要

第2章 潔淨碳技術

• 碳的種類
• 來自於碳工廠的排廢氣
• 公害防制/排廢氣淨化系統
• 效率提升
• 基本技術及處理
• 微粉碳燃燒
• 流動層燃燒
• 碳氣化複合發電（IGCC）
• IGCC及燃料電池
• 複合燃燒/氣化系統
• 二氧化碳回收・儲存（CCS）
• 二氧化碳回收
• 二氧化碳運輸
• 二氧化碳儲存

第3章 市場規模及區隔

• 全球能源生產
• IEO2008
• 地區別發電量
• 燃料類型別發電量
• 發電中使用的碳
• OECD加盟國的碳消費
• 潔淨碳技術
• 潔淨碳技術計畫
• 市場規模
• 市場預測：資本投資

第4章 技術

• 產品化發展道路
• 技術成本比較
• CCS實施
• 排放市場
• 排放權交易架構
• 潔淨開發及氣候相關亞太地區合作夥伴關係（APP）
• 碳隔離領袖論壇（CSLF）
• COAL21基金
• 溫室效應氣體技術・共同研究中心（CO2CRC）
• EPRI 66 CoalFleet for Tomorrow
• 歐洲零放射化石燃料發電技術平台（ZEP）
• IEA G8 Gleneagles Programme
• 全球碳回收・儲藏技術研究所（GCCSI）
• 能源技術研究所（ETI）
• 法規・規範環境
• 替代能源
• 碳能源的機會

第5章 企業介紹

• Alstom
• American Electric Power
• BP
• Citigroup
• ConocoPhillips
• Duke Energy
• Foster Wheeler Inc.
• General Electric
• Merrill Lynch
• Morgan Stanley
• Praxair, Inc.
• Royal Dutch Shell
• Siemens
• Tampa Electric Company

附錄1：OECD組織

附錄2：潔淨碳活動

圖表

Abstract

In order to remain an attractive technology option, coal-fired power generation needs to improve further its environmental performance and economics, increase its thermal efficiency and reduce emissions. Approaches available include further developments of conventional combustion systems and deployment of technologies utilizing combined cycles.

The more familiar Clean Coal Technologies (CCTs) available include:

• Supercritical pulverized coal combustion (PCC)
• Circulating fluidized bed combustion (CFBC)
• Pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC)
• Pressurized circulating fluidized bed combustion (PCFBC)
• Integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC)
• IGCC-fuel cells
• Hybrid gasification/combustion systems

In the report, these and other CCTs are reviewed from the point of view of their current status, current and likely future performance and R&D needs. For long term acceptability of coal for power generation, near-zero emissions are likely to be required. Many of the conventional CCTs are technically suitable for development to give near-zero emission technologies encompassing CO2 capture for sequestration. These and separate, innovative, approaches are also reviewed in the report. The report also discusses the topic of CO2 storage or utilizations.

PCC is currently the most widely adopted system for coal-fired power generation and the use of supercritical conditions has become the norm for new installations in industrialized countries. Circulating fluidized bed combustion is just reaching scales suitable for economic use of supercritical conditions. In the short to medium term, reducing capital costs and improving efficiency and environmental performance will aid further deployment of supercritical PCC and CFBC through continuing evolutionary improvements in steam conditions and environmental control systems.

PFBC has been deployed at commercial scale, although the number of installations is still small and it appears to be destined to become a niche technology. Coal-fired IGCC demonstrations at commercial scale have been operated in the USA and Europe, with thermal efficiencies of up to 45%, but commercial orders for plants have not yet been forthcoming. Further R&D and commercial-scale demonstrations are needed to encourage commercialization of the technology by improving reliability and availability and reducing costs. Materials developments will be important. IGCC plants are capable of levels of emissions of SO2 and particulates that are much better than current requirements and emissions of NOx are also low. The technology can offer further increases in efficiency through advances in gas turbine technology (higher pressure ratios, higher turbine entry temperatures, reheat) and the further development of hot gas cleaning processes for the gas leaving the gasifier.

The above technologies are expected to have an important role to play in satisfying the need for clean power generation in the medium term, and their high efficiencies will result in up to 30% savings in CO2 emissions.

Report Methodology

The information in Clean Coal Energy Technologies is based on primary and secondary research. Primary research entailed in-depth, on-site examinations of coal fired power plants and interviews with companies, engineers and scientist to obtain information on clean coal technology trends, marketing programs, likely adoption methods and technological breakthroughs. Secondary research entailed data gathering from relevant sources, including energy and industry publications, newspapers, government reports, company literature and corporate annual reports. Energy production data are based on data from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), Information Resources, Inc. and other trade sources. Consumer demographics are derived from Simmons Market Research Bureau data.

Key Report Deliverables

Clean Coal Energy Technologies makes important predictions and recommendations regarding the future of this market, and pinpoints ways current and prospective players can capitalize on current trends and spearhead new ones. No other market research report provides both the comprehensive analysis and extensive data that Clean Coal Energy Technologies offers. Plus, you' ll benefit from extensive data, presented in easy-to-read and practical charts, tables and graphs.

• In-depth description of major types of clean coal technology currently in use or development, including PCC, USC, CFBC, PFBC, PCFBC, IGCC, IGCC- Fuel Cells, hybrid systems, and CCS,
• Discussion of technology life cycles and the relative strengths and weaknesses of each,
• Key trends and issues,
• Current (2009) market size and forecast of market size through 2014,
• Review of drivers and influencers of demand and assessment of their impact on future demand,
• Marketplace acceptance of alternative energy,
• Legal and regulatory requirements,
• In-depth profiles of leading participants within the industry including background, product portfolio, financial performance, M & A activity, technology development, strategic direction and key personnel changes.

• Marketing managers - to identify market opportunities and develop targeted promotion plans for green coal-fired energy technologies.
• Research and development professionals - to stay on top of competitor initiatives and explore demand for clean coal technologies.
• Advertising agencies - working with clients in energy, banking, infrastructure, and local and state governments, to develop messages and images that compel
• consumers and businesses to use clean coal technology.
• Venture capitalists and business development executives - to understand the dynamics of the market and identify possible investment opportunities.
• Information and research center librarians - to provide market researchers, brand and product managers and other colleagues with accurate and timely information they need to do their jobs more effectively.

If your company is already doing business in the clean coal market, or is considering making the leap, you will find this report invaluable, as it provides a comprehensive package of information and insight not offered in any other single source. You will gain a thorough understanding of the current market for clean coal energy technologies, as well as projected markets and trends through 2012.

The report is over 200 pages and includes over 50 tables and charts.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 - Executive Summary

• Pollution Control / Flue Gas Cleanup Systems
  • Coal Cleaning
  • Particulate Removal Systems
  • Desulfurization Systems
  • Nitrogen Oxide Reduction Systems
• Combustion Technologies
  • Fluidized Bed Combustion
  • Supercritical Boilers and Ultra-supercritical Boilers
  • IGCC
  • Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration)
• Capacity Additions
• Capital Expenditures
• Factors to Monitor
• CCS Implementation
• The Carbon Markets
• Alternate Energy Sources

Chapter 2 - Clean Coal Technology

• Types of Coal
• Coal Plant Emissions
• Pollution Control / Flue Gas Cleanup Systems
  • Coal Cleaning
  • Particulate Removal Systems
  • Desulfurization Systems
  • Nitrogen Oxide Reduction Systems
  • Summary
• Improving Efficiencies
• Basic Technologies and Processes
• Pulverized Coal Combustion
  • Supercritical
  • Ultra-Supercritical
• Fluidized Bed Combustion
  • Bubbling Fluidized Bed Combustion
  • Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion
  • Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion
  • Pressurized Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion (PCFBC)
• Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC)
• IGCC and Fuel Cells
• Hybrid Combustion/Gasification Systems
  • Advanced Combustion/Gasification Hybrid Technology
  • Combustion/Gasification Chemical Looping
• Carbon Capture and Storage (Sequestration) Overview
• Carbon Capture
  • Post Combustion Capture
  • Pre-combustion Capture
  • Oxyfuel Combustion
  • Chemical Looping Combustion
• Carbon Transportation
• Carbon Storage
  • Deep Saline Formations
  • Depleted Oil and Gas Fields
  • Deep Coal Seams
  • Other Geological Storage
  • Terrestrial Sequestration
  • Chemical Conversion
  • Other Sequestration

Chapter 3 - Market Size and Segmentation

• World Energy Production
• International Energy Outlook 2008 (IEO2008)
• World Electricity Generation by Region
• World Electricity Generation by Fuel Type
• Coal Use in Electricity Generation
• OECD Countries - Coal Consumption
  • North America - Electricity
  • United States Electricity Mix
  • United States Coal Consumption
  • Canada - Electricity Mix
  • Canada - Coal Consumption
  • Mexico - Electricity Mix and Coal Consumption
  • OECD Europe - Electricity
  • OECD Europe Coal Consumption
  • OECD Asia Electricity Mix
  • OECD Asia Coal Consumption
  • Non-OECD Asia Electricity Mix
  • Non-OECD Asia Coal Consumption
  • Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Electricity Mix
  • Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia Coal Consumption
  • Africa - Electricity Mix
  • Africa Coal Consumption
  • Central and South America - Energy Mix
  • Central and South America Coal Consumption
  • Middle East - Electricity Mix
  • Middle East - Coal Consumption
• Clean Coal Technologies
  • Improving Efficiency
  • Carbon Capture and Storage
• Clean Coal Technology Projects
  • Barriers to Deploying CCS Commercially
  • Supercritical and Ultra-supercritical
  • Fluidized Bed Combustion
  • IGCC
  • U.S. Leadership
  • Announced vs. Actual
  • Carbon Capture and Storage
• Market Size Determination
• Market Projections - Capital Expenditure

Chapter 4 - Winning Technologies

• The Road to Commercialization
  • Innovative Environments
  • The Vattenfall Experience
  • Business Risks
  • Financing Concerns
  • Permitting in the U.S.
  • Factors to Monitor
  • Carbon Capture and Storage - Most Promising Technology
  • Mixed Strategy
• Technology Cost Comparisons
  • CCS Component Costs
  • 2006 Cost and Performance of Coal Fired - Power Plants
  • New Plant Construction Costs
• CCS Implementation
  • Legal Framework
  • Public Understanding
  • Research Funding
  • Financial Incentives
  • Additional Revenue Stream Support - EOR and CMM
  • Additional Ops in Transport Fuel and Chemical Production
  • Cap and Trade Systems
  • A Future for Fossil Fuel
  • Price Supports and Tariffs
  • Emerging Economies
• Emission Markets
  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
  • The Kyoto Protocol
  • International Emissions Trading
  • Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
  • Joint Implementation (JI)
• Emissions Trading Schemes
  • Voluntary Markets
  • Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative
  • Western Climate Initiative
• Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP)
• Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF)
• COAL21 Fund
• Cooperative Research Centre for Greenhouse Gas Technologies (CO2CRC)
• EPRI 66 CoalFleet for Tomorrow
• European Technology Platform on Zero Emission Fossil Fuel Power Plants
• IEA G8 Gleneagles Programme
• Global Carbon Capture and Storage Institute (GCCSI)
• Energy Technologies Institute (ETI)
• Legal & Regulatory Environment
  • U.S. Government Status on CCS
  • U.S. Government Status on IGCC
  • U.S. Federal Agencies
  • Union of Concerned Scientists
• Alternate Energy Sources
  • Wind
  • Solar
  • Biomass
  • Geothermal
  • Opponents to Coal Fired Energy
  • The Sierra Club
  • Greenpeace International

Chapter 5 - Company Profiles

• Company Background
• Product Portfolio
• Financial Performance
• Recent News
• M&A Activity
• Technology Development / R&D
• Strategic Direction
• Key Personnel Changes

• Alstom
• American Electric Power
• BP
• Citigroup
• ConocoPhillips
• Duke Energy
• Foster Wheeler Inc.
• General Electric
• Merrill Lynch
• Morgan Stanley
• Praxair, Inc.
• Royal Dutch Shell
• Siemens
• Tampa Electric Company

Appendix I: OECD Structure

Appendix II: Clean Coal Activity

• Selected Clean Coal Technology Plants
• Clean Coal Technology Developments
  • United States
  • Canada
  • Australia
  • Japan
  • China
  • South Korea
  • India
  • South Africa
  • Brazil
  • Europe (Overall)
  • France
  • Germany
  • Spain
  • United Kingdom
  • Turkey
  • Russia
• Capital Investment Decision Making - Subcritical vs. Supercritical and Ultra-Supercritical

List of Figures

• Figure 1-1: New Technology Deployment Curve for Coal
• Figure 1-2: Global Clean Coal Capacity Installations by Type, 2009-2014
• Figure 1-3: Clean Coal Technology Capital Expenditures through 2014
• Figure 1-4: Estimated Capital Costs of New Plants by Type
• Figure 2-1: Coal Washing
• Figure 2-2: Side view of ESP (Electrostatic Precipitator) Schematic Diagram
• Figure 2-3: Major NOx Reduction Techniques
• Figure 2-4: CO2 Emissions per MW Produced from Coal by Efficiency Level
• Figure 2-5: Pulverized Coal Combustion (PCC) Illustration
• Figure 2-6: Ultra-Supercritical Unit Schematic
• Figure 2-7: Fluidized Bed Firing Schematic
• Figure 2-8: Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Schematic
• Figure 2-9: Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustion (PFBC) Schematic
• Figure 2-10: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) Schematic
• Figure 2-11: IGCC Products and By Product Schematic
• Figure 2-12: Fuel Cell Schematic.
• Figure 2-13: Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell Schematic
• Figure 2-14: Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells
• Figure 2-15: Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
• Figure 2-16: Advanced Combustion/Gasification Hybrid Technology Schematic
• Figure 2-17: Advanced Chemical Looping Process Schematic
• Figure 2-18: Principles Governing the Capture of CO2
• Figure 2-19: Carbon Sequestration Schematic
• Figure 3-1: Total World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 2008
• Figure 3-2: Regional Share of Electricity Generation, 2006
• Figure 3-3: World Net Electric Power Generation, 1990-2030
• Figure 3-4: World Electricity Generation by Fuel, 2005-2030
• Figure 3-5: OECD Coal Consumption by Region, 1980, 2005, 2015 and 2030
• Figure 3-6: Net Electricity Generation in North America by Fuel, 2005 and 2030
• Figure 3-7: Canada' s Electricity Generation, by Source, 1985- 2005
• Figure 3-8: Consumption of Hydrocarbons for Generation in Mexico, 1986-2006
• Figure 3-9: Net Electricity Generation in OECD Europe by Fuel, 2005-2030
• Figure 3-10: South Korea' s Electricity Generation, by Source, 1984-2004
• Figure 3-11: Australia' s Electricity Generation, by Source, 1984-2004
• Figure 3-12: Japan' s Electricity Generation, by Source, 1986-2006
• Figure 3-13: Net Electricity Generation in OECD Asia, 2005- 2030
• Figure 3-14: Net Electricity Generation in Non-OECD Asia by Fuel Type, 2005-2030
• Figure 3-15: Coal Consumption in China by Sector, 2005, 2015 and 2030
• Figure 3-16: Net Electricity Generation in Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia, 2005-2030
• Figure 3-17: Net Electricity Generation in Africa, 2005-2030
• Figure 3-18: Net Electricity Generation in Brazil by Fuel, 2005-2030
• Figure 3-19: Net Electricity Generation in the Middle East by Fuel Type, 2005-2030
• Figure 3-20: Reductions in CO2 Emissions through Clean Coal Innovations
• Figure 3-21: Global Clean Coal Capacity Installations by Type, 2009-2014
• Figure 3-22: Global Clean Coal Capital Expenditure, 2009-2014
• Figure 4-1: The Innovation Process for Clean Coal Technologies
• Figure 4-2: New Technology Deployment Curve for Coal
• Figure 4-3: 2006 Cost and Performance of Coal Fired - Power Plants
• Figure 4-4: Estimated Capital Costs of New Plants by Type
• Figure 4-5: Total Capital Requirement (TCR) per kW with and without CCS
• Figure 4-6: Map of Annex B and Non-Annex B Nations
• Figure A-1: Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plants, 2004-2008, 2009-2014, Post 2014
• Figure A-2: Ultra-Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plants, 2004-2008, 2009-2014, Post 2014
• Figure A-3: Circulating Fluidized Bed Combustion Plants, 2004-2008, 2009-2014, Post 2014
• Figure A-4: Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle Plants, 2004-2008, 2009- 2014, Po 2014
• Figure A-5: Carbon Capture and Sequestration Projects, 2009-2014, Post 2014
• Figure A-6: Commercial Demonstration Projects in Canada, May 2007

List of Tables

• Table 1-1: Average Efficiency Level of Various Plant Types
• Table 2-1: Proved Recoverable Coal Reserves, End of 2006, MM metric tons
• Table 2-2: Typical Properties of Characteristic Coal Types
• Table 2-3: Comparative Status of Coal Preparation in Various Countries
• Table 2-4: Impact from Coal Use and Technological Response
• Table 2-5: Comparison for Sub-, Super- and Ultra-Supercritical Steam Units
• Table 2-6: Fuel Cell Technology Comparison
• Table 3-1: Percentage of Electricity Generated by Coal in Selected Countries, 2006
• Table 3-2: Electricity Production by Fossil Fuels, 2006
• Table 3-3: United States Power Generation by Fuel Type, 2006, 2007 and 2008
• Table 3-4: United States Coal-Fired Generating Plants by Age, 1921-2008
• Table 3-5: Coal-Fired Capacity as % of Canada' s Energy Mix, 2006
• Table 3-6: Average Efficiency Level of Various Plant Types
• Table 3-7: Ultra Supercritical Plants in Operation or Under Development in China
• Table 3-8: Supercritical and Ultra-supercritical Plants in Progress in the U.S.
• Table 3-9: Fluidized Bed Plants in Progress in the U.S.
• Table 3-10: Commercial Scale Coal-Based IGCC Demonstration Plants in Operation
• Table 3-11: Active IGCC Plants Proposals and Construction
• Table 3-12: Commercial Scale IGCC - CCS Proposed Projects
• Table 3-13: Projected Increase in the Cost of Generating Power Due to Carbon Capture and Sequestration
• Table 4-1: Cost Ranges for Components of a CCS System
• Table 4-2: IEA Estimates of CCS Costs - Current & Potential Technologies
• Table 4-3: Cost per kWh of Alternative Fuels - Traditional
• Table 4-4: Cost per kWh of Alternative Fuels - Renewable
• Table 5-1: Profiled Company Description
• Table A-1: Ultra Mega Power Plant Announcements in India, February 2009
• Table A-2: Electricity Generation Plants in Turkey, Fluidized Bed Combustion Technology, May 2008