Abstract
Summary
Nanotechnology is the creation and utilization of materials, devices, and
systems through the control of matter on the nanometer-length scale (a
nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Nanobiotechnology, an integration of
physical sciences, molecular engineering, biology, chemistry and biotechnology
holds considerable promise of advances in pharmaceuticals and healthcare. The
report starts with an introduction to various techniques and materials that
are relevant to nanobiotechnology. It includes some of the physical forms of
energy such as nanolasers. Some of the technologies are scaling down such as
microfluidics to nanofluidic biochips and others are constructions from bottom
up. Application in life sciences research, particularly at the cell level sets
the stage for role of nanobiotechnology in healthcare in subsequent chapters.
Some of the earliest applications are in molecular diagnostics. Nanoparticles,
particularly quantum dots, are playing important roles. In vitro diagnostics,
does not have any of the safety concerns associated with the fate of
nanoparticles introduced into the human body. Numerous nanodevices and
nanosystems for sequencing single molecules of DNA are feasible. Various
nanodiagnostics that have been reviewed will improve the sensitivity and
extend the present limits of molecular diagnostics.
An increasing use of nanobiotechnology by the pharmaceutical and biotechnology
industries is anticipated. Nanotechnology will be applied at all stages of
drug development - from formulations for optimal delivery to diagnostic
applications in clinical trials. Many of the assays based on nanobiotechnology
will enable high-throughput screening. Some of nanostructures such as
fullerenes are themselves drug candidates as they allow precise grafting of
active chemical groups in three-dimensional orientations. The most important
pharmaceutical applications are in drug delivery. Apart from offering a
solution to solubility problems, nanobiotechnology provides and intracellular
delivery possibilities. Skin penetration is improved in transdermal drug
delivery. A particularly effective application is as nonviral gene therapy
vectors. Nanotechnology has the potential to provide controlled release
devices with autonomous operation guided by the needs.
Nanomedicine is now within the realm of reality starting with nanodiagnostics
and drug delivery facilitated by nanobiotechnology. Miniature devices such as
nanorobots could carry out integrated diagnosis and therapy by refined and
minimally invasive procedures, nanosurgery, as an alternative to crude
surgery. Applications of nanobiotechnology are described according to various
therapeutic systems. Nanotechnology will markedly improve the implants and
tissue engineering approaches as well. Other applications such as for
management of biological warfare injuries and poisoning are included.
Contribution of nanobiotechnology to nutrition and public health such as
supply of purified water are also included.
There is some concern about the safety of nanoparticles introduced in the
human body and released into the environment. Research is underway to address
these issues. As yet there are no FDA directives to regulate nanobiotechnology
but as products are ready to enter market, these are expected to be in place.
Future nanobiotechnology markets are calculated on the basis of the background
markets in the areas of application and the share of this market by new
technologies and state of development at any given year in the future. This is
based on a comprehensive and thorough review of the current status of
nanobiotechnology, research work in progress and anticipated progress. There
is definite indication of large growth of the market but it will be uneven and
cannot be plotted as a steady growth curve. Marketing estimates are given
according to areas of application, technologies and geographical distribution
starting with 2011. The largest expansion is expected between the years 2016
and 2021.
Profiles of 249 companies, out of over 500 involved in this area, are included
in the last chapter along with their 183 collaborations.The report is
supplemented with 45 Tables, 24 figures and 700 references to the literature.
Table of Contents
Part-I
0. Executive Summary
1. Introduction
- Nanomedicine
- Basics of nanobiotechnology
- Relation of nanobiotechnology to nanomedicine
- Landmarks in the evolution of nanomedicine
- Nanomedicine as a part of evolution of medicine
2. Nanotechnologies
- Introduction
- Classification of nanobiotechnologies
- Nanoparticles
- Gold nanoparticles
- Cubosomes
- Fluorescent nanoparticles
- Fullerenes
- Lipoparticles
- Nanoparticles assembly into micelles
- Nanoshells
- Paramagnetic and superparamagnetic nanoparticles
- Polymer nanoparticles
- Quantum dots
- Silica nanoparticles
- Bacterial structures relevant to nanobiotechnology
- Nanostructures based on bacterial cell surface layers
- Bacterial magnetic particles
- Carbon nanotubes
- Medical applications of nanotubes
- Dendrimers
- Properties
- Applications
- DNA octahedron
- Potential applications
- Nanowires
- Polymer nanofibers
- Nanopores
- Nanoporous silica aerogel
- Nanostructured silicon
- Polymer nanofibers
- Nanoparticle conjugates
- DNA-nanoparticle conjugates
- Networks of gold nanoparticles and bacteriophage
- Protein-nanoparticle combination
- Nanomaterials for biolabeling
- DNA Nanotags
- Fluorescent lanthanide nanorods
- Magnetic nanotags
- Molecular computational identification
- Nanophosphor labels
- Organic nanoparticles as biolabels
- Quantum dots as labels
- SERS nanotags
- Silica nanoparticles for labeling antibodies
- Silver nanoparticle labels
- Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems
- BioMEMS
- Microarrays and nanoarrays
- Dip Pen Nanolithography for nanoarrays
- Applications of dip-pen nanolithography
- Protein nanoarrays
- Single-molecule protein arrays
- Microfluidics and nanofluidics
- Nanotechnology on a chip
- Microfluidic chips for nanoliter volumes
- Use of nanotechnology in microfluidics
- Construction of nanofluidic channels
- Nanoscale flow visualization
- Moving (levitation) of nanofluidic drops with physical forces
- Electrochemical nanofluid injection
- Nanofluidics on nanopatterned surfaces
- Nano-interface in a microfluidic chip
- Nanofluidic channels for study of DNA
- Visualization and manipulation on nanoscale
- 4Pi microscope
- Atomic force microscopy
- Basic AFM operation
- Advantages of AFM
- Force sensing Integrated Readout and Active Tip
- AFM as nanorobot
- Cantilever technology
- CytoViva® Microscope System
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer
- Magnetic resonance force microscopy and nanoscale MRI
- Multiple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy
- Near-field scanning optical microscopy
- Nano-sized light source for single cell endoscopy
- Nanoparticle characterization by Halo™ LM10 technology
- Nanoscale scanning electron microscopy
- Use of SEM to reconstruct 3D tissue nanostructure
- Optical Imaging with a Silver Superlens
- Photoactivated localization microscopy
- Scanning probe microscopy
- Partial wave spectroscopy
- Super-resolution microscopy for in vivo cell imaging
- Ultra-nanocrystalline diamond
- Visualizing atoms with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy
- Surface plasmon resonance
3. Nanotechnologies for Basic Research Relevant to Medicine
- Introduction
- Nanotechnology and biology
- NanoSystems Biology
- Nanobiology and the cell
- Biosensing of cellular responses
- Control of T cell signaling activity
- Measuring mass of single cells
- Nanostructures involved in endocytosis
- Nanotechnology-based live-cell single molecule assays
- Quantum dots for stem cell labeling
- Quantum dots for study of apoptosis
- Single cell injection by nanolasers
- Study of complex biological systems
- Molecular motors
- Nanomotor made of nucleic acids
- phi29 DNA packaging nanomotor
- Light-activated ion channel molecular machines
- Application of AFM for biomolecular imaging
- Future insights into biomolecular processes by AFM
- 4Pi microscopy to study DNA double-strand breaks
- Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry
- Applications of biomolecular computing in life sciences
- Microbial nanomaterials
- Use of bacteria to construct nanomachines
- Bacteriophage nanoshells
- Natural nanocomposites
- Nanotechnology in biological research
- QDs for biological research
- Molecular biology and nanotechnology
- Structural DNA nanotechnology
- RNA nanotechnology
- Genetically engineered proteins for nanobiotechnology
- Single molecule studies
- Optical trapping and single-molecule fluorescence
- 3D single-molecular imaging by coherent X-ray diffraction imaging
- Nanochemistry
- Nanoscale pH Meter
- Nanolaser applications in life sciences
- Nanoelectroporation
- Nanomanipulation
- Nanomanipulation by combination of AFM and other devices
- Surgery on living cells using AFM with nanoneedles
- Optoelectronic tweezers
- Optical manipulation of nanoparticles
- Manipulation of DNA sequence by use of nanoparticles as laser light
antennas
- Nanomanipulation of single molecule
- Fluorescence-force spectroscopy
- Nanomanipulation for study of mechanism of anticancer drugs
- Nanotechnology in genomic research
- Nanotechnology for separation of DNA fragments
- Nanotechnology-based DNA sequencing
- Role of nanobiotechnology in identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms
- Nanobiotechnology for study of mitochondria
- Nanomaterials for the study of mitochondria
- Study of mitochondria with nanolaser spectroscopy
- Role of nanotechnology in proteomics research
- Study of proteins by atomic force microscopy
- Single cell nanoprobe for studying gene expression of individual cells
- Nanoproteomics
- Dynamic reassembly of peptides
- High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry
- Multi Photon Detection
- Nanoflow liquid chromatography
- Nanoproteomics for study of misfolded proteins
- Nanotube electronic biosensor for proteomics
- Protein nanocrystallography
- QD-protein nanoassembly
- Proteomics at single molecule level
- Study of protein synthesis and single-molecule processes
- Protein expression in individual cells at the single molecule level
- Single-molecule mass spectrometry using nanotechnology
- Biochips for nanoscale proteomics
- Protein biochips based on fluorescence planar wave guide technology
- Nanofilter array chip
- Role of nanotechnology in study of membrane proteins
- Nanoparticles for study of membrane proteins
- Study of single protein interaction with cell membrane
- Quantum dots to label cell surface proteins
- Study of single membrane proteins at subnanometer resolution
- Nanoparticle-protein interactions
- Protein engineering on nanoscale
- Nanowires for protein engineering
- A nanoscale mechanism for protein engineering
- Role of nanoparticles in self-assembly of proteins
- Role of nanotechnology in peptide engineering
- Manipulating redox systems for nanotechnology
- Self-assembling peptide scaffold technology for 3D cell culture
- Nanobiotechnology and ion channels
- AFM for characterization of ion channels
- Aquaporin water channels
- Remote control of ion channels through magnetic-field heating of
nanoparticles
- Role of nanobiotechnology in engineering ion channels
- Nanotechnology and bioinformatics
- 3D nano-map of synapse
4. Nanomolecular Diagnostics
- Introduction
- Nanodiagnostics
- Rationale of nanotechnology for molecular diagnostics
- Nanoarrays for molecular diagnostics
- Nanofluidic/nanoarray devices to detect a single molecule of DNA
- Protein nanoarrays
- Protein nanobiochip
- Fullerene photodetectors for chemiluminescence detection on microfluidic
chip
- AFM for molecular diagnostics
- Nanofountain AFM probe
- AFM for immobilization of biomolecules in high-density microarrays
- AFM for nanodissection of chromosomes
- Nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics
- Gold nanoparticles
- QDs for molecular diagnostics
- Quantum dots for detection of pathogenic microorganisms
- Bioconjugated QDs for multiplexed profiling of biomarkers
- Imaging of living tissue with QDs
- Use of nanocrystals in immunohistochemistry
- Magnetic nanoparticles
- Magnetic nanoparticles for bioscreening
- Monitoring of implanted NSCs labeled with nanoparticles
- Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo
- Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for cell tracking
- SPIONs for calcium sensing
- Magnetic nanoparticles for labeling molecules
- Study of living cells by SPIONs
- Imaging applications of nanoparticles
- Dendritic nanoprobes for imaging of angiogenesis
- Gadolinium-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles for tumor-specific MRI
- Gadonanotubes for MRI
- Gold nanorods and nanoparticles as imaging agents
- In vivo imaging using nanoparticles
- Manganese oxide nanoparticles as contrast agent for brain MRI
- Nanoparticles vs microparticles for cellular imaging
- Nanoparticles as contrast agent for MRI
- Optical molecular imaging using targeted magnetic nanoprobes
- QDs for biological imaging
- SPIONs combined with MRI
- Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanoparticles for imaging
- Applications of nanopore technology for molecular diagnostics
- Nanopore technology for detection of single DNA molecules
- Nanocytometry
- DNA-protein and -nanoparticle conjugates
- Resonance Light Scattering technology
- Nanobarcodes technology
- Nanobarcode particle technology for SNP genotyping
- QD nanobarcode for multiplexed gene expression profiling
- Biobarcode assay for proteins
- Single-molecule barcoding system for DNA analysis
- Nanoparticle-based colorimetric DNA detection method
- SNP genotyping with gold nanoparticle
- Nanoparticle-based up-converting phosphor technology
- Surface-Enhanced Resonant Raman Spectroscopy
- Near-infrared (NIR)-emissive polymersomes
- Nanobiotechnology for detection of proteins
- Captamers with proximity extension assay for proteins
- Nanobiosensors
- Cantilevers as biosensors for molecular diagnostics
- Advantages of cantilever technology for molecular recognition
- Antibody-coated nanocantilevers for detection of microorganisms
- Cantilevers for direct detection of active genes
- Carbon nanotube biosensors
- Carbon nanotube sensors coated with ssDNA and electronic readout
- Carbon nanotubes sensors wrapped with DNA and optical detection
- FRET-based DNA nanosensor
- Ion channel switch biosensor technology
- Electronic nanobiosensors
- Electrochemical nanobiosensor
- Metallic nanobiosensors
- Quartz nanobalance biosensor
- Viral nanosensor
- PEBBLE nanosensors
- Detection of cocaine molecules by nanoparticle-labeled aptasensors
- Nanosensors for glucose monitoring
- Nanobiosensors for protein detection
- Optical biosensors
- Laser nanosensors
- Nanoshell biosensors
- Plasmonics and SERS nanoprobes
- Optical mRNA biosensors
- Surface Enhanced Micro-optical Fluidic Systems
- Nanoparticle-enhanced sensitivity of fluorescence-based biosensors
- Nanowire biosensors
- Nanowire biosensors for detection of single viruses
- Nanowires for detection of genetic disorders
- Nanowires biosensor for detecting biowarfare agents
- Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanowire biosensors
- Future issues in the development of nanobiosensors
- Applications of nanodiagnostics
- Nanotechnology for detection of biomarkers
- Nanotechnology for genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms
- Nanoparticles for detecting SNPs
- Nanopores for detecting SNPs
- Nanobiotechnologies for single molecule detection
- Protease-activated QD probes
- Labeling of MSCs with QDs
- Nanotechnology for point-of-care diagnostics
- Nanotechnology-based biochips for POC diagnosis
- Carbon nanotube transistors for genetic screening
- POC monitoring of vital signs with nanobiosensors
- Nanodiagnostics for the battle field and biodefense
- An integrated nanobiosensor
- Nanodiagnostics for integrating diagnostics with therapeutics
- Concluding remarks about nanodiagnostics
- Future prospects of nanodiagnostics
5. Nanopharmaceuticals
- Introduction
- Nanobiotechnology for drug discovery
- Nanofluidic devices for drug discovery
- Gold nanoparticles for drug discovery
- Tracking drug molecules in cells
- SPR with colloidal gold particles
- Use of QDs for drug discovery
- Advantages of the use of QDs for drug discovery
- Drawbacks of the use of QDs for drug discovery
- QDs for imaging drug receptors in the brain
- Lipoparticles for drug discovery
- Biosensor for drug discovery with Lipoparticles
- Magnetic nanoparticles assays
- Analysis of small molecule-protein interactions by nanowire biosensors
- Cells targeting by nanoparticles with attached small molecules
- Role of AFM for study of biomolecular interactions for drug discovery
- Nanoscale devices for drug discovery
- Laboratories-on-a-chip
- Lab-on-Bead
- Nanotechnology for drug design at cellular level
- Nanobiotechnology-based drug development
- Dendrimers as drugs
- Fullerenes as drug candidates
- Nanobodies
- Role of nanobiotechnology in the future of drug discovery
- Nanobiotechnology in drug delivery
- Ideal properties of material for drug delivery
- Improved absorption of drugs in nanoparticulate form
- Interaction of nanoparticles with human blood
- Nanoscale devices delivery of therapeutics
- Nanobiotechnology solutions to the problems of drug delivery
- Nanocomposites for protein delivery
- Nanosuspension formulations
- Nanotechnology for solubilization of water-insoluble drugs
- Self-assembled nanostructures with hydrogels for drug delivery
- Nanomaterials and nanobiotechnologies used for drug delivery
- Viruses as nanomaterials for drug delivery
- Bacteria-mediated delivery of nanoparticles and drugs into cells
- Cell-penetrating peptides
- Nanoparticle-based drug delivery
- Cationic nanoparticles
- Ceramic nanoparticles
- Cyclodextrin nanoparticles for drug delivery
- Dendrimers for drug delivery
- DNA-assembled dendrimers for drug delivery
- Fullerenes for drug delivery
- Amphiphilic fullerene derivatives
- Fullerene conjugates for intracellular delivery of peptides
- Gold nanoparticles as drug carriers
- Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles
- Nanocomposite membranes for magnetically triggered drug delivery
- Nanocrystals
- Nanocrystalline silver
- Elan's NanoCrystal technology
- Biorise system
- Nanodiamonds
- Polymer nanoparticles
- Biodegradable PEG nanoparticles for penetrating the mucus barrier
- PLGA-based nanodelivery technologies
- Polymeric micelles
- Chitosan nanoparticles
- QDs for drug delivery
- Special procedures in nanoparticle-based drug delivery
- Coated nanoparticles for penetrating cell membranes without damage
- Combinatorial synthesis of nanoparticles for intracellular delivery
- Drug delivery using “Particle Replication in Nonwetting Templates”
- Encapsulating water-insoluble drugs in nanoparticles
- Filomicelles vs spherical nanoparticles for drug delivery
- Flash NanoPrecipitation
- Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery
- Nanoparticles bound together in spherical shapes
- Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for imaging and targeted drug-delivery
- Prolonging circulation of nanoparticles by attachment to RBCs
- Self-assembling nanoparticles for intracellular drug delivery
- Trojan nanoparticles
- Therapeutic protein delivery from nanoparticle-protein complexes
- Triggered release of drugs from nanoparticles
- Liposomes
- Basics of liposomes
- Stabilization of phospholipid liposomes using nanoparticles
- Lipid nanoparticles
- Applications of lipid nanoparticles
- Polymerized liposomal nanoparticle
- Solid lipid nanoparticles
- Lipid nanocapsules
- Lipid emulsions with nanoparticles
- Nanostructured organogels
- Limitations of liposomes for drug delivery
- Liposomes incorporating fullerenes
- Arsonoliposomes
- Liposome-nanoparticle hybrids
- Nanogels
- Nanogel-liposome combination
- Nanospheres
- Nanotubes
- Carbon nanotubes for drug delivery
- CNT-liposome conjugates for drug delivery into cells
- Lipid-protein nanotubes for drug delivery
- Halloysite nanotubes for drug delivery
- Nanocochleates
- Nanobiotechnology and drug delivery devices
- Nano-encapsulation
- Nanotechnology-based device for insulin delivery
- Nanoporous materials for drug delivery devices
- Nanopore membrane in implantable titanium drug delivery device
- Measuring the permeability of nanomembranes
- Nanovalves for drug delivery
- Nanochips for drug delivery
- Nanobiotechnology-based transdermal drug delivery
- Introduction
- Delivery of nanostructured drugs from transdermal patches
- Effect of mechanical flexion on penetration of bucky balls through the skin
- Ethosomes for transdermal drug delivery
- NanoCyte transdermal drug delivery system
- Safety issues of applications of nanomaterial carriers on the skin
- Transdermal administration of lipid nanocapsules
- Transdermal nanoparticle preparations for systemic effect
- Nasal drug delivery using nanoparticles
- Mucosal drug delivery with nanoparticles
- Future prospects of nanotechnology-based drug delivery
- Nanomolecular valves for controlled drug release
- Nanosponge for drug delivery
- Nanomotors for drug delivery
6. Role of Nanotechnology in Biological Therapies
- Introduction
- Nanotechnology for delivery of proteins and peptides
- Nanobiotechnology for vaccine delivery
- Bacterial spores for delivery of vaccines
- Lipid nanoparticles for immunostimulatory RNA delivery
- Nanoparticles for DNA vaccines
- Nanoparticle-based adjuvants for vaccines
- Nanospheres for controlled release of viral antigens
- Proteosomes™ as vaccine delivery vehicles
- Targeted Synthetic Vaccine Particle (tSVP™) technology
- Nanobiotechnology for gene therapy
- Nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy
- Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as nonviral vectors
- Carbonate apatite nanoparticles for gene delivery
- Gelatin nanoparticles for gene delivery
- Immunolipoplex for delivery of p53 gene
- Lipid nanoparticles for targeted delivery of nucleic acids
- Nanoparticles for imaging and intracellular delivery of nucleic acids
- Nanoparticles linked to viral vectors for photothermal therapy
- Nanoparticles for p53 gene therapy of cancer
- Nanoparticles with virus-like function as gene therapy vectors
- Nanobiolistics for nucleic acid delivery
- Silica nanoparticles for gene delivery
- Targeted nanoparticle-DNA delivery to the cardiovascular system
- Dendrimers for gene transfer
- Cochleate-mediated DNA delivery
- Nanorod gene therapy
- Nanomagnets for targeted cell-based cancer gene therapy
- NanoNeedles for delivery of genetic material into cells
- Application of pulsed magnetic field and superparamagnetic nanoparticles
- Nanobiotechnology for antisense drug delivery
- Antisense nanoparticles
- Dendrimers for antisense drug delivery
- Polymer nanoparticles for antisense delivery system
- Nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery
- Chitosan-coated nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
- Delivery of gold nanorod-siRNA nanoplex to dopaminergic neurons
- Polymer-based nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
- Polyethylenimine nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
- siRNA-PEG nanoparticle-based delivery
- Polycation-based nanoparticles for siRNA delivery
- Calando's technology for targeted delivery of anticancer siRNA
- Delivery of siRNA by nanosize liposomes
- Quantum dots to monitor RNAi delivery
7. Nanodevices & Techniques for Clinical Applications
- Introduction
- Clinical nanodiagnostics
- Nano-endoscopy
- Application of nanotechnology in radiology
- High-resolution ultrasound imaging using nanoparticles
- Nanobiotechnology in tissue engineering
- Nanoscale surfaces for stem cell culture
- 3D nanofilament-based scaffolds
- Electrospinning technology for nanobiofabrication
- Nanomaterials for tissue engineering
- Carbon nanotubes for artificial muscles
- Nanofibers for tissue engineering of skeletal muscle
- Nanobiotechnology combined with stem cell-based therapies
- Nanomaterials for combining tissue engineering and drug delivery
- Nanobiotechnology for organ replacement and assisted function
- Exosomes for drug-free organ transplants
- Nanobiotechnology and organ-assisting devices
- Nanosurgery
- Miniaturization in surgery
- Nanotechnology for hemostasis during surgery
- Minimally invasive surgery using catheters
- Nanorobotics
- Nanoscale laser surgery
8. Nanooncology
- Introduction
- Nanobiotechnology for detection of cancer
- Dendrimers for sensing cancer cell apoptosis
- Detection of circulating cancer cells
- Differentiation between normal and cancer cells by nanosensors
- Gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis
- Gold nanorods for detection of metastatic tumor cells
- Implanted biosensor for cancer
- Nanotubes for detection of cancer proteins
- Nanobiochip sensor technique for analysis of oral cancer biomarkers
- Nanodots for tracking apoptosis in cancer
- Nanolaser spectroscopy for detection of cancer in single cells
- Nanoparticles designed for dual-mode imaging of cancer
- Nanotechnology-based single molecule assays for cancer
- QDs for detection of tumors
- QD-based test for DNA methylation
- Nanobiotechnology for early detection of cancer to improve treatment
- Nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery in cancer
- Nanoparticle formulations for drug delivery in cancer
- Anticancer drug particles incorporated in liposomes
- Cerasomes
- Encapsulating drugs in polymeric nanoparticles
- Encapsulating drugs in hydrogel nanoparticles
- Exosomes
- Folate-linked nanoparticles
- Iron oxide nanoparticles
- Lipid based nanocarriers
- Micelles for drug delivery in cancer
- Minicells for targeted delivery of nanoscale anticancer therapeutics
- Nanocarriers enhance doxorubicin uptake in drug-resistant cancer
- Nanoconjugates for subcutaneous delivery of anticancer drugs
- Nanomaterials for delivery of poorly soluble anticancer drugs
- Nanoparticle formulation for enhancing anticancer efficacy of cisplatin
- Nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel
- Nanoparticles containing albumin and antisense oligonucleotides
- Pegylated nanoliposomal formulation
- Peptide-linked nanoparticle delivery
- Poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate nanoparticles
- Polypeptide-doxorubicin conjugated nanoparticles
- Protosphere nanoparticle technology
- Zinc oxide nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer
- Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics
- Canine parvovirus as a nanocontainer for targeted drug delivery
- Carbon magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
- Carbon nanotubes for targeted drug delivery to cancer cells
- Cyclosert system for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics
- DNA aptamer-micelle for targeted drug delivery in cancer
- Fullerenes for enhancing tumor targeting by antibodies
- Gold nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
- Magnetic nanoparticles for remote-controlled drug delivery to tumors
- Mesoporous silica nanoparticles
- Nanobees for targeted delivery of cytolytic peptide melittin
- Nanovehicles for targeted delivery of paclitaxel
- Nanocell for targeted drug delivery to tumor
- Nanodiamonds for local delivery of chemotherapy at site of cancer
- Nanoimmunoliposome-based system for targeted delivery of siRNA
- Nanoparticle-mediated targeting of MAPK signaling pathway
- Nanoparticles for targeted antisense therapy of cancer
- Nanoparticles for delivery of suicide DNA to prostate tumors
- Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of concurrent chemoradiation
- Nanoparticle-based therapy targeted to cancer metastases
- Nanostructured hyaluronic acid for targeted drug delivery in cancer
- Perfluorocarbon emulsion for targeted chemotherapeutic delivery
- Polymer nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer
- Polymersomes for targeted cancer drug delivery
- Quantum dots and quantum rods for targeted drug delivery in cancer
- Remote controlled drug delivery from magnetic nanocrystals
- Targeted delivery of nanoparticulate drugs into lymphatic system
- Targeted drug delivery with nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates
- Use of T cells for delivery of gold nanoparticles to tumors
- Dendrimers for anticancer drug delivery
- Application of dendrimers in boron neutron capture therapy
- Application of dendrimers in photodynamic therapy
- Dendrimer-based synthetic vector for targeted cancer gene therapy
- Poly-L-lysine dendrimer as antiangiogenetic agent
- RNA nanotechnology for delivery of cancer therapeutics
- Delivery of siRNAs for cancer
- Tumor priming for improving delivery of nanomedicines to solid tumors
- Nanotechnology-based cancer therapy
- Devices for nanotechnology-based cancer therapy
- Convection-enhanced delivery with nanoliposomal CPT-11
- Nanoengineered silicon for brachytherapy
- Anticancer effect of nanoparticles
- Antiangiogenic therapy using nanoparticles
- Cytotoxic effects of cancer nanoparticles
- Nanoshell-based cancer therapy
- Nanobody-based cancer therapy
- Nanoparticles combined with physical agents for tumor ablation
- Boron neutron capture therapy using nanoparticles
- Gold nanoparticles combined with radiation therapy
- Laser-induced cancer destruction using nanoparticles
- Magnetic nanoparticles for thermal ablation of cancer
- Nanoshells for thermal ablation of cancer
- Thermosensitive affibody-conjugated liposomes
- Ultrasound radiation of tumors combined with nanoparticles
- Impact of nanotechnology-based imaging in management of cancer
- Cornell dots for cancer imaging
- Nanoparticle-MRI for tracking dendritic cells in cancer therapy
- Nanoparticle-CT scan
- QDs aid lymph node mapping in cancer
- Nanosensor device as an aid to cancer surgery
- Role of nanoparticle-based imaging in oncology clinical trials
- Nanoparticle-based anticancer drug delivery to overcome MDR
- Nanoparticles for targeting tumors
- Nanocarriers with TGF-b-inhibitors for targeting cancer
- Nanobombs for cancer
- Combination of diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer
- Aptamer conjugated magnetic nanoparticles
- Biomimetic nanoparticles targeted to tumors
- Dendrimer nanoparticles for targeting and imaging tumors
- Gold nanoparticle plus bombesin for imaging and therapy of cancer
- Gold nanorods for diagnosis plus photothermal therapy of cancer
- Magnetic nanoparticles for imaging as well as therapy of cancer
- Micelles for targeted drug delivery and PET imaging in cancer
- Nanobialys for combining MRI with delivery of anticancer agents
- Nanoparticles, MRI and thermal ablation of tumors
- pHLIP nanotechnology for detection and targeted therapy of cancer
- QD conjugates combine cancer imaging, therapy and sensing
- Squalene-based nanocomposites for tumor imaging and therapy
- Radiolabeled carbon nanotubes for tumor imaging and targeting
- Ultrasonic tumor imaging and targeted chemotherapy by nanobubbles
- Nanorobotics for management of cancer
- Bacterial nanorobots for targeting cancer
- DNA robots for targeting cancer
- Fullerenes for protection against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity
- Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanooncology
9. Nanoneurology
- Introduction
- Nanobiotechnology for neurophysiological studies
- Use of nanoelectrodes in neurophysiology
- Nanowires for monitoring brain activity
- Gold nanoparticles for in vivo study of neural function
- Nanodiagnosis and nanoparticle-based brain imaging
- Applications of nanotechnology in molecular imaging of the brain
- Nanoparticles and MRI for macrophage tracking in the CNS
- Nanoparticles for tracking stem cells for therapy of CNS disorders
- Multifunctional NPs for diagnosis and treatment of brain disorders
- Nanotechnology-based drug delivery to the CNS
- Nanoencapsulation for delivery of vitamin E for CNS disorders
- Nanoparticle technology for drug delivery across BBB
- G-Technology®
- LipoBridge™-technology
- Nanovesicles for transport across BBB
- Nanotechnology-based drug delivery to brain tumors
- Multifunctional nanoparticles for treating brain tumors
- Nanoparticles for delivery of drugs to brain tumors across BBB
- NP delivery across the BBB for imaging and therapy of brain tumors
- Intravenous gene delivery with nanoparticles into brain tumors
- PLA nanoparticles for controlled delivery of BCNU to brain tumors
- NP-based targeted delivery of chemotherapy across the BBB
- Nanoparticles as nonviral vectors for CNS gene therapy
- Silica nanoparticles for CNS gene therapy
- Cationic lipids for CNS gene therapy
- Polyethylenimine-based nanoparticles for CNS gene therapy
- Dendrimers for CNS gene therapy
- Carbon nanotubes for CNS gene therapy
- Nanoparticle-based drug delivery to the inner ear
- Nanotechnology-based devices and implants for CNS
- Nanobiotechnology and neuroprotection
- Nanobiotechnology for regeneration and repair of the CNS
- Nanowire neuroprosthetics with functional membrane proteins
- Nanotube-neuron electronic interface
- Role of nanobiotechnology in regeneration and repair following CNS trauma
- Nanofibers as an aid to CNS regeneration by neural progenitor cells
- Peptide nanostructures for repair of the CNS
- Nanobiotechnology for repair and regeneration following TBI
- Nanoparticles for repair following SCI
- Repair of SCI by nanoscale micelles
- Nanobiotechnology-based devices for restoration of neural function
- Nanobiotechnology-based artificial retina
- Nanoneurosurgery
- Femtolaser neurosurgery
- Nanofiber brain implants
- Nanoparticles as an aid to neurosurgery
- Nanoscaffold for CNS repair
- Electrospun nanofiber tubes for regeneration of peripheral nerves
- Bucky balls for brain cancer
- Application of nanobiotechnology to pain therapeutics
10. Nanocardiology
- Introduction
- Nanotechnology-based cardiovascular diagnosis
- Detection of biomarkers of myocardial infarction in saliva by a nanobiochip
- Nanobiosensors for detection of cardiovascular disorders
- Use of magnetic NPs as MRI contrast agents for cardiac imaging
- Perfluorocarbon NPs for combining diagnosis with therapy in cardiology
- Cardiac monitoring in sleep apnea
- Detection and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques in the arteries
- Monitoring for disorders of blood coagulation
- Nanotechnology-based drug delivery in cardiovascular diseases
- Controlled delivery of nanoparticles to injured vasculature
- IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for myocardial
infarction
- Injectable peptide nanofibers for myocardial ischemia
- Liposomal nanodevices for targeted cardiovascular drug delivery
- Low molecular weight heparin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles
- Nanoparticles for cardiovascular imaging and targeted drug delivery
- Nanofiber-based scaffolds with drug-release properties
- NP-based systemic drug delivery to prevent cardiotoxicity
- Nanotechnology-based therapeutics for cardiovascular diseases
- Nanolipoblockers for atherosclerotic arterial plaques
- Nanotechnology approach to the vulnerable plaque as cause of cardiac arrest
- Nanotechnology for regeneration of the cardiovascular system
- Nanotechnology-based stents
- Restenosis after percutaneous coronary angioplasty
- Drugs encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles
- Magnetic nanoparticle-coated DES
- Magnetic nanoparticles encapsulating paclitaxel targeted to stents
- Nanocoated DES
- Nanopores to enhance compatibility of DES
11. Nanopulmonology
- Introduction
- Nanoparticles for pulmonary drug delivery
- Systemic drug delivery via pulmonary route
- Nanoparticle drug delivery for effects on the respiratory system
- Fate and toxicology of nanoparticles delivered to the lungs
- Nanoparticle drug formulations for spray inhalation
- Nanobiotechnology for improving insulin delivery in diabetes
- Inhalation of glucose-sensitive NP for regulated release of insulin
- Pulmonary delivery of insulin by surface acoustic wave technology
- Nanotechnology-based treatment of pulmonary disorders
- Management of cystic fibrosis
- Nanobiotechnology-based gene transfer in CF
- Nonviral DNA nanoparticle-mediated CFTR gene transfer
- Liposome-mediated CFTR gene transfer
- Magnetofection for enhancing nonviral gene transfer to the airways
- NP-based delivery of antibiotics for treatment of pulmonary infections in
CF
- Nanotechnology-based treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
12. Nanoorthopedics
- Introduction
- Application of nanotechnology for bone research
- Reducing reaction to orthopedic implants
- Enhancing the activity of bone cells on the surface of orthopedic implants
- Synthetic nanomaterials as bone implants
- NanoBone implants
- NanoCeram®-fibers
- NanoBone versus BioOss
- Carbon nanotubes as scaffolds for bone growth
- Aligning nanotubes to improve artificial joints
- Cartilage disorders of knee joint
- Role of nanotechnology in engineering of a replacement for cartilage
- Nanotechnology as an aid to arthroscopy
- Scanning force arthroscope
13. Nanoophthalmology
- Introduction
- Nanocarriers for ocular drug delivery
- Nanoparticle-based topical drug application to the eye
- Chitosan nanoparticles for topical drug application to the eye
- Polylactide nanoparticles for topical drug application to the eye
- Ophthalmic drug delivery through nanoparticles in contact lenses
- Nanoparticles for intraocular drug delivery
- DNA nanoparticles for nonviral gene transfer to the eye
- Nanotechnology for treatment for age-related macular degeneration
- Nanotechnology-based therapeutics for eye disorders
- Use of dendrimers in ophthalmology
- Nanotechnology for prevention of neovascularization
- Nanoparticles as nonviral vectors for gene therapy of retinal disorders
- Nanobiotechnology for treatment of glaucoma
14. Nanomicrobiology
- Introduction
- Nanodiagnosis of infections
- Detection of viruses
- Cantilever beams for detection of single virus particles
- Carbon nanotubes as biosensors for viruses
- Electric fields for accelerating detection of viruses
- QD fluorescent probes for detection of respiratory viral infections
- Verigene Respiratory Virus Plus Assay
- Surface enhanced Raman scattering for detection of viruses
- Detection of bacteria
- Nanoparticle-based methods for bacterial detection
- QDs for detection of bacterial infections
- Detection of fungi
- Nano-amplification technique for the detection of fungal pathogens
- Magnetic nanoparticle-based technique
- Nanobiotechnology and virology
- Study of interaction of nanoparticles with viruses
- Study of pathomechanism of viral diseases
- Transdermal nanoparticles for immune enhancement in HIV
- Nanofiltration to remove viruses from plasma transfusion products
- Role of nanobacteria in human diseases
- Nature of nanobacteria
- Nanobacteria and kidney stone formation
- Nanobacteria in cardiovascular disease
- Nanotechnology-based microbicidal agents
- Nanoscale bactericidal powders
- Nanotubes for detection and destruction of bacteria
- Carbon nanotubes as antimicrobial agents
- Nanoemulsions as microbicidal agents
- Silver nanoparticle coating as prophylaxis against infection
- Nanotechnology-based antiviral agents
- Silver nanoparticles as antiviral agents
- Fullerenes as antiviral agents
- Gold nanorod-based delivery of RNA antiviral therapeutics
- Nanocoating for antiviral effect
- Nanoviricides
15. Miscellaneous Healthcare Applications of Nanobiotechnology
- Introduction
- Nanoimmunology
- Nanohematology
- Artificial red cells
- Feraheme
- Nanoparticles for targeted therapeutic delivery to the liver
- Nanonephrology
- Nanobiotechnology-based renal dialysis
- Nanotechnology-based human nephron filter for renal failure
- Blood-compatible membranes for renal dialysis
- Ceramic filter for renal dialysis
- Nanotechnology for wound healing
- Nanotechnology-based products for skin disorders
- Cubosomes for treating skin disorders of premature infants.
- Nanoparticles for improving targeted topical therapy of skin
- Nanoparticle-based sun screens
- Nanoengineered bionic skin
- Topical nanocreams for inflammatory disorders of the skin
- Nanobiotechnology for disorders of aging
- Personal care products based on nanotechnology
- Nanotechnology for hair care
- Nanodentistry
- Bonding materials
- Dental caries
- Nanospheres for dental hypersensitivity
- Nanomaterials for dental filling
- Nanomaterials for dental implants
- Nanomedical aspects of oxidative stress
- Nanoparticle antioxidants
- Fullerene-based antioxidants
- Ceria nanoparticles as neuroprotective antioxidants
- Antioxidant nanoparticles for treating diseases due to oxidative stress
- Nanotechnology and homeopathic medicines
- Nanoparticles as antidotes for poisons
- Nanoparticles for chemo-radioprotection
- Role of nanobiotechnology in biodefense
- Nanoparticles to combat microbial warfare agents
- Removal of toxins from blood
- Nanobiotechnology for public health
- Nanotechnology for water purification
- Nanofiltration to remove viruses from water
- Nanostructured membranes for water purification
- Nanotechnologies for water remediation
- Nanotechnology-based photochemical water purification
- Nanobiotechnology and nutrition
- Nanobiotechnology and food industry
- Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized nutrition
16. Nanobiotechnology and Personalized Medicine
- Introduction
- Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized management of cancer
- Nanotechnology-based personalized medicine for cardiology
- Nanobiotechnology for therapeutics design and monitoring
17. Nanotoxicology
- Introduction
- Toxicity of nanoparticles
- Testing for toxicity of nanoparticles
- In vitro testing of nanoparticle toxicity
- Variations in safety issues of different nanoparticles
- Carbon nanotube safety
- Fullerene toxicity
- Gold nanoparticle toxicity
- Quantum dot safety issues
- Fate of nanoparticles in the human body
- Pulmonary effects of nanoparticles
- Neuronanotoxicology
- Nanoparticle deposits in the brain
- Nanoparticles and neurodegeneration
- Effect of nanoparticles on the heart
- Blood compatibility of nanoparticles
- Carbon nanoparticle-induced platelet aggregation
- Compatibility of lipid-based nanoparticles with blood and blood cells
- Transfer of nanoparticles from mother to fetus
- Cytotoxicity of nanoparticles
- Indirect DNA damage caused by nanoparticles across cellular barriers
- Measures to reduce toxicity of nanoparticles
- Reducing toxicity of carbon nanotubes
- A screening strategy for the hazard identification of nanomaterials
- Concluding remarks on safety issues of nanoparticles
- Research into environmental effects of nanoparticles
- Environmental safety of aerosols released from nanoparticle manufacture
- Role of US government agencies in research on safety of nanoparticles
- Work at NanoSafety Laboratories Inc UCLA
- Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology
- European NEST project for risk assessment of exposure to nanoparticles
- Public perceptions of the safety of nanotechnology
- Evaluation of consumer exposure to nanoscale materials
- Safety of nanoparticle-based cosmetics
- Regulations in the European Union
- Nanotechnology-based sunscreens
- Cosmetic industry's white paper on nanoparticles in personal care
- Skin penetration of nanoparticles used in sunscreens
- 18. Ethical and Regulatory Aspects of Nanomedicine
- Introduction
- Ethical and social implications of nanobiotechnology
- Nanoethics
- Nanotechnology patents
- Quantum dot patents relevant to healthcare applications
- Challenges and future prospects of nanobiotechnology patents
- Legal aspects of nanobiotechnology
- Nanotechnology standards
- Preclinical testing of nanometerials for biological applications
- FDA regulation of nanobiotechnology products
- FDA and nanotechnology-based medical devices
- FDA's Nanotechnology Task Force
- FDA collaboration with agencies/organizations relevant to nanotechnology
- Regulation of nanotechnology in the European Union
- Safety recommendations of the Royal Society of UK
- European Commission and safety of nanocosmetics
19. Research and Future of Nanomedicine
- Introduction
- Nanobiotechnology research in the academic centers
- Future potential of nanomedicine
- US Federal funding for nanobiotechnology
- Nanomedicine initiative of NIH
- NIH Nanomedicine Center for Nucleoprotein Machines
- NCI Alliance for Nanotechnology in Cancer
- Research in cancer nanotechnology sponsored by the NCI
- Global Enterprise for Micro-Mechanics and Molecular Medicine
- Nano2Life
- European Technology Platform on NanoMedicine
20. Nanobiotechnology Markets
- Introduction
- Markets according to areas of applications
- Markets for nanomedicine
- Markets for nanodiagnostics
- Imaging agents
- Pharmaceuticals
- Role of nanobiotechnology in drug delivery market
- Nanobiotechnology in life sciences research market
- Markets according to technologies
- Markets for nanomaterials
- Markets for biomedical nanodevices
- Markets for nanosensors
- Markets for nanotools
- Geographical distribution of markets
- Nanobiotechnology in the US
- Nanobiotechnology in the European Union
- Nano2Life
- European Technology Platform on NanoMedicine
- Nanobiotechnology in Australia
- Nanobiotechnology in Asia
- Japan
- South Korea
- China
- Taiwan
- India
- Nanobiotechnology in Russia
- Nanobiotechnology in the developing world
- Venture capital investment in nanotechnology
- Big pharma and nanotechnology
- Impact of nanobiotechnology on markets for current pharmaceuticals
- Unmet needs in nanobiotechnology
- Drivers for the development of nanobiotechnology markets
- Strategies for developing markets for nanobiotechnology
- Collaborations of industry with academic research centers
- Collaborations of pharmaceutical and nanotechnology companies
- Collaboration of chemical industry and the government
- Cost-benefit of nanotechnology-based drug delivery
- Education of healthcare professionals
- Education of the public
21. References
Tables
- Table 1-1: Dimensions of various objects in nanoscale
- Table 1-1: Dimensions of various objects in nanoscale
- Table 1-2: Historical landmarks in the evolution of nanomedicine
- Table 1-2: Historical landmarks in the evolution of nanomedicine
- Table 1-3: Nanomedicine in the 21st century
- Table 1-3: Nanomedicine in the 21st century
- Table 2-1: Classification of basic nanomaterials and nanobiotechnologies
- Table 2-1: Classification of basic nanomaterials and nanobiotechnologies
- Table 2-2: Applications of S-layers in nanobiotechnology
- Table 2-2: Applications of S-layers in nanobiotechnology
- Table 2-3: Potential applications of dendrimers in nanomedicine
- Table 2-3: Potential applications of dendrimers in nanomedicine
- Table 2-4: Nanomaterials for biolabeling
- Table 2-5: Applications of cantilever technology
- Table 2-6: Applications of optical nanoscopy
- Table 3-1: Nanomaterials for the study of mitochondria
- Table 4-1: Nanotechnologies with potential applications in molecular
diagnostics
- Table 4-2: Nanobiotechnologies for single molecule detection
- Table 5-1: Basic nanobiotechnologies relevant to drug discovery
- Table 5-2: Nanomaterials used for drug delivery
- Table 5-3: Liposome-nanoparticle hybrid systems
- Table 6-1: Examples of application of nanoparticles for gene therapy
- Table 8-1: Classification of nanobiotechnology approaches to drug delivery
in cancer
- Table 8-2: Approved anticancer drugs using nanocarriers
- Table 9-1: Role of nanobiotechnology in regeneration and repair following
CNS trauma
- Table 13-1: Nanoparticles used for drug delivery in ophthalmology
- Table 15-1: Applications of nanotechnologies in food and nutrition sciences
- Table 18-1: FDA-approved nanotechnology based drugs
- Table 19-1: Academic institutes/laboratories involved in nanobiotechnology
- Table 20-1: Nanobiotechnology markets according to areas of application
2011-2021
- Table 20-2: Markets for nanobiotechnology according to technologies
2011-2021
- Table 20-3: Geographical distribution of nanobiotechnology markets
2011-2021
- Table 20-4: Drivers for the development of nanobiotechnology markets
- Table 20-5: Strategies for developing markets for nanobiotechnology
- Table 20-6: Cost-benefit of nanotechnology-based drug delivery
Figures
- Figure 1-1: Sizes of biologically entities relevant to the brain
- Figure 2-1: The core, branching and surface molecules of dendrimers
- Figure 2-2: Schematic representation of Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN)
- Figure 2-3: Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology
- Figure 3-1: Concept of nanopore-based sequencing
- Figure 3-2: Nanopore-based sequence-specific detection of DNA
- Figure 4-1: Scheme of bio-barcode assay
- Figure 4-2: Scheme of an optical mRNA biosensor
- Figure 5-1: Application of nanobiotechnology at various stages of drug
discovery
- Figure 5-2: Bacteria plus nanoparticles for drug delivery into cells
- Figure 5-3: Schematic image of a lipid nanoparticle
- Figure 6-1: Nucleic acid delivery with lipid nanoparticle (LPN) technology
- Figure 6-2: Nanocochleate-mediated drug delivery
- Figure 8-1: Use of micelles for drug delivery
- Figure 9-1: Nanodiagnostics for neurological disorders
- Figure 9-2: A concept of targeted drug delivery to GBM across the BBB
- Figure 10-1: Magnetic nanoparticle-coated stent
- Figure 14-1: Schematic representation of NanoViricide attacking a virus
particle
- Figure 16-1: Relationship of nanobiotechnology to personalized medicine
- Figure 16-2: Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized management of cancer
- Figure 20-1: Components of the $1 trillion market for nanotechnologies in
2015
- Figure 20-2: Nanobiotechnology markets according to applications 2011-2021
- Figure 20-3: Geographical distribution of nanobiotechnology markets
2011-2021
- Figure 20-4: Unmet needs in nanobiotechnology applications
Part-II
22. Nanobiotech Companies
- Introduction
- Classification of companies
- Profiles of companies
- Collaborations
Tables
- Table 22-1: Companies with nanoarray and nanofluidic technologies
- Table 22-2: Companies that provide microscopes for nanobiotechnology
- Table 22-3: Companies providing services and products for
nanobiotechnology industry
- Table 22-4: Companies that provide nanotechnologies for life sciences
research
- Table 22-5: Companies developing nanomolecular diagnostics
- Table 22-6: Companies involved in nanobiotechnology-based drug discovery
and development
- Table 22-7: Companies involved in nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery
- Table 22-8: Companies using nanotechnology-based antiinfective agents
- Table 22-9: Companies using nanotechnology for healthcare and therapeutics
- Table 22-10: Collaborations of companies in nanobiotechnology
