動物生物科技：技術・市場・企業

動物生物科技：技術・市場・企業 是由出版商Jain Pharmabiotech在2012年04月所出版的。 這份英文市場調查報告書價格從美金3000起跳。

簡介

目錄

Abstract

Summary

This report describes and evaluates animal biotechnology and its application in veterinary medicine and pharmaceuticals as well as improvement in food production. Knowledge of animal genetics is important in the application of biotechnology to manage genetic disorders and improve animal breeding. Genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics are also being applied to animal biotechnology.

Transgenic technologies are used for improving milk production and the meat in farm animals as well as for creating models of human diseases. Transgenic animals are used for the production of proteins for human medical use. Biotechnology is applied to facilitate xenotransplantation from animals to humans. Genetic engineering is done in farm animals and nuclear transfer technology has become an important and preferred method for cloning animals.There is discussion of in vitro meat production by culture

Biotechnology has potential applications in the management of several animal diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever, avian flu and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. The most important biotechnology-based products consist of vaccines, particularly genetically engineered or DNA vaccines. Gene therapy for diseases of pet animals is a fast developing area because many of the technologies used in clinical trials humans were developed in animals and many of the diseases of cats and dogs are similar to those in humans.RNA interference technology is now being applied for research in veterinary medicine

Molecular diagnosis is assuming an important place in veterinary practice. Polymerase chain reaction and its modifications are considered to be important. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays are also widely used. Newer biochip-based technologies and biosensors are also finding their way in veterinary diagnostics.

Biotechnology products are approved by the Center for Veterinary Medicine of the FDA. Regulatory issues relevant to animal biotechnology are described.

Approximately 109 companies have been identified to be involved in animal biotechnology and are profiled in the report. These are a mix of animal healthcare companies and biotechnology companies. Top companies in this area are identified and ranked. Information is given about the research activities of 11 veterinary and livestock research institutes. Important 108 collaborations in this area are shown.

Share of biotechnology-based products and services in 2011 is analyzed and the market is projected to 2021.

The text is supplemented with 34 tables and 5 figures.Selected 250 references from the literature are appended.

Table of Contents

0. Executive Summary 11

1. Introduction to Animal Biotechnology 13

• Introduction 13
• Historical evolution of animal biotechnology 13
• Basics of biotechnology 14
• DNA 14
• RNA 14
• Genes 15
• Single nucleotide polymorphisms 15
• Copy number variations in the genome 15
• DNA sequences 16
• Gene expression 16
• Gene regulation 17
• Proteins 17
• Functions of proteins 17
• Recombinant proteins 18
• Monoclonal antibodies 19
• Animal genetics 19
• Molecular genetics 19
• Twinning in cattle 20
• Pig genetics 20
• Genetic studies in dogs 20
• Animal genomics 20
• The mouse genome 20
• The dog genome 21
• Sequencing of the dog genome 21
• Comparison of genomes of healthy and diseased dogs 23
• Analysis of DNA copy number variation 23
• The cat genome 24
• Marsupial genomes 24
• Genomes of non-human primates 24
• Chimpanzee genome 24
• Genome of the rhesus macaque 25
• Genome of gorilla 25
• Livestock genomics 26
• Bovine genome 27
• Bovine SNP map 27
• Identification of genes in bovine stomach microbiome 28
• Pig genome 28
• Horse genome 30
• Sheep genome 30
• Chicken genome 31
• Turkey genome 31
• Salmon genome 32
• Priority genome list of the National Human Genome Research Institute 33
• Animal proteomics 33
• Applications of proteomics in animals 34
• Caseins in goat milk 34
• Lactic acid bacteria 34
• Applications of proteomics in animal healthcare 35
• Antigenomics 35
• Bioinformatics 35
• Nanobiotechnology and animal health 36
• Biomarkers and animal health 37
• Recombinant protein manufacture 37
• Animal biotechnology in relation to other technologies 37

