Abstract
Summary
This report describes and evaluates cell therapy technologies and methods,
which have already started to play an important role in the practice of
medicine. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is replacing the old
fashioned bone marrow transplants. Role of cells in drug discovery is also
described. Cell therapy is bound to become a part of medical practice.
Stem cells are discussed in detail in one chapter. Some light is thrown on the
current controversy of embryonic sources of stem cells and comparison with
adult sources. Other sources of stem cells such as the placenta, cord blood
and fat removed by liposuction are also discussed. Stem cells can also be
genetically modified prior to transplantation.
Cell therapy technologies overlap with those of gene therapy, cancer vaccines,
drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Pharmaceutical
applications of stem cells including those in drug discovery are also
described. Various types of cells used, methods of preparation and culture,
encapsulation and genetic engineering of cells are discussed. Sources of
cells, both human and animal (xenotransplantation) are discussed. Methods of
delivery of cell therapy range from injections to surgical implantation using
special devices.
Cell therapy has applications in a large number of disorders. The most
important are diseases of the nervous system and cancer which are the topics
for separate chapters. Other applications include cardiac disorders
(myocardial infarction and heart failure), diabetes mellitus, diseases of
bones and joints, genetic disorders, and wounds of the skin and soft tissues.
Regulatory and ethical issues involving cell therapy are important and are
discussed. Current political debate on the use of stem cells from embryonic
sources (hESCs) is also presented. Safety is an essential consideration of any
new therapy and regulations for cell therapy are those for biological
preparations.
The cell-based markets was analyzed for 2010, and projected to 2020.The
markets are analyzed according to therapeutic categories, technologies and
geographical areas. The largest expansion will be in diseases of the central
nervous system, cancer and cardiovascular disorders. Skin and soft tissue
repair as well as diabetes mellitus will be other major markets.
The number of companies involved in cell therapy has increased remarkably
during the past few years. More than 500 companies have been identified to be
involved in cell therapy and 278 of these are profiled in part II of the
report along with tabulation of 268 alliances. Of these companies, 160 are
involved in stem cells. Profiles of 69 academic institutions in the US
involved in cell therapy are also included in part II along with their
commercial collaborations. The text is supplemented with 51 Tables and 11
Figures. The bibliography contains 1,050 selected references, which are cited
in the text.
Table of Contents
Part I
0. Executive Summary
1. Introduction to Cell Therapy
- Introduction
- Historical landmarks of cell therapy
- Interrelationship of cell therapy technologies
- Cells and organ transplantation
- Cells and protein/gene therapy
- Cell therapy and regenerative medicine
- Cells therapy and tissue engineering
- Therapy based on cells involved in disease
- Advantages of therapeutic use of cells
- Cell-based drug delivery
- Cells as vehicles for gene delivery
- Red blood cells as vehicles for drug delivery
- Advantages of cell-based drug delivery
- Limitations of cell-based drug delivery
2. Cell Therapy Technologies
- Introduction
- Cell types used for therapy
- Sources of cells
- Xenografts
- Cell lines
- Immortalized cells
- Blood component therapy
- Therapeutic apheresis
- Leukoreduction
- Platelet therapy
- Basic technologies for cell therapy
- Cell culture
- Automated cell culture devices
- Cell culture for adoptive cell therapy
- Observation of stem cell growth and viability
- Companies involved in cell culture
- Cell sorting
- Flow cytometry
- A dielectrophoretic system for cell separation
- Adult stem cell sorting by identification of surface markers
- ALDESORTER system for isolation of stem cells
- Dynabead technology for cell sorting
- Molecular beacons for specific detection and isolation of stem cells
- Multitarget magnetic activated cell sorter
- Nanocytometry
- Scepter"! cytometer
- Companies supplying cell sorters
- Cell analysis
- Cell analyzers
- In vivo cell imaging
- Measuring cell density
- Single-cell gene expression analysis
- Preservation of cells
- Innovations in cryopreservation
- Packaging of cells
- Selective expansion of T cells for immunotherapy
- Cloning and cell therapy
- Techniques for cell manipulation
- Cell-based drug discovery
- Advantages and limitations of cell-based assays for drug discovery
- Advantages and limitations of cell-based toxicity screening
- Quality control of cells for drug discovery
- Companies involved in cell-based drug discovery
- Drug delivery systems for cell therapy
- Intravenous delivery of stem cells
- Pharmacologically active microcarriers
- Devices for delivery of cell therapy
- Artificial cells
- Applications of artificial cells
- Cell encapsulation
- Diffusion capsule for cells
- Encapsulated cell biodelivery
- Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells
- Nitric oxide delivery by encapsulated cells
- Implantation of microencapulated genetically modified cells
- Ferrofluid microcapsules for tracking with MRI
- Companies involved in encapsulated cell technology
- Electroporation
- Gene therapy
- Cell-mediated gene therapy
- Fibroblasts
- Chondrocyte
- Skeletal muscle cells
- Vascular smooth muscle cells
- Keratinocytes
- Hepatocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Mammalian artificial chromosomes
- In vivo tracking of cells
- Molecular imaging for tracking cells
- MRI technologies for tracking cells
- Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents
- Visualization of gene expression in vivo by MRI
- Role of nanobiotechnology in development of cell therapy
- Cell transplantation for development of organs
- Cells transplantation and tolerance
- Strategies to improve tolerance of transplanted cells
- Encapsulation to prevent immune rejection
- Prevention of rejection of xenotransplants
- Expansion of allospecific regulatory T cells
- Removal and replacement of pathogenic cells of the body
- Therapeutic leukocytapheresis
3. Stem Cells
- Introduction
- Biology of stem cells
- Embryonic stem cells
- Growth and differentiation of ESCs
- Mechanisms of differentiation of ESCs
- Chemical regulation of stem cell differentiation
- In vitro differentiation of hESCs
- SIRT1 regulation during stem cell differentiation
- Regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation
- hESCs for reprogramming human somatic nuclei
- Stem cells differentiation in the pituitary gland
- Influence of microenvironment on ESCs
- Role of genes in differentiation of ESCs
- Global transcription in pluripotent ESCs
- Role of p53 tumor suppressor gene in stem cell differentiation
- Role of Pax3 gene in stem cell differentiation
- Signaling pathways and ESC genes
- Epigenetics of hESCs
- Chromatin as gene regulator for ESC development
- Comparison of development of human and mouse ESCs
- Mechanism of regulation of stem cells for regeneration of body tissues
- Role of microenvironments in the regulation of stem cells
- Regulation and regeneration of intestinal stem cells
- Parthenogenesis and human stem cells
- Uniparental ESCs
- Bone marrow stem cells
- Hematopoietic stem cells
- Role of HSCs in the immune system
- Derivation of HSCs from ESCs
- Mesenchymal stem cells
- Multipotent adult progenitor cells
- Side population (SP) stem cells
- Differentiation of adult stem cells
- Growth and differentiation of HSCs
- Signaling pathways in the growth and differentiation of HSCs
- Mathematical modeling of differentiation of HSCs
- Role of prions in self renewal of HSCs
- Sources of stem cells
- Sources of of human embryonic stem cells
- Nuclear transfer to obtain hESCs
- Direct derivation of hESCs from embryos without nuclear transfer
- Alternative methods of obtaining hESCs
- Establishing hESC lines without destruction of embryo
- Altered nuclear transfer
- Small embryonic-like stem cells
- Advantages and disadvantages of ESCs for transplantation
- Use of ESC cultures as an alternative source of tissue for transplantation
- Spermatogonial stem cells
- Amniotic fluid as a source of stem cells
- Amniotic fluid stem cells for tissue repair and regeneration
- Generation of iPS cells from AF cells
- Placenta as source of stem cells
- Amnion-derived multipotent progenitor cells
- Placenta as a source of HSCs
- Umbilical cord as a source of MSCs
- Umbilical cord blood as source of neonatal stem cells
- Cryopreservation of UCB stem cells
- UCB as source of MSCs
- Applications of UCB
- Advantages of UCB
- Limitations of the use of UCB
- Licensing and patent disputes involving UCB
- Infections following UCB transplants
- Unanswered questions about UCB transplantation
- Companies involved in UCB banking
- UCB banking in the UK
- US national UCB banking system
- Future prospects of UCB as a source of stem cells
- Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human somatic cells
- Characteristics of iPSCs
- DNA methylation patterns of iPS cells
- iPSCs derived from oocytes through SCNT
- iPSCs derived from skin
- iPSCs derived from blood
- Use of retroviral vectors for generation of iPSCs
- Use of non-integrating viral vectors for generation of iPSCs
- Generation of clinically relevant iPSCs
- Generation of RBCs from iPSCs
- iPSCs and disease modeling
- iPSCs for patient-specific regenerative medicine
- Concluding remarks about clinical potential of iPSCs
- Induced conditional self-renewing progenitor cells
- Sources of adult human stem cells
- Adipose tissue as a source of stem cells
- Intravenous infusion of adipose tissue derived MSCs
- iPSCs derived from adult human adipose stem cells
- Regulation of adipose stem cells differentiation
- Transforming adult adipose stem cells into other cells
- Multipotent stem-like cells derived from vascular endothelial cells
- Skin as a source of stem cells
- Controlling the maturation of embryonic skin stem cells
