藥品批發・通路產業：未來預測・產業分析

藥品批發・通路產業：未來預測・產業分析 是由出版商Visiongain在2008年06月所出版的。 這份英文市場調查報告書包含136 pages 價格從美金2331起跳。

目錄

Abstract

The major problem facing the Wholesale & Distribution industry is its low profit margin which is in the region of only 1-2%. However, this market is entering into a crucial period with many key products losing patent protection, facing heavy generic competition. As generics are priced lower than their branded counterparts, the actual dollar profit on them taken by W&D companies, for their movement, is reduced. In the light of this, other key factors such as new pricing and distribution models are also discussed in more detail. Other important issues that are affecting the industry and discussed in detail include:

• 1. Drug Counterfeiting
• 2. Direct-to-Pharmacy Distribution
• 3. Parallel Trade
• 4. Canada and US Drug Reimportation
• 5. Internet drugs: Mail Order and On-line Pharmacies.

The objectives of this report are to understand the W&D industry, why it occurs, who it affects, different natures of wholesale-distribution and what kinds of strategies are involved. Wholesale-Distribution has both pros and cons for different healthcare stakeholders. Wholesale-Distribution is a complex area, where there are many "grey" areas.

In particular, The Pharmaceutical Wholesale and Distribution Sector concentrates on the following essential aspects of the industry:

• Discussion of the current W&D market
• Forecast of the big three US wholesalers from 2008-2013
• Drivers and restraints facing the W&D market
• Opportunities and threats facing the W&D market
• Commercial prospects for the W&D market
• Discussion of unmet needs

This report examines the industry critically through a comprehensive review of available information, including that from commercial databases and other highly relevant sources, including SWOT analysis. Visiongain applies financial forecasting, qualitative analyses and the assessment of unmet needs to provide a comprehensive market report with detailed analysis and informed opinion.

Why you should buy this report:

• To receive a comprehensive analysis of the prospects for the W&D market
• To discover predicted revenues, growth rates and other key metrics for the big three US wholesalers from 2008-2013
• To determine key activities of leading pharmaceutical manufacturers
• To determine the forces that influence the W&D market
• Competitive characteristics of the market
• Drivers
• Restraints
• Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT analysis)
• To find out where the W&D industry is heading - both technologically and commercially

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Executive Summary

• 1.1 Continual Low Profit Margins is the Major Problem for the W&D Industry
• 1.2 Parallel Trade Will Not Go Away
• 1.3 Canada and US Drug Reimportation Will Not Develop Further
• 1.4 Direct-to-Pharmacy Distribution Will Cut Out the ' Middle Man'
• 1.5 Drug Counterfeiting is a Problem for Western Markets but can be Controlled
• 1.6 Internet drugs (Mail Order and On-line Pharmacies) will Show Increasing Growth
• 1.7 The Increasing Genericisation of all Drug Markets Remains a Threat to the W&D Industry
• 1.8 Aims, Scope and Format of the Report

Chapter 2 Introduction

• 2.1 The Wholesale and Distribution Industry - Overview
  • 2.1.1 Drug Wholesalers - More Than Just a Middleman
  • 2.1.2 Roles and Functions of the W&D Companies
  • 2.1.3 Distinctive Features and Difficulties Facing the Pharmaceutical UK Wholesale Market
• 2.2 There are Four Different Types of Wholesaler
  • 2.2.1 Full-line wholesalers
  • 2.2.2 Short-line wholesalers
  • 2.2.3 Pre-wholesaling is Predominantly a European Experience
  • 2.2.4 Secondary Wholesaler' s and their Effect on the Pharmaceutical Industry
• 2.3 The Supply Chain: The Importance of an Efficient Supply Chain for Competitive Operations Within the Pharmaceutical Industry
  • 2.3.1 The Internet is Rapidly Becoming an Integral Part of the W&D Supply Chain
• 2.4 The Big Three Dominates the US W&D Industry
• 2.5 The Top Ten Countries in the Pharmaceutical Industry - Retail & Hospital Sector Breakdown

Chapter 3 Forces Affecting the Pharmaceutical Wholesale-Distribution Industry

• 3.1 SWOT analysis
  • 3.1.1 Market Drivers
  • 3.1.2 Market Restraints
• 3.2 High Demand for Pharmaceutical Products Will Drive the Wholesale-Distribution Industry
• 3.3 The Efficiency of W&D Operations Helps to Keep Drug Prices Low
• 3.4 Fee-For-Service is Becoming Predominant in the US But Will Not Affect European W&D
• 3.5 Globalisation Will Provide an Opportunity to Expand the Wholesale-Distribution Industry - However it Could Increase More Parallel Trading and Drug Counterfeits
• 3.6 Continual Low Profit Margins is the Major Problem for the W&D Industry
  • 3.6.1 The Increasing Genericisation of all Drug Markets Remains a Threat to the W&D Industry Profit Margin
• 3.7 The European W&D Industry is Hampered by Strict Drug Price Controls
• 3.8 Drug Counterfeiting is a Problem for Western Markets but Can be Controlled
• 3.9 Would Market Harmonisation in the EU Eliminate the Practice of Parallel Trade?
  • 3.9.1 The Exhaustion of IPR Allows for the Importation of Drugs
• 3.10 Direct-to-consumer distribution channels will diminish the role of wholesalers
• 3.11 Structural Changes Within the European Pharmaceutical Markets Affecting the Wholesale & Distribution Industry
• 3.12 W&D and Price Regulation in India
• 3.13 Antimicrobial Drug Supply and Distribution in the Developing Countries

Chapter 4 Parallel Trade in the W&D Industry

• 4.1 What is Parallel Trade and Why Does it Exist?
• 4.2 Pricing in the Pharmaceutical Industry
  • 4.2.1 Factors that Influence Pricing
  • 4.2.2 Price Differentials
  • 4.2.3 Pricing is Not the Only Factor in Determining the Parallel Trade Potential for a Drug
  • 4.2.4 The Repackaging of Pharmaceuticals is an Important Aspect of Parallel Trade
• 4.3 Exhaustion of Rights
  • 4.3.1 National Exhaustion
  • 4.3.2 Regional Exhaustion
  • 4.3.3 International Exhaustion
  • 4.3.4 Intellectual Property Rights
• 4.4 Parallel Trade is Predominantly a European Activity
• 4.5 The UK is the Largest Importer of Parallel Traded Drugs
  • 4.5.1 The Method of Parallel Trade Importing into the UK
  • 4.5.2 The Regulation of UK Parallel Trade
• 4.6 The Arguments For and Against Parallel Trade
• 4.6.1 The Drug Company' s Arguments Against Parallel Trade are Weak
• 4.7 EU Drug Price Harmonisation is Unlikely

Chapter 5 Drug Counterfeits - A Major Problem in the W&D Industry

• 5.1 The Legal Definitions of a Counterfeit Drug
  • 5.1.1 Grouping Counterfeits
• 5.2 Prevalence of Counterfeiting
• 5.3 The Economic and Healthcare Cost of Drug Counterfeiting
  • 5.3.1 The Economic Cost of Drug Counterfeiting
  • 5.3.2 The Health Cost of Drug Counterfeiting
  • 5.3.3 The Most Commonly Counterfeited Drugs by Country Region
  • 5.3.4 Counterfeit Drugs Thrive Through Lack of Adequate and Enforceable Legislation
• 5.4 Counterfeit Drugs is Not Just a Developing World Problem
• 5.5 Counterfeit Lipitor Dispersed Through the UK Supply Chain
• 5.6 Global Reports of Counterfeit Medicines
• 5.7 Moving Counterfeit Drugs into the Supply Chain
  • 5.7.1 The Distribution Network as the Place of Entry for Counterfeit Drugs
• 5.8 The Detrimental Effects of Counterfeit Drugs on Business Development
  • 5.8.1 The Effect of Counterfeit Drugs on Consumers
  • 5.8.2 The Effect of Counterfeit Drugs on Drug Manufacturers
  • 5.8.3 The Effect of Counterfeit Drugs on Health Care Providers
  • 5.8.4 The Effect of Counterfeit Drugs on Governments
• 5.9 The Four Types of Counterfeit Drugs
• 5.10 The Complexity of Wholesale and Distribution Routes Aids the Counterfeiter
• 5.11 The Regulatory Strategies in Combating Drug Counterfeiting
• 5.12 The Technical Strategies in Combating Counterfeit Drugs
  • 5.12.1 Holograms as Anti-Counterfeiting Devices
  • 5.12.2 Security Inks as Anti-Counterfeit Devices
  • 5.12.3 Micro Tags as Anti-Counterfeit Devices
  • 5.12.4 Radio Frequency Identification Tags (RFID) as Anti-Counterfeit Devices

Chapter 6 Fee-For-Service Pricing Model in the Pharmaceutical Wholesaling Industry

• 6.1 What is the Fee-For-Service Pricing Model?
  • 6.1.1 Why Switch to This Pricing Model?
• 6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages for the Fee-For-Service Pricing Strategy
• 6.3 Drug Manufacturers Will Want an Incentive to Shift to Fee-For-Service
• 6.4 Fee-For-Service is a Risk for the W&D Industry
• 6.5 The US Big Three W&D Companies Have Prepared for Fee-For-Service
• 6.6 Inventory Management Agreements (IMAs) are the Fee-For-Service Agreements
  • 6.6.1 The Experience of Fee-For-Service/IMAs is Limited
• 6.7 Fee-For-Service in the US and Europe Compared
• 6.8 US Based Cardinal Health Signs Fee-For-Service Deal with Eli Lilly
• 6.9 AmerisourceBergen and McKesson Say Fee-For-Service Negotiations are on Track
• 6.10 Fee-For-Service is the Future of the W&D Industry

Chapter 7 Canada and US Drug Reimportation

• 7.1 Pricing Differential Has Led to Drug Reimportation
• 7.2 Drugs are Not Always Cheaper in Canada Compared With the US
• 7.3 Generic Drugs Cheaper in the US and not Canada
• 7.4 It is Legal for the US to Import Drugs from Canada but only if the Drugs are Proven Safe
  • 7.4.1 The US Drug Regulators Cannot Guarantee Imported Drug Safety
• 7.5 The US States Currently Active in US/Canada Drug Reimportation
• 7.6 Why are Pharmaceutical Prices Lower in Canada?
• 7.7 Reimportation is a Form of Price Control That May have Poor Financial Consequences for the Pharmaceutical Industry
• 7.8 The Response of the Major Drug Companies on Drug Reimportation from Canada
• 7.9 The Response of the Canadian Pharmacies to Drug Reimportation
• 7.10 The Overall Savings from Drug Reimportation for the Consumer and the US Government is Small
• 7.11 Drug Reimportation Will Never Work on a Large Scale

Chapter 8 The Big Three US Wholesalers

• 8.1 The Big Three - Overview
• 8.2 McKesson - the Leading Wholesaler in the US
  • 8.2.1 Pharmaceutical Solutions
  • 8.2.2 Medical-Surgical Solutions
  • 8.2.3 Information Solutions
  • 8.2.4 Business Switch to Fee-For-Service Model
• 8.3 Cardinal Health had Revenues of $81bn for the 2007 Financial Year
  • 8.3.1 Pharmaceutical Distribution and Provider Services
  • 8.3.2 Fee-For-Service Move
  • 8.3.3 Cardinal Health and CMS Sign Primary Distribution Agreement for RFID-enabled Sponge Counting, Detection System
• 8.4 AmerisourceBergen Will Remain as the Third Largest US Wholesaler
  • 8.4.1 AmerisourceBergen Losses Important VA Contract
  • 8.4.2 ABC Announces $250 Million Accelerated Share Repurchase Transaction
  • 8.4.3 ABC Buys Bellco Health for $190 Million
• 8.5 Competition Between the Big Three Remains High

Chapter 9 Direct to Pharmacy Distribution in the W&D Industry

• 9.1 What is Direct to Pharmacy Distribution (DTP)?
• 9.2 What are the Benefits of This Distribution Model?
• 9.3 The Concerns of DTP
  • 9.3.1 The Concerns of DTP from the Perspective of Wholesalers
  • 9.3.2 The Concerns of DTP from the Perspective of Pharmacists
  • 9.3.3 The DTP model from the Perspective of the Pharmaceutical Manufacturers
  • 9.3.4 The Implications of DTP
  • 9.3.5 DTP Adoption Will Affect Competition in the W&D Industry
• 9.4 DTP Model Will Not Stop Counterfeit Drugs Entering the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain, Experts Say
• 9.5 AstraZeneca UK - The Latest Manufacturer to Introduce DTP Distribution
• 9.6 DTP is Predominately Adopted in the UK Only - Will This Spread Across the Major Markets?

Chapter 10 Internet Drugs: Mail Order and On-Line Pharmacies

• 10.1 The Internet - A Relatively New Method of Selling Drugs to the Consumer
• 10.2 Use of the Internet Usage has Seen High Growth in Both the Developing and Developed Countries/Regions
• 10.3 The US has the Highest Numbers of Internet Users
• 10.4 Online Pharmacies Offer a Diverse Number of Services
• 10.5 US Mail Order/On-line Drugs has High Growth
• 10.6 Online Pharmacies May Need to Diversify their Business Base
• 10.7 Most US Online Drug Sales are from Women
• 10.8 Online Drugs and Services May Pose a Significant Health Risk
• 10.9 Consumers Satisfied with Mail Order
• 10.10 On-line Prescriptions Facts
• 10.11 European Online Drug Sales are Low and Limited to OTC
• 10.12 Online Pharmacy Sites are A Potential Haven for Counterfeiters
• 10.13 The Verified Internet Pharmacy Practice Site (VIPPS)

Chapter 11 Conclusions - The Pharmaceutical W&D Sector is Undergoing Significant Change

• 11.1 High Demand for Pharmaceutical Products Will Drive the W&D Industry
  • 11.1.1 Factors That Will Drive the W&D Industry
  • 11.1.2 Factors That Will Restrain the W&D Industry
• 11.2 Wholesale Distribution in the European Market Region
• 11.3 Wholesale Distribution in the US Market Region
• 11.4 Advantages and Disadvantages for the Fee-For-Service Pricing Strategy
• 11.5 Despite the Development of Fee-for-Service Both the US and European W&D Industries will see Continually Low Profit Margins
• 11.6 Direct-to-Consumer Distribution Channels will Diminish the Role of Wholesalers
• 11.7 The Complexity of Wholesale and Distribution Routes Aids the Counterfeiter

List of Tables

• Table 2.1 Types of Wholesalers Described, 2008
• Table 2.2 Pharmaceutical retail & hospital breakdown ($bn) in the top ten countries, 2006
• Table 2.3 Pharmaceutical retail & hospital breakdown (%) in the top ten countries, 2006
• Table 3.1 SWOT Analysis of the W&D Industry
• Table 4.1 Comparative Drug Prices in Selected Developed Countries
• Table 4.2 All Factors that Influence Drug Prices
• Table 4.3 Pricing Differentials for Leading Drugs (30 day supply)
• Table 5.1 Top Ranked Countries where Counterfeits were Seized/Discovered
• Table 7.1 Comparison of Drug Prices Between the US and Canada, 2008
• Table 7.2 Comparison of Generic Drug Prices Between the US and Canada, 2008
• Table 8.1 Segment breakdown of McKesson' s Revenue, 2007
• Table 8.2 McKesson Revenue Forecast ($bn), 2008-2013
• Table 8.3 Cardinal Health' s Revenue ($bn) and Operating Margin (%), 2004-2007
• Table 8.4 Cardinal Health Revenue Forecast ($bn), 2008-2013
• Table 8.5 AmerisourceBergen Revenue Forecast ($bn), 2008-2013
• Table 8.6 ABC' s Operating Income and Revenue ($m), 2005-2007
• Table 10.1 World Internet Usage and Population Statistics, 2007
• Table 10.2 Top Ten Countries with Highest Number of Internet Users, 2007
• Table 10.3 Countries with the Highest Internet Penetration Rate, 2007
• Table 10.4 US Prescription Sales ($bn) by Distribution Sector, 2007
• Table 10.5 Market Share (%) of US Mail Order Revenue of all Prescription Sales ($bn), 2003-2007

List of Figures

• Figure 2.1 Pharmaceutical retail & hospital breakdown ($bn) in the top ten countries, 2006
• Figure 5.1 Flow diagram of how drug counterfeits enter the US supply chain
• Figure 8.1 Revenues of the big three US wholesalers ($bn), 2007
• Figure 8.2 ABC' s Business Segment Breakdown (%), 2007
• Figure 8.3 Revenue Forecasts' of the Big Three US Wholesalers ($m), 2008-2013
• Figure 10.1 US Prescription Sales by Distribution Sector, Market Share (%), 2007
• Figure 10.2 Market Share (%) of US Mail Order Revenue of all Prescription Sales ($bn), 2003-2007

Companies Listed

• AAH Pharmaceuticals
• Alliance UniChem
• American Bank Note Holographics
• (ABNH)
• AmerisourceBergen Corp. (ABC)
• AstraZeneca
• British Association of Pharmaceutical
• Wholesalers (BAPW)
• Cardinal Health (CAH)
• Caremark Rx
• Celesio
• ClearCount Medical Solutions (CMS)
• Department of Health (DH)
• DIGEMID
• Eli Lilly
• EMEA
• Express Scripts
• FDA
• FSHSS
• GSK
• Health and Human Services (HHS)
• Health Maintenance Organisations
• (HMOs)
• IMS
• International Pharmaceutical
• Manufacturers Group (IPMG)
• IWS
• McKesson (MCK)
• Medco Health Solutions
• Medicines and Healthcare Products
• Regulatory Agency (MHRA)
• MINSA
• National Association of Boards of
• Pharmacy (NABP)
• National Health Service (NHS)
• Nielsen
• OFT
• Patented Medicine Prices Review
• Board (PMPRB)
• Pembroke Consulting
• Pfizer
• Pharmaceutical Care Management
• Association (PCMA)
• Sanofi-Aventis
• UniChem Limited
• UnitedHealth Group
• World Health Organisation (WHO)

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