2. Application of Biotechnology in Animals 39

• Introduction 39
• Applications of animal genomics 39
• Genomics of disease resistance 39
• Statistical genomics to improve breeding 40
• Chicken breeding based on genomics 40
• Bovine ankyrin 1 gene and beef tenderness 40
• SNPs and longevity in dairy cattle 41
• Share genomic data to improve cattle breeding programs 41
• Genetic engineering 41
• Livestock improvement by genetic engineering 41
• Disease control by genetic engineering 42
• Limitations and precautions for genetic engineering 42
• Transgenic animal technology 42
• Cloning animals 43
• Nuclear transfer technology 44
• Nuclear bisection for cloning 45
• Zona-free cloning method 45
• Abnormalities in cloned animals 46
• Cloning from embyonic cells 47
• Cloning of rabbits 47
• Cloning the rat 48
• Cloning the horse 48
• Cloning the cow 48
• Cloning the dog 49
• Cloning in primates 49
• Retrovector-mediated production of transgenic animals 49
• Episomal vector-mediated gene delivery 50
• Sperm-mediated gene transfer 50
• Lentiviral transduction of male germ-line stem cells 51
• Lentiviral transgenesis 52
• Transgenic pharmaceuticals 52
• Proteins from the milk of transgenic animals 52
• Advantages of milk as source of transgenic proteins 53
• Therapeutic proteins from rabbit milk 54
• Recombinant human antibodies from cows 55
• Therapeutic proteins from goat milk 55
• Chicken transgenesis for the production of biopharmaceuticals 56
• Concluding remarks about production of recombinant proteins in animals 56
• Companies involved in production of transgenic pharmaceuticals 56
• Transgenic food products 57
• Milking genetically modified cows 57
• Transgenic fish 57
• Cloned animals as sources of milk and meat 58
• Animal feeds from transgenic plants 58
• Transgenic modification of plants to increase nutritional value of animal feeds 59
• Transgenic disease models 59
• Technologies to create transgenic disease models 59
• Gene manipulation techniques 59
• Embryonic stem cells for gene targeting 60
• Homologous recombination 60
• Animal models of human diseases 61
• Transgenic models for studying human drug metabolism and toxicity 61
• The Human Genome Project and the role of transgenics 62
• Genomic and proteomic analyses of transgenic animal models 62
• Concern about health and welfare of transgenic animals 63
• Safety of transgenic technology 63
• Concluding remarks about use of transgenic animals 64
• RNA interference technology 64
• RNAi versus antisense 64
• Applications of RNAi in animal biotechnology 64
• Xenotransplantation 65
• Pigs for xenotransplantation 65
• Genetically engineered pigs for transplants 66
• Risks of xenotransplantation 66
• World Health Organization and xenotransplantation 67
• Ethical aspects of animal biotechnology 67

3. A Biotechnology Perspective of Animals Diseases 69

• Introduction 69
• Infections in animals 69
• Viral infections 70
• Avian influenza 70
• Animal surveillance of influenza 72
• Animal biotechnology implications of H1N1 influenza 73
• Animal corona viruses and human SARS 74
• Avian coronavirus 74
• Bluetongue virus 75
• Canine parvovirus 75
• Classical swine fever 75
• Developing new treatments against FMD 75
• Equine infectious anemia 76
• Foot-and-mouth disease 77
• Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 78
• Rabies 79
• Rinderpest 79
• Schmallenberg virus 80
• Bacterial infections 80
• Bovine tuberculosis 80
• Mycoplasmal pneumonia 81
• Protozoal infections 81
• Coccidiosis 81
• Neosporosis 81
• Toxoplasmosis 82
• Trypanosomiasis 82
• Nematodes 83
• Infections that cross the species barrier 83
• Complications of bacterial infections and antibiotic use in animals 83
• Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) 84
• Inter-species transfer of prions 84
• Scrapie 84
• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 85
• Epidemiology of BSE 85
• Biomarkers in the urine of BSE infected cattle 86
• Human health implications of BSE 86
• Breeding animals protected against BSE 87
• TSE research 87
• Prion gene haplotyping 87
• Pharmacological approaches to TSE research 87
• Molecular diagnostic approach to TSE research 88
• RNAi for knockdown of the bovine prion gene 88
• Chronic wasting disease 89
• Chronic wasting disease in wildlife 89
• Chronic wasting disease of the cattle in Sudan 90
• Chronic wasting in dairy cows in the Netherlands 90
• Genetic disorders in farm animals 90
• Genetic predisposition to acquired diseases in animals 91
• Diseases of pet animals 91
• Canine anemia 91
• Cardiovascular disease 91
• Heart failure 92
• Cardiac complications of canine babesiosis 92
• Diabetes 92
• Role of biotechnology in management of diabetes 93
• Arthritis 93
• Cancer in cats and dogs 94
• Cancer clinical trials in dogs 94
• Canine Comparative Oncology Genomics Consortium 95
• Preventive veterinary medicine 95
• Prevention of introduction of foreign animal diseases 95
• Producing transgenic cattle resistant to BSE 96
• Zoonotic diseases 96
• Viruses that emerge in animals and spread to humans 96
• Collaborative management of animal and human health 97
• Vaccines for zoonotic viral diseases 97

4. Molecular Diagnostics in Animals 99

• Introduction 99
• Nucleic acid technologies 99
• The polymerase chain reaction 99
• Basic Principles of PCR 99
• Target selection 100
• Detection of amplified DNA 100
• Real-time PCR systems 100
• LightCycler PCR system 101
• Molecular beacons 101
• Applications of PCR in veterinary medicine 101
• Fluorescent in situ hybridization 102
• Immunodiagnostics 104
• Enzyme-linked immunoassays 104
• Bovine Gamma Interferon Test 104
• Antigen diagnosis of trichinosis 105
• Parachek"! for the diagnosis of Johne's disease 105
• Antibodies for differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals 106
• Biochip/microarray technology 106
• Applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology 107
• Cattlearray3800 for functional genomics 107
• eSensor"! electrochemical biochip 108
• FR 48 microfluidic biochip 108
• Biosensors 108
• Immunosensors 109
• Biosensor for ovulation prediction in dairy cows 109
• Flow cytometry for animal diagnostics 110
• Molecular imaging in animals 110
• Veterinary cytogenetics 111
• Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals 112
• Canine DNA testing 112
• Diagnostic aids to selective breeding 112
• Selection of desirable traits 112
• Gene variations and fat content of beef 113
• Using genetic markers for improved milk production in dairy cattle 114
• Application of bovine genomics for improving milk yield 114
• Recognition of hereditary syndromes 114
• Genetic markers in animals 115
• SNP genotyping in animals 115
• SNP genotyping for selective breeding of chicken 115
• Animal identity and parentage analysis 116
• Animal species identification in food 116
• Diagnosis of infections 117
• Bacterial infections 117
• Diagnosis of viral infections 117
• Molecular diagnosis of avian influenza 119
• Molecular diagnosis of swine influenza 120
• Diagnosis of parasitic infections 120
• Detection of natural or bioterror threats to livestock 121
• Molecular diagnosis of prion diseases 121
• Bovine spongiform encephalopathy 121
• Testing for BSE in living animals 123
• Prions in urine 123
• Diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in wildlife 124
• Developing new tests for prion diseases 124
• Differentiation among various types of TSEs 124
• Protein cyclic amplification 124
• Antibody tests for prion diseases 125
• Scrapie genotyping 125
• A real-time ultrasonic method for prion protein detection 126
• Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs 126
• Diagnosis of genetic disorders 127
• Genetic screening of companion animals 127
• Genes associated with exercise-induced collapse 127
• Preimplantation genetic diagnosis 127
• Diagnosis of cancer in animals 128
• Diagnosis of skin cancer 128
• Diagnosis of food-borne pathogens 128
• Introduction 128
• Molecular diagnostic methods used in food-borne infections 129
• Limitations of use of molecular probes in food analysis 130
• Companies with technologies for food pathogen detection 130
• Biotechnology-based novel diagnostics for aquatic animals 131
• Detection of chemicals in foods of animal origin 131
• Companies developing molecular diagnostics for animals 132

5. Biotechnology-based Veterinary Medicine 135

• Introduction 135
• Biotechnology versus pharmaceutical products 135
• Role of biotechnology in drug discovery and development 136
• Cost of veterinary vs. human drug discovery and development 136
• Advantages and disadvantages of testing biotech products in animal models 137
• Biotechnolgoy-based antiparasitic drugs 137
• Non-antibiotic strategies for control of infections in animals 137
• Probiotics 138
• Potential role for probiotics in the human gut 138
• Potential role for probiotics in animals 138
• Probiotic bacteria for control of pathogens in cattle 138
• Nonantibiotic drugs for infections in animals 139
• Immunomodulation as an alternative to antibiotics in infections 140
• Cathelicidins: effector molecules of mammalian innate immunity 140
• Bacteriophage therapy for antibiotic resistance 140
• Biotechnology for treating tendon injuries 141
• Use of growth factors to facilitate tendon injuries 141
• Productivity enhancers 141
• Bovine somatotropin for increasing milk production in dairy cows 142
• Increasing milk production in cows by feeding propionibacteria 143
• Use of growth factors 143
• Transgenic plant products for use in animals 143
• Biotechnology-based vaccines 144
• Modern vaccines without viral non-structural proteins 144
• Plant-derived vaccines for use in animals 145
• Nano-bead vaccine adjuvant 146
• Genetically engineered vaccines 146
• Application of nucleic acid vaccines in veterinary medicine 146
• DNA vaccines 146
• DNA vaccine for tuberculosis 148
• DNA vaccines for West Nile encephalitis 149
• Gene-based vaccine for Marek's disease 149
• Genetic engineering of live rabies vaccines 150
• Genetically engineered vaccines for equine encephalitis 150
• Genetically engineered vaccines for Johne's disease 151
• Vaccines against avian influenza 151
• Vaccines against parasitic infections 152
• Recombinant marker vaccines 152
• Marker vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease 153
• Marker vaccine for Newcastle disease 153
• Vaccines for classical swine fever 154
• Vaccines for tick control 154
• Vaccination to protection swine from H1N1 influenza virus infection 154
• Vaccination of cattle to prevent E. coli transmission to consumers in meat 155
• Vaccines for bacterial equine respiratory infections 155
• Using RNAi to develop vaccines for viral infections in prawns 156
• Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines 156
• Biotechnology in treatment of parasitic infections 157
• Biotechnology in the treatment of CNS injuries in pet animals 157
• Paraplegia due to acute spinal cord injury in dogs 157
• RNAi for suppression prions in livestock 158
• Cell Therapy 158
• Umbilical cord blood stem cells 158
• Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine 159
• Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries in horses 159
• Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs 159
• Gene therapy 160
• Gene therapy vectors 160
• Gene therapy by mitochondrial transfer 161
• In utero gene therapy 161
• Applications of gene therapy in veterinary medicine 161
• Gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis VII in dogs 162
• Gene therapy to increase disease resistance 162
• Gene therapy for infections 162
• Gene therapy for hematological disorders 163
• Gene therapy for cardiomyopathy in dogs 163
• Gene therapy for endocrine disorders 164
• Gene therapy for arthritis 164
• Gene therapy for renal failure 164
• Cancer gene therapy 165
• Antiangiogeneic cancer gene therapy in dogs 165
• Brain tumors in cats and dogs 165
• Breast cancer in dogs 166
• Canine hemangiosarcoma 167
• Canine melanoma 167
• Canine soft tissue sarcoma 168
• Melanoma in horses 168

6. Research in Animal Biotechnology 169

• Introduction 169
• Research institutes 169
• Animal and Natural Resources Institute (USDA) 169
• Center for Animal Biotechnology at University of Melbourne (Australia) 170
• CSIRO Livestock Industries 171
• Easter Bush Research Consortium 172
• Danish Veterinary Institute 172
• Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute 173
• Indian Veterinary Research Institute 173
• Institute for Animal Health of UK 174
• Kimron Veterinary Institute 174
• Korean National Livestock Research Institute 175
• National Agricultural & Veterinary Biotechnology Center of Ireland 175
• Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 176
• Veterinary Laboratories Agency of UK 176
• Veterinary Medical University of Vienna 177
• Ethical issues of research in animal biotechnology 177
• Future prospects 178
• Strategies for control of twining in cattle 178
• Future developments of molecular diagnostics 178
• Future of vaccine application in veterinary medicine 179
• Promotion of innate immunity in animals 179
• Identification of key parasite antigens for eliciting immune response 179
• Virus-like particle vaccines for lasting immune response 180
• Control of respiratory virus infections 180
• Control and prevention of bioterrorism diseases in animals 180
• Genetic control of disease resistance 181
• Production of cattle lacking prion protein 181
• Application of genetics and biotechnology to wildlife management 181
• Future of animal genomics 182
• Future prospects of in vitro meat production 182

7. Animal Biotechnology Markets 185

• Introduction 185
• Markets for biotechnology-based products for animal healthcare 186
• Markets for biopharmaceuticals for animals 187
• Markets for recombinant proteins for animal healthcare 187
• Markets for vaccines for animals 188
• Markets for animal diagnostics 188
• Test for bovine spongiform encephalopathy 188
• Animal biotechnology markets according to therapeutic areas 189
• Markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans 189
• Transgenic proteins 190
• Market for xenotransplantation 190
• Strategies for promoting use of animal biotechnology 191
• Financial losses from death and disease in animals 191
• Losses in farm animals 191
• Losses in poultry 191
• Losses in equine industry 191
• The emerging role of pet owners 191
• Improvement in cattle through application of biotechnology 192
• Economic aspects of genomic evaluation of dairy cattle 192
• Pig market 192
• Cattle Market 193
• Poultry market 193
• Milk from genetically modified cows 193
• Transgenic fish 194
• Role of biotechnology in livestock performace enhancer market 194
• Gene transfer technologies 194
• In vitro meat production and animal biotechnology markets 194
• Cost-benefit aspects of transgenic proteins 194
• Lower costs of transgenic production 194
• Lower costs of treatment 195
• Unmet needs in animal biotechnology 195
• Future opportunities for biotechnology in animal healthcare 196
• Farm animals 196
• Global trends in epidemiology of livestock diseases 197
• Companion animals 197
• Animal molecular diagnostic markets 197

8. Regulatory issues 199

• Introduction 199
• Regulatory agencies for veterinary biotechnology in the US 199
• FDA regulatory issues in agricultural biotechnology 200
• FDA guidlines on use of antibiotics in food-producing animals 201
• Food safety evaluation of transgenic animals 203
• Food from cloned animals 203
• FDA investigation of drug transfer into eggs 205
• Animal feed safety 205
• Medicated feeds 206
• Regulatory issues for production of transgenic proteins 206
• Risks of animal biotechnology 207
• FDA regulation of bovine products 207
• Worldwide biotechnology regulatory and trade issues 208

9. Companies Involved in Animal Biotechnology 209

• Introduction 209
• Biotechnology at top veterinary pharmaceutical companies 209
• Profiles of selected companies 209
• Collaborations 330

10. References 335

Tables

• Table 1-1: Landmarks in the evolution of animal biotechnology in the 20th century 13
• Table 1-2: Expression systems for production of recombinant proteins 18
• Table 1-3: Applications of proteomics in livestock industry and veterinary medicine 34
• Table 1-4: Selected animal genomics and proteomics databases (DB) 36
• Table 2-1: Applications of genomics in livestock industry and veterinary medicine 39
• Table 2-2: Recombinant proteins obtained from milk of transgenic animals 54
• Table 2-3: Companies involved in the production of transgenic pharmaceuticals 57
• Table 2-4: A comparison of gene knockout and transgenic techniques 60
• Table 2-5: Examples of transgenic mouse models of non-neoplastic human diseases 61
• Table 3-1: Diseases of dairy cattle 69
• Table 3-2: Causes of chronic wasting disease in animals 89
• Table 4-1: Potential applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology 107
• Table 4-2: Biosensor technologies with potential applications in molecular diagnostics 109
• Table 4-3: Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals 112
• Table 4-4: Viruses that can be detected by molecular diagnostics 117
• Table 4-5: Testing for harmful prions in brain tissue from dead cattle 122
• Table 4-6: Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs 126
• Table 4-7: Pathogenic bacteria in food and targets for molecular diagnostic probes 129
• Table 4-8: Companies involved in molecular diagnostics for food-borne infections 130
• Table 4-9: Companies developing molecular diagnostics for veterinary medicine 132
• Table 5-1: Veterinary biotechnology products 135
• Table 5-2: Pharmaceutical versus biotechnology products 136
• Table 5-3: Nonantibiotic strategies for control of infections 137
• Table 5-4: Experimental DNA vaccines tested in animals 147
• Table 5-5: Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines for animals 156
• Table 6-1: Areas for future research applications of animal biotechnologies 178
• Table 7-1: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for farm animals: 2011-2021 186
• Table 7-2: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based products for pet animals: 2011-2021 186
• Table 7-3: Biotechnology-based markets for animal healthcare according to regions: 2011-2021. 187
• Table 7-4: Biotechnology markets for farm animals according to therapeutic areas: 2011-2021 189
• Table 7-5: Biotechnology markets for pet animals in therapeutic areas: 2011-2021 189
• Table 7-6: Worldwide markets for biotechnology-based animal products for humans: 2011-2021 190
• Table 9-1: Ranking of top 7 veterinary companies with biotechnology products 209
• Table 9-2: Selected collaborations of companies in animal biotechnology 330

Figures

• Figure 1-1: Relation of animal biotechnology to other technologies and human health 38
• Figure 2-1: Nuclear transfer technology 44
• Figure 2-2: Generation of transgenic animals by linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer 51
• Figure 2-3: Production of therapeutic proteins in the milk of transgenic animals. 53
• Figure 7-1: Unmet needs in animal biotechnology 196

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