- Epidermal neural crest stem cells
- Follicle stem cells
- Mesenchymal stem cells in skin
- Regulation of stem cells in hair follicles
- Skin-derived precursor cells
- Stem cells in teeth
- Peripheral blood stem cells
- Spleen as a source of adult stem cells
- Search for master stem cells
- Vascular cell platform to self-renew adult HSC
- Adult stem cells vs embryonic stem cells
- Biological differences between adult and embryonic stem cells
- Neural crest stem cells from adult hair follicles
- Transdifferentiation potential of adult stem cells
- Limitations of adult stem cells
- Comparison of human stem cells according to derivation
- VENT cells
- Stem cell banking
- Stem cell technologies
- Analysis of stem cell growth and differentiation
- Tracking self-renewal and expansion of transplanted muscle stem cells
- Stem cell biomarkers
- Endoglin as a functional biomarker of HSCs
- STEMPRO&rec; EZChek™ for analysis of biomarkers of hESCs
- SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSCs
- p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cells
- Neural stem cell biomarker
- Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cells
- Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarkers
- Study of stem cell pathways
- Study of stem cell genes
- Gene inactivation to study hESCs
- RNAi to study gene inactivation in hESCs
- Study of ESC development by inducible RNAi
- Targeting Induced Local Lesions in Genomes
- Homologous recombination of ESCs
- Immortalization of hESCs by telomerase
- Gene modification in genomes of hESCs and hiPSCs using zinc-finger nuclease
- miRNA and stem cells
- Role of miRNAs in gene regulation during stem cell differentiation
- Influence of miRNA on stem cell formation and maintenance
- Transcriptional regulators of ESCs control miRNA gene expression
- Stem cells and cloning
- Cell nuclear replacement and cloning
- Nuclear transfer and ESCs
- Cloning from differentiated cells
- Cloning mice from adult stem cells
- Creating interspecies stem cells
- Cloned cells for transplantation medicine
- Claims of cloning of hESCs
- Cytogenetics of embryonic stem cells
- Engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cells
- Adipogenesis induced by adipose tissue-derived stem cells
- Antisense approach for preservation and expansion of stem cells
- Biomatrials for ESC growth
- Chemoattraction of neuronal stem cells through GABA receptor
- Enhancement of HSC engraftment by calcium-sensing receptor
- Enhancement of stem cell differentiation by Homspera
- Ex vivo expansion of human HSCs in culture
- Ex vivo expansion of MSCs
- Ex vivo expansion of UCB cells for transplantation
- Expansion of HSCs in culture by inhibiting aldehyde dehydrogenase
- Expansion of adult stem cells by activation of Oct4
- Expansion of transduced HSCs in vivo
- Expansion of stem cells in vivo by Notch receptor ligands
- Mobilization of HSCs by growth factors
- Mobilization of stem cells by cytokines/chemokines
- Mobilization of adult human HSCs by use of inhibitors
- Mobilization of stem cells by HYC750
- Mobilization of stem cells by hyperbaric oxygen
- Mobilization by adenoviral vectors expressing angiogenic factors
- Selective mobilization of progenitor cells from bone marrow
- Selective Amplification
- Stem cell mobilization by acetylcholine receptor agonists
- Use of parathyroid hormone to increase HSC mobilzation
- Technologies for inducing differentiation of stem cells
- Generation of RBCs from hematopoietic stem cells
- Generation of multiple types of WBCs from hESCs and iPSCs
- Growth factor-induced differentiation of MAPCs
- Lineage selection to induce differentiation of hESCs
- Mechanical strain to induce MSC differentiation
- Neurotrophin-mediated survival and differentiation of hESCs
- Synthetic biology and stem cells
- Use of RNAi to expand the plasticity of autologous adult stem cells
- Use of carbohydrate molecules to induce differentiation of stem cells
- Limitations of the currently available stem cell lines in the US
- Stem cell separation
- Stem cell culture
- Culture of hMSCs
- Elimination of contaminating material in stem cell culture
- Long-term maintenance of MSC multipotency in culture
- Nanofiber scaffolds for stem cell culture
- Conversion of stem cells to functioning adipocytes
- Mass production of ESCs
- Promoting survival of dissociated hESCs
- Analysis and characterization of stem cells
- Havesting and identification of EPCs
- Labeling of stem cells
- Labeling, imaging and tracking of stem cells in vivo
- Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo
- Project for imaging in stem cell therapy research
- Quantum dots for labeling and imaging of stem cells
- Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for tracking MSCs
- Applications of stem cells
- Commercial development and applications of adult stem cells
- Retrodifferentiation of stem cells
- MultiStem
- Controlling the maintenance process of hematopoietic stem cells
- Self renewal and proliferation of HSCs
- Aging and rejuvenation of HSCs
- Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
- Role of stem cells in regeneration
- Promotion of regeneration by Wnt/beta-catenin signaling
- Stem cells and human reproduction
- Expansion of spermatogonial stem cells
- Conversion of ESCs into spermatogonial stem cells
- Conversion of stem cells to oocytes
- ESCs for treatment of infertility in women
- Cloning human embryos from oocytes matured in the laboratory
- In utero stem cell transplantation
- Innovations in delivery of stem cells
- Polymeric capsules for stem cell delivery
- Immunological aspects of hESC transplantation
- Immunosuppression to prevent rejection of hESC transplants
- Histocompatibility of hESCs
- Strategies for promoting immune tolerance of hESCs
- Stem cells for organ vascularization
- Activation of EphB4 to enhance angiogenesis by EPCs
- Advantages and limitations of clinical applications of MSCs
- Biofusion by genetically engineering stem cells
- Stem cell gene therapy
- Combination of gene therapy with nuclear transfer
- Gene delivery to stem cells by artificial chromosome expression
- Genetic manipulation of ESCs
- Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhancing angiogenesis
- HSCs for gene therapy
- Helper-dependent adenoviral vectors for gene transfer in ESCs
- Lentiviral vectors for in vivo gene transfer to stem cells
- Linker based sperm-mediated gene transfer technology
- Mesenchymal stem cells for gene therapy
- Microporation for transfection of MSCs
- Regulation of gene expression for SC-based gene therapy
- Stem cells and in utero gene therapy
- Therapeutic applications for hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer
- The future of hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy
- Stem cell pharmaceutics
- Cardiomyocytes derived from hESCs
- ESCs as source of models for drug discovery
- hESC-derived hepatocytes for drug discovery
- Pharmaceutical manipulation of stem cells
- Role of stem cells in therapeutic effects of drugs
- Stem cells for drug discovery
- Stem cells for drug delivery
- Stem cell activation for regeneration by using glucocortoids
- Toxicology and drug safety studies using ESCs versus other cells
- Future challenges for stem cell technologies
- Study of the molecular mechanism of cell differentiation
- MBD3-deficient ESC line
- In vivo study of human hemopoietic stem cells
- Stem cell biology and cancer
- Research into plasticity of stem cells from adults
- Stem cells and aging
- Activation of bone marrow stem cells into therapeutic cells
- Role of nitric oxide in stem cell mobilization and differentiation
- Stem cell genes
- Gene expression in hESCs
- The casanova gene in zebrafish
- Nanog gene
- Stem cell proteomics
- hESC phosphoproteome
- Proteomic studies of mesenchymal stem cells
- Proteomic profiling of neural stem cells
- Proteome Biology of Stem Cells Initiative
- Genomic alterations in cultured hESCs
- Hybrid embryos/cybrids for stem cell research
- Generation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells
- Markers for characterizing hESC lines
- Switch of stem-cell function from activators to repressors
- Stem cell research at academic centers
- International Regulome Consortium
- Companies involved in stem cell technologies
- Concluding remarks about stem cells
- Challenges and future prospects of stem cell research
4. Clinical Applications of Cell Therapy
- Introduction
- Cell therapy for hematological disorders
- Transplantation of autologous hematopoietic stem cells
- Hemophilias
- Ex vivo cell/gene therapy of hemophilia B
- Cell/gene therapy of hemophilia A
- Hematopoietic stem cell therapy for thrombocytopenia
- Stem cell transplant for sickle cell anemia
- Treatment of chronic acquired anemias
- Implantation of genetically engineered HSCs to deliver rhEpo
- Drugs acting on stem cells for treatment of anemia
- Stem cell therapy of hemoglobinopathies
- Stem cells for treatment of immunoglobulin-light chain amyloidosis
- Future prospects of cell therapy of hematological disorders
- Cell therapy for immunological disorders
- Role of dendritic cells in the immune system
- Modifying immune responses of DCs by vaccination with lipiodol-siRNA
mixtures
- Potential of MSCs as therapy for immune-mediated diseases
- Stem cell therapy of chronic granulomatous disease
- Stem cell therapy of X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency
- Stem cell therapy of autoimmune disorders
- Treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with stem cells
- Treatment of Crohn's disease with stem cells
- Stem cell transplants for scleroderma
- Role of T Cells in immunological disorders
- Autologous T cells from adult stem cells
- Cell therapy for graft vs host disease
- MSCs for GVHD
- Cell therapy for viral infections
- T-cell therapy for CMV
- T-cell therapy for HIV infection
- T-cell immunity by Overlapping Peptide-pulsed Autologous Cells
- Anti-HIV ribozyme delivered in hematopoietic progenitor cells
- Dendritic-cell targeted DNA vaccine for HIV
- Cell therapy of lysosomal storage diseases
- Niemann-Pick disease
- Gaucher's disease
- Fabry's disease
- Cell therapy for diabetes mellitus
- Limitations of current treatment
- Limitations of insulin therapy for diabetes mellitus
- Limitations of pancreatic transplantation
- Islet cell transplantation
- Autologous pancreatic islet cell transplantation in chronic pancreatitis
- Clinical trials of pancreatic islet cell transplants for diabetes
- Drawbacks of islet cell therapy
- Use of an antioxidant peptide to improve islet cell transplantation
- Cdk-6 and cyclin D1 enhance human beta cell replication and function
- A device for delivery of therapeutic cells in diabetes
- Monitoring of islet cell transplants with MRI
- Concluding remarks about allogeneic islet transplantation for diabetes
- Encapsulation of insulin producing cells
- Encapsulated porcine pancreatic islet cells for pancreas
- Encapsulated insulinoma cells
- Magnetocapsule enables imaging/tracking of islet cell transplants
- Islet precursor cells
- Dedifferentiation of β cells to promote regeneration
- Pharmacological approaches for β cell regeneration
- Xenotransplantation of embryonic pancreatic tissue
- Non-pancreatic tissues for generation of insulin-producing cells
- Exploiting maternal microchimerism to treat diabetes in the child
- Bio-artificial substitutes for pancreas
- Role of stem cells in the treatment of diabetes
- Embryonic stem cells for diabetes
- HSC transplantation to supplement immunosuppressant therapy
- Human neural progenitor cells converted into insulin-producing cells
- Insulin-producing cells derived from UCB stem cells
- iPS cells for diabetes
- Isolation of islet progenitor cells
- Pancreatic progenitor cells Expansion in vitro
- Pancreatic stem cells
- Stem cell injection into portal vein of diabetic patients
- Dendritic cell-based therapy for type 1 diabetes
- Vaccine for diabetes
- Gene therapy in diabetes
- Viral vectors for gene therapy of diabetes
- Genetically engineered dendritic cells
- Genetically altered liver cells
- Genetically modified stem cells
- Companies developing cell therapy for diabetes
- Concluding remarks about cell and gene therapy of diabetes
- Cell therapy of gastrointestinal disorders
- Inflammatory bowel disease
- Cell therapy for liver disorders
- Types of cells and methods of delivery for hepatic disorders
- Bioartificial liver
- Limitations of bioartificial liver
- Stem cells for hepatic disorders
- Deriving hepatocytes from commercially available hMSCs
- Implantation of hepatic cells derived from hMSCs of adipose tissue
- MSC derived molecules for reversing hepatic failure
- Cell-based gene therapy for liver disorders
- Transplantation of genetically modified fibroblasts
- Transplantation of genetically modified hepatocytes
- Intraperitoneal hepatocyte transplantation
- Genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells
- Use of iPSCs derived from somatic cells for liver regeneration
- Clinical applications
- Future prospects of cell-based therapy of hepatic disorders
- Cell therapy of renal disorders
- Bioartificial kidney
- Cell-based repair for vascular access failure in renal disease
- Mesangial cell therapy for glomerular disease
- Stem cells for renal disease
- Role of stem cells in renal repair
- Bone marrow stem cells for renal disease
- MSC therapy for renal disease
- Cell therapy for pulmonary disorders
- Delivery of cell therapy for pumonary disorders
- Intratracheal injection of cells for pulmonary hypoplasia
- Role of stem cells in pulmonary disorders
- Lung stem cells
- Lung tissue regeneration from stem cells
- Role of stem cells in construction of the Cyberlung
- Respiratory epithelial cells derived from UCB stem cells
- Respiratory epithelial cells derived from hESCs
- Lung tissue engineering with adipose stromal cells
- Cell-based tissue-engineering of airway
- Pulmonary disorders that can be treatable with stem cells
- Acute lung injury and ARDS treated with MSCs
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia treated with MSCs
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with MSCs
- Cystic fibrosis treatment with genetically engineered MSCs
- Lung regeneration by integrin α6β 4-expressing alveolar
epithelial cell
- Pulmonary arterial hypertension treatment with EPCs
- Cell therapy for disorders of bones and joints
- Repair of fractures and bone defects
- Adult stem cells for bone grafting
- Cell therapy for osteonecrosis
- Cell therapy for cervical vertebral interbody fusion
- ESCs for bone repair
- Intrauterine use of MSCs for osteogenesis imperfecta
- In vivo bone engineering as an alternative to cell transplantation
- MSCs for repair of bone defects
- MSCs for repair of bone fractures
- Osteocel
- Stem cells for repairing skull defects
- Stem cell-based bone tissue engineering
- Spinal fusion using stem cell-based bone grafts
- Osteoarthritis and other injuries to the joints
- Mosaicplasty
- Autologous cultured chondrocytes
- Autologous intervertebral disc chondrocyte transplantation
- Cartilage repair by genetically modified fibroblasts expressing TGF-β
- Generation of cartilage from stem cells
- Role of cell therapy in repair of knee cartilage injuries
- Role of cells in the repair of anterior cruciate ligament injury
- Autologous tenocyte implantation in rotator cuff injury repair
- Platelet injection for tennis elbow
- Cell therapy of rheumatoid arthritis
- Cell therapy for diseases of the eye
- Cell therapy for corneal repair
- Stem cell therapy for limbal stem cell deficiency
- Role of stem cells in fibrosis following eye injury
- Stem cell transplantation for radiation sickness
- MSCs for treatment of radiation damage to the bone
- MSCs for regeneration of ovaries following radiotherapy damage
- Cell therapy for regeneration
- Stem cells for regenerating organs
- Umbilical cord blood for regeneration
- Role of stem cells in regeneration of esophageal epithelium
- Cell therapy for regeneration of muscle wasting
- Wound healing: skin and soft tissue repair
- Cells to form skin substitutes for healing ulcers
- CellSpray for wound repair
- Cell therapy for burns
- Closure of incisions with laser guns and cells
- Follicular stem cells for skin and wound repair
- Reprogramming autologous stem cells for wound regeneration
- Role of amniotic fluid MSCs in repair of fetal wounds
- Genetically engineered keratinocytes for wound repair
- MSCs for wound healing
- Regeneration of aging skin by adipose-derived stem cells
- Repair of aging skin by injecting autologous fibroblasts
- Role of cells in tissue engineering and reconstructive surgery
- Stem cells for tissue repair
- Scaffolds for tissue engineering
- Improving vascularization of engineered tissues
- Enhancing vascularization by combining cell and gene therapy
- Choosing cells for tissue engineering
- ESCs vs adult SCs for tissue engineering
- Use of adult MSCs for tissue engineering
- Nanobiotechnology applied to cells for tissue engineering
- Stem cells for tissue engineering of various organs
- Engineering of healthy living teeth from stem cells
- Adipose tissue-derived stem cells for breast reconstruction
- Improving tissue engineering of bone by MSCs
- Intra-uterine repair of congenital defects using amniotic fluid MSCs
- Cell-based tissue engineering in genitourinary system
- Urinary incontinence
- Tissue engineering of urinary bladder
- Label retaining urothelial cells for bladder repair
- MSCs for bladder repair
- Tissue-engineering of urethra using autologous cells
- Repair of the pelvic floor with stem cells from the uterus
- Reconstruction of vagina from stem cells
- Facial skin regeneration by stem cells as an alternative to face transplant
- Reconstruction of cartilage for repair of craniofacial defects
- Cell therapy for rejuvenation
- Cell therapy for performance enhancement in sports
- Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine
- Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries
- Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs
5. Cell Therapy for Cardiovascular Disorders
- Introduction to cardiovascular disorders
- Limitations of current therapies for myocardial ischemic disease
- Types of cell therapy for cardiovascular disorders
- Cell-mediated immune modulation for chronic heart disease
- Human cardiovascular progenitor cells
- Inducing the proliferation of cardiomyocytes
- Pericardial origin of colony-forming units
- Role of the SDF-1-CXCR4 axis in stem cell therapies for myocardial ischemia
- Role of splenic myocytes in repair of the injured heart
- Reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes
- Small molecules to enhance myocardial repair by stem cells
- Cell therapy for atherosclerotic coronary artery disease
- MyoCell"! (Bioheart)
- Cardiac stem cells
- Cardiomyocytes derived from epicardium
- Methods of delivery of cells to the heart
- Cellular cardiomyoplasty
- IGF-1 delivery by nanofibers to improve cell therapy for MI
- Non-invasive delivery of cells to the heart by MorphRguide catheter
- Cell therapy for cardiac revascularization
- Transplantation of cardiac progenitor cells for revascularization of
myocardium
- Stem cells to prevent restenosis after coronary angioplasty
- Role of cells in cardiac tissue repair
- Modulation of cardiac macrophages for repair of infarct
- Transplantation of myoblasts for myocardial infarction
- Patching myocardial infarction with fibroblast culture
- Cardiac repair with myoendothelial cells from skeletal muscle
- Myocardial tissue engineering
- Role of stem cells in repair of the heart
- Role of stem cells in cardiac regeneration following injury
- Cardiomyocytes derived from adult skin cells
- Cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs
- Studies to identify subsets of progenitor cells suitable for cardiac repair
- Technologies for preparation of stem cells for cardiovascular therapy
- Pravastatin for expansion of endogenous progenitor and stem cells
- Cytokine preconditioning of human fetal liver CD133+ SCs
- Expansion of adult cardiac stem cells for transplantation
- Role of MSCs in growth of CSCs
- Role of ESCs in repair of the heart
- ESC transplantation for tumor-free repair of the heart
- Transplantation of stem cells for myocardial infarction
- Autologous bone marrow-derived stem cell therapeutics
- Autologous bone marrow-derived mesenchymal precursor stem cells
- Transplantation of cord blood stem cells
- Transplantation of hESCs
- Transplantation of HSCs
- Transplantation of autologous angiogenic cell precursors
- Transplantation of adipose-derived stem cells
- Transplantation of bone marrow-derived cells for myocardial infarct
- Intracoronary infusion of mobilized peripheral blood stem cells
- Transplantation of endothelial cells
- Transplantation of cardiomyocytes differentiated from hESCs
- Stem cell therapy for cardiac regeneration
- Regeneration of the chronic myocardial infarcts by HSC therapy
- Human mesenchymal stem cells for cardiac regeneration
- In vivo tracking of MSCs transplanted in the heart
- MSCs for hibernating myocardium
- Simultaneous transplantation of MSCs and skeletal myoblasts
- Transplantation of genetically modified cells
- Transplantation of genetically modified MSCs
- Transplantation of cells secreting vascular endothelial growth factor
- Transplantation of genetically modified bone marrow stem cells
- Cell transplantation for congestive heart failure
- AngioCell gene therapy for congestive heart failure
- Injection of adult stem cells for CHF
- Intracoronary infusion of cardiac stem cells
- Myoblasts for treatment of congestive heart failure
- Stem cell therapy for dilated cardiac myopathy
- Role of cell therapy in cardiac arrhythmias
- Atrioventricular conduction block
- Genetically engineered cells as biological pacemakers
- Ventricular tachycardia
- Prevention of myoblast-induced arrhythmias by genetic engineering
- ESCs for correction of congenital heart defects
- Cardiac progenitors cells for treatment of heart disease
- Autologus stem cells for chronic myocardial ischemia
- Role of cells in cardiovascular tissue engineering
- Construction of blood vessels with cells
- Engineered arteries for bypass grafts
- Fetal cardiomyocytes seeding in tissue-engineered cardiac grafts
- Targeted delivery of endothelial progenitor cells labeled with
nanoparticles
- UCB progenitor cells for engineering heart valves
- Cell therapy for peripheral vascular disease
- ALD-301
- Cell/gene therapy for PVD
- Cell therapy for CLI in diabetics
- Colony stimulating factors for enhancing peripheral blood stem cells
- Intramuscular autologous bone marrow cells
- Ixmyelocel-T cell therapy for critical limb ischemia
- Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular disease
- Mechanism of the benefit of cell therapy for heart disease
- A critical evaluation of cell therapy for heart disease
- Publications of clinical trials of cell therapy for CVD
- Current status of cell therapy for cardiovascular disease
- Future directions for cell therapy of CVD
- Prospects of adult stem cell therapy for repair of heart
- Combination of cells with biomedical scaffolds
- Regeneration of cardiomyocytes without use of cardiac stem cells
6. Cell Therapy for Cancer
- Introduction
- Cell therapy technologies for cancer
- Cell-based delivery of anticancer therapy
- Cellular immunotherapy for cancer
- Treatments for cancer by ex vivo mobilization of immune cells
- Granulocytes as anticancer agents
- Neutrophil granulocytes in antibody-based immunotherapy of cancer
- Cancer vaccines
- Autologous tumor cell vaccines
- BIOVAXID
- OncoVAX
- Tumor cells treated with dinitrophenyl
- Vaccines that simultaneously target different cancer antigens
- Gene modified cancer cells vaccines
- GVAX cancer vaccines
- K562/GM-CSF
- Active immunotherapy based on antigen specific to the tumor
- The use of dendritic cells for cancer vaccination
- Autologous dendritic cells loaded ex vivo with telomerase mRNA
- Dendritic/tumor cell fusion
- Genetically modified dendritic cells
- In vivo manipulation of dendritic cells
- Preclinical and clinical studies with DC vaccines
- Vaccines based on dendritic cell-derived exosomes
- Limitations of DC vaccines for cancer
- Future developments to enhance clinical efficacy of DC vaccines
- Lymphocyte-based cancer therapies
- Adoptive cell therapy
- Chimeric antigen receptor T cells
- Combination of antiangiogenic agents with ACT
- Expansion of antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes
- Rescue of CD8+ T cells for use in tumor immunotherapy
- Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes
- Genetic engineering of tumor cells to activate T helper cells
- Hybrid cell vaccination
- Chemoimmunotherapy
- Stem cell-based anticancer therapies
- Stem cell transplantation in cancer
- Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
- Stem cell transplantation for hematological malignancies
- Long-term results of HSC transplantation
- Prediction of T-cell reconstitution after HSC transplantation
- HSC transplantation followed by GM-CSF-secreting cell vaccines
- HSC transplantation for renal cell cancer
- Complications of stem cell transplants in cancer
- Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)
- Delayed immune reconstitution leading to viral infections and relapse
- Tumor cell contamination
- Neurological complications
- Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
- Current status of the safety of allogeneic HSC transplantation
- Complications of PBSC transplantation in children
- Role of MSCs in cancer
- MSC-mediated delivery of anticancer therapeutics
- Nonmyeloablative allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- Umbilical cord blood transplant for leukemia
- hESC-derived NK cells for treatment of cancer
- ESC vaccine for prevention of lung cancer
- Genetic modification of stem cells for cancer therapy
- Genetic modification of hematopoietic stem cells
- Use of hematopoietic stem cells to deliver suicide genes to tumors
- Delivery of anticancer agents by genetically engineered MSCs
- Mesenchymal progenitor cells for delivery of oncolytic adenoviruses
- Genetically modified NSCs for treatment of neuroblastoma
- Innovations in cell-based therapy of cancer
- Use of immortalized cells
- Cancer therapy based on natural killer cells
- Mesothelin as a target for cancer immunotherapy
- Nanomagnets for targeted cell-based cancer gene therapy
- Implantation of genetically modified encapsulated cells for anticancer
therapy
- Antiangiogenesis therapy by implantation of microencapsulated cells
- Recombinant tumor cells secreting fusion protein
- NovaCaps&rec; for pancreatic cancer
- A device for filtering cancer and stem cells in the blood
- Cancer stem cells
- Role of integrative nuclear signaling in stem cell development
- Cancer stem cell markers
- Breast cancer stem cells
- Role of intestinal stem cells in intestinal polyposis
- Role of endothelial progenitor cells in tumor angiogenesis
- Role of cancer stem cells in metastases
- Therapeutic implications of cancer stem cells
- Targeting cancer stem cells in leukemia
- Targeting stem cells in ovarian cancer
- Targeting cancer stem cells to screen anticancer drugs
- Cell-based therapies for malignant brain tumors
- Role of cancer stem cells in resistance to radiotherapy
- Targeting stem cells in brain tumors
- Neural stem cells for drug/gene delivery to brain tumors
- Mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of gliomas
- Bone morphogenetic protein for inhibition of glioblastoma multiforme
- Dendritic cell therapy for brain tumors
- Encapsulated cells for brain tumors
- Companies involved in cell-based cancer therapy
- American Association for Cancer Research and ESCs
- Future of cell-based immunotherapy for cancer
7. Cell Therapy for Neurological Disorders
- Introduction
- Regeneration of the nervous system by endogenous stem cells
- Molecular mechanism of neurogenesis
- Generation of neurons from astroglia
- In vivo cell replacement therapy by locally induced neural progenitor cells
- Types of cells used for treatment of neurological disorders
- Activated T lymphocytes
- Differentiation of placenta-derived multipotent cells into neurons
- Mesenchymal stem cells induced to secrete neurotrophic factors
- Neural stem cells
- Development of human CNS stem cells
- Distinction between NSCs and intermediate neural progenitors
- Embryonic stem cell-derived neurogenesis
- Induction of NSCs fro hESCs
- Mechanism of migration of neural stem cells to sites of CNS injury
- Monitoring of implanted NSCs labeled with nanoparticles
- Neural progenitor cells
- Neural stem cells as therapeutic delivery vehicles
- Neural stem cells in the subventricular zone of the brain
- Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells
- Proteomics of neural stem cells
- Regulation of neural stem cells in the brain
- Role of CSF proteins in regulation of neural progenitor cells
- Sequencing the transcriptomes of neural stem cells
- Study of neural differentiation of hESCs by NeuroStem Chip
- Transformation of neural stem cells into other cell types
- Use of epidermal neural crest stem cells for neurological disorders
- Olfactory epithelium stem cells for transplantation in the CNS
- Development of CNS cells from non-CNS stem cells
- Derivation of CNS cells from peripheral nervous system
- Hair-follicle stem cells for neural repair
- Stem cells from human umbilical cord blood for CNS disorders
- Immortalized cells for CNS disorders
- Fetal tissue transplants
- Choroid plexus cells
- Laboratory mice with human brain cells
- Expansion of adult human neural progenitors
- Neurospheres
- Dental pulp cells for neuroprotection
- Ideal cells for transplantation into the nervous system
- Cell therapy techniques for neurological applications
- Carbon nanotubes to aid stem cell therapy of neurological disorders
- Cells used for gene therapy of neurological disorders
- Fibroblasts
- Stem cells
- Neuronal cells
- Immortalized neural progenitor cells
- Astrocytes
- Cerebral endothelial cells
- Human retinal pigmented epithelial cells
- Enhancement of growth of stem cells in the brain by drugs
- C3-induced differentiation and migration of NPC for repair of the brain
- Stem cell therapies of neurological disorders combined with HBO
- hESCs for CNS repair
- Methods of delivery of cells to the CNS
- Engineered stem cells for drug delivery to the brain
- Neuronal differentiation of stem cells
- Stem cells preparations for CNS disorders
- Tracking of stem cells in the CNS by nanoparticles and MRI
- Use of neural stem cells to construct the blood brain barrier
- Encapsulated cells
- CNS neotissue implant
- Intrathecal delivery of stem cells
- CNS delivery of cells by catheters
- Intravascular administration
- Neurological disorