軍用微電網：關鍵任務的容量確保、以及零能源、可回收能源、及需求反應目標所達成的應用軟體平台

美國的國防總省（DOD）、在全球中使用最大量的石油之單獨消費者。此外、美國的軍事活動、使用所有的種類之能源上、也是全球最大的消費者。微電網在發電機系統來說不但網路化也達到最大的效率、因此電力生成所使用的化石燃料之消費量即可削減。近年對於反恐攻擊的電力網之脆弱性的認知逐漸的擴大、美軍是微電網強力的支持者。微電網對於固定基地的軍事活動來說、提供確實的電源、陸軍、海軍、空軍、及其他相關基地及事務所中、從以前就設置微電網。現在、相關整體設施正全面的進行設置微電網、指要有太陽和風之資源電力供給就會綿延不絕、也可實現終極的安全。

本報告書內容包括:DOD開始的軍事用微電網（小規模發電網）市場為焦點、軍事用途的固定式及移動式微電網之商業個案及引進模式的檢證、市場成長促進因素、引進因素、及軍用微電網的設置之相關技術性問題的分析、2017年為止的詳細銷售額及容量預測的提供、主要企業的資訊等、內容綱要摘記如下:

第1章 實施摘要

• 軍事市場的概要
• 固定式微電網
• 移動式微電網

第2章 市場的問題

• 軍用微電網的必要理由
• 何謂微電網：定義和元件
  • 分散型能源生成
  • 「孤島（單獨運轉）」逆變器
  • 智慧型開關
  • 微儲存的附加選項
  • 微電網「控制」系統
  • 其他最合適化及統合化控制設備
  • 虛擬發電廠（VPP） vs 微電網
• 軍用微電網的商業個案
  • 固定式微電網
  • 前線作戰基地微電網
• VPP的選項之商業個案
• 現在的DOD（美國國防部）微電網的市場成長促進因素
  • 創新的技術育成之相關DOD過去實績
  • 現況的電網
  • 現在的不穩定之地政學趨勢
  • 自然災害發生頻率的提升
  • 戰鬥任務的燃料供給之脆弱性
  • 智慧型電網的相關DOE（美國能源省）的支援
  • DOD的能源構想及政策
  • DOD的微電網試驗
  • 追加資金來源
  • 促進微電網的DOD的3種政策
  • 潛在的DOD之3個致命性問題
• 引進的擔憂事項
  • UL 1741安全基準
  • IEEE孤島及儲存基準
  • NIST伺服氣安全基準
  • 無關心的（或式具有敵意的）主機供給公共工程
  • 物理的及伺服務安全

第3章 技術的問題

• 軍用微電網技術的概要
  • 分散發電的成長
• 微電網的新參數
  • 基本原則
  • 讚否
  • 實用化對象期間
  • 成本
• 微電網「控制」系統
  • 基本原則
  • 讚否
  • 實用化對象期間
  • 成本的範圍
• 虛擬發電廠（VPP）
  • DR-VPP（需求反應基礎VPP）的參數
  • 成本
  • VPP的相關讚否

第4章 主要業界加入企業

• 大型防衛委託業者
  • Honeywell
  • Lockheed Martin
• 其他大型加入企業
  • Eaton
  • General Electric
  • Rolls-Royce
  • Siemens
• CHP（熱電供給）及控制設備的創新企業
  • Tecogen Inc.
• 有實績的微電網技術之創新企業
  • Encorp
• VPP軟體供應商
  • Power Analytics
  • Viridity Energy
• 能源儲蓄的創新企業
  • ZBB Energy Corp.
• 技術上大變革的企業
  • Skybuilt Power
  • Sturman Industries
• 研究機構
  • Sandia Laboratories

第5章 市場預測

• DOD是否為微電網的全球市場指導者
• 軍用微電網市場的預測方法
  • 急速成長
  • 基準線（基準）、平均、及意欲的成長發展情境
• 全球市場的概要
  • 北美
  • 亞太地區
  • 全球其他地區
• 固定式DOD軍用微電網
  • 個案研究：Twentynine Palms海兵隊基地
  • MW容量預測：固定式微電網
  • 銷售額預測：固定式微電網
• 移動式DOD軍用微電網
  • 個案研究：ExFOB（元前線作戰基地）
  • FOB的數量
  • MW容量預測：移動式微電網
  • 銷售額預測：移動式微電網

第6章 企業索引

第7章 首字語及省略語

第8章 目錄

第9章 圖表清冊

第10章 調查範圍、資訊來源及調查方法、註解

Abstract

The United States Department of Defense (DOD) is the single largest consumer of petroleum in the world. U.S. military operations are also the largest consumer of all forms of energy globally. Microgrids can shrink the amount of fossil fuels consumed to create electricity by networking generators as a system to maximize efficiency. Yet they are also a vehicle to help integrate renewable energy resources (such as wind and solar) at the local distribution grid level. Simultaneously, microgrids enable military bases - both stationary and tactical - to sustain operations, no matter what is happening on the larger utility grid or in the theater of war.

As awareness about the electrical grid' s vulnerability to terrorist attacks has increased in recent times, the U.S. military has become one of the strongest proponents of microgrids. Microgrids offer the ultimate secure power supply for fixed base military operations. Many army, navy, air force, and other related bases and offices already have vintage microgrids in place. What is new is that these facilities are looking to envelop entire bases with microgrids and integrate distributed energy generation on-site. These resources, when capable of safe islanding from the surrounding grid, offer the ultimate security since fuel never runs out with solar or wind resources. The opportunity to help develop these microgrids has attracted a number of powerful technology companies including Lockheed Martin, GE, Honeywell, Boeing, and Eaton.

This Pike Research report examines business and deployment models for stationary and mobile microgrids for military applications. The report analyzes market drivers, implementation requirements, and technology issues for military microgrid installations, as well as providing detailed profiles of key industry players and case studies of military microgrid projects. Detailed revenue and capacity forecasts for the market extend through 2017.

Key Questions Addressed:

• Why is the U.S. Department of Defense so aggressively developing microgrids?
• What are the key technology innovations that are enabling both fixed and mobile microgrids?
• How does the business case differ between fixed base and tactical mobile microgrids?
• Beyond defense contractors such as Lockheed Martin, GE, Honeywell, and Boeing, who are the emerging players in this field?
• How do microgrid control systems differ, and why should this matter to military operations?
• How are military operations tapping the private sector for creative financing of microgrids (and demand response) opportunities?
• How fast will the markets grow for both fixed base and mobile microgrids?
• How will proposed withdrawals of troops from Afghanistan and Iraq impact the military microgrid sector?

Who needs this report?

• Microgrid technology vendors
• Smart grid hardware and software companies
• Systems integrators
• Military agencies
• Intelligence agencies
• Utilities
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

• 1.1 Military Market Overview
• 1.2 Stationary Base Microgrids
• 1.3 Mobile Microgrids

2. Market Issues

• 2.1 Why Military Microgrids?
• 2.2 What Is a Microgrid? Definitions and Components
  • 2.2.1 Distributed Energy Generation
  • 2.2.2 "Islanding" Inverters
  • 2.2.3 Smart Switches
  • 2.2.4 Micro Storage Options
  • 2.2.5 Microgrid "Control" Systems
  • 2.2.6 Other Optimization and Integration Controls
  • 2.2.7 Virtual Power Plants versus Microgrids
• 2.3 The Business Case for Military Microgrids
  • 2.3.1 Stationary Base Microgrids
  • 2.3.2 Forward Operating Base Microgrids
• 2.4 The Business Case for the VPP Alternative
• 2.5 Current Market Drivers of DOD Microgrids
  • 2.5.1 DOD' s Historic Track Record on Fostering Innovative Technologies
  • 2.5.2 The Status Quo Grid
  • 2.5.3 Current Unstable Geopolitical Trends
  • 2.5.4 Increasing Frequency of Natural Disasters
  • 2.5.5 Combat Mission Fuel Supply Vulnerability
  • 2.5.6 DOE Support for Smart Grid
  • 2.5.7 DOD' s Energy Initiatives and Policies
    • 2.5.7.1 ASD' s Operational Energy Plans and Programs
    • 2.5.7.2 SERDP and ESTCP Partnership
    • 2.5.7.3 Energy Conservation Investment Program
    • 2.5.7.4 Smart and Green Energy (SAGE)
  • 2.5.8 DOD Microgrid Pilots
    • 2.5.8.1 SPIDERS Case Study
    • 2.5.8.2 Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Base and Wheeler Air Force Base
    • 2.5.8.3 Other Microgrid Projects
  • 2.5.9 Additional Funding Sources
  • 2.5.10 Three Key DOD Policy Drivers for Microgrids
    • 2.5.10.1 Net Zero Energy Mandates
    • 2.5.10.2 25% Renewable Energy by 2025 Mandate
    • 2.5.10.3 Defense Critical Infrastructure Program
  • 2.5.11 Three Potential DOD Show-Stoppers
• 2.6 Implementation Issues
  • 2.6.1 UL 1741 Safety Standard
  • 2.6.2 IEEE Islanding and Storage Standards
  • 2.6.3 NIST Cyber Security Standards
  • 2.6.4 Indifferent (or even Hostile) Host Distribution Utilities
  • 2.6.5 Physical and Cyber Security

3. Technology Issues

• 3.1 Military Microgrid Technology Overview
  • 3.1.1 Growth in Distributed Generation
    • 3.1.1.1 Renewable Distributed Energy Generation
    • 3.1.1.2 Combined Heat and Power
    • 3.1.1.3 Fuel Cells
• 3.2 The New Microgrid Paradigm
  • 3.2.1 Basic Principles
  • 3.2.2 Pros and Cons
  • 3.2.3 Commercialization Time Horizon
  • 3.2.4 Cost
    • 3.2.4.1 Relative Component Cost Breakdown
• 3.3 Microgrid "Control" Systems
  • 3.3.1 Basic Principles
  • 3.3.2 Pros and Cons
  • 3.3.3 Commercialization Time Horizon
  • 3.3.4 Cost Ranges
• 3.4 Virtual Power Plants
  • 3.4.1 DR-VPP Parameters
  • 3.4.2 Cost
  • 3.4.3 The Pros and Cons of VPPs

4. Key Industry Players

• 4.1 Large Defense Contractors
  • 4.1.1 Honeywell
  • 4.1.2 Lockheed Martin
• 4.2 Other Large Corporate Players
  • 4.2.1 Eaton
  • 4.2.2 General Electric
  • 4.2.3 Rolls-Royce
  • 4.2.4 Siemens
• 4.3 CHP and Controls Innovators
  • 4.3.1 Tecogen Inc.
• 4.4 Proven Microgrid Technology Integrators
  • 4.4.1 Encorp
• 4.5 VPP Software Providers
  • 4.5.1 Power Analytics
  • 4.5.2 Viridity Energy
• 4.6 Energy Storage Innovators
  • 4.6.1 ZBB Energy Corp.
• 4.7 Technology Game Changers
  • 4.7.1 Skybuilt Power
  • 4.7.2 Sturman Industries
• 4.8 Research Institutions
  • 4.8.1 Sandia Laboratories

5. Market Forecasts

• 5.1 Is the DOD the Global Microgrid Market Leader?
• 5.2 Methodology for Military Microgrid Forecasts
  • 5.2.1 Exponential Growth
  • 5.2.2 Baseline, Average, and Aggressive Growth Scenarios
• 5.3 Global Overview
  • 5.3.1 North America
  • 5.3.2 Asia Pacific
  • 5.3.3 Rest of the World
• 5.4 Stationary DOD Military Microgrids
  • 5.4.1 Case Study: Twentynine Palms Marine Corps Base
  • 5.4.2 MW Capacity Forecast - Stationary Base Microgrids
  • 5.4.3 Revenue Forecasts - Stationary Base Microgrids
• 5.5 Mobile DOD Military Microgrids
  • 5.5.1 Case Study: ExFOB
  • 5.5.2 Number of FOBs
  • 5.5.3 Mobile Microgrids MW Capacity Forecasts
  • 5.5.4 Mobile Microgrids Revenue Forecasts

6. Company Directory

7. Acronym and Abbreviation List

8. Table of Contents

9. Table of Charts and Figures

10. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• U.S. Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Mobile Microgrid Capacity: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Mobile Microgrid Annual Revenue: 2011-2017
• Renewable Distributed Energy Generation Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009
• U.S. DOD Annual Facility Renewable Energy Purchases by Market Sector: 2010-2030
• U.S. Military Fuel Cell Deployment Capacity: 2011-2017
• DR-VPP Growth, All Scenarios, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Selected U.S. DOD Investments in Sustainable Energy: 2005-2012
• Total U.S. DOD Renewable Energy Procurement: 2005-2030
• U.S. Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Forward Operating Bases: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Mobile Microgrid Capacity: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Mobile Microgrid Annual Revenue: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity, Baseline Scenario: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity, Average Scenario: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity, Aggressive Scenario: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue, Baseline Scenario: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue, Average Scenario: 2011-2017
• U.S. Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue, Aggressive Scenario: 2011-2017
• DOD Energy Costs: 2009
• DOD Operations Energy Costs: 2009
• DOD Facility & Installations Costs: 2009
• DOD Built Infrastructure: 2009
• PQR Hierarchy
• A Solar PV Military Microgrid Schemata
• Microgrid Hub Technologies, Surface Warfare Center, Crane, Indiana
• DOD Fatalities Linked to Fuel Supply, Afghanistan: FY 2005-FY 2009
• DOD Fuel Consumption, Afghanistan: FY 2004-FY 2009
• Diagram Displaying Schneider Electric VPP
• Areas of Grid Congestion in the United States
• Increased Frequency of Natural Disasters
• DOE Microgrid Projects
• ARRA Microgrid Project Share Is ~7% (18 of 132 Projects)
• Key Components of the DOD' s SPIDERS Initiative
• Map of Army, Navy, and Air Force Base Microgrid Research Projects
• U.S. Air Force Fiscal Strategy for Renewable Energy
• Conventional and Microgrid Paradigms
• Current Microgrid Project/Test Center Landscape, United States
• Microgrid Payback Periods and Market Penetration
• CERTS Microgrid Test Bed Layout at AEP
• Germany' s "Regenerative Combined Power Plant"
• Typical Remote Microgrid Load/Generation Profile
• Skybuilt' s Mobile Power Station
• Sturman Engine Renewable-Ammonia Storage Diagram
• Sandia' s "Energy Surety" Microgrid
• Fisher-Pry S Curve for Microgrids
• GE' s Military Microgrid Architecture

List of Tables

• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity, Baseline Scenario, United States: 2011-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity, Average Scenario, United States: 2011-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity, Aggressive Scenario, United States: 2011-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue, Baseline Scenario, United States: 2011-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue, Average Scenario: 2011-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue, Aggressive Scenario: 2011-2017
• Military Forward Operating Bases, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Military Mobile Microgrid Capacity, United States: 2011-2017
• Military Mobile Microgrid Annual Revenue, United States: 2011-2017
• Military Energy Goals, United States
• Operational Energy Strategies, United States Department of Defense: 2011
• Defense Energy Programs and Organizations, United States
• Microgrid Projects, Military Segment
• SWOT Analysis for Military Stationary Base Microgrids
• SWOT Analysis for Mobile Microgrids
• VPP versus Central Station Power Plant
• SWOT Analysis for Military VPPs
• Top Four U.S. Military Energy Initiatives
• Honeywell SWOT Analysis
• Lockheed Martin SWOT Analysis
• Eaton SWOT Analysis
• GE SWOT Analysis
• Rolls-Royce SWOT Analysis
• Siemens SWOT Analysis
• Tecogen SWOT Analysis
• Encorp SWOT Analysis
• Power Analytics SWOT Analysis
• Viridity Energy SWOT Analysis
• ZBB Energy Corp. SWOT Analysis
• Skybuilt Power SWOT Analysis
• Sturman Industries SWOT Analysis

軍用微電網的供給電力獎，到2017年為止以年率700％以上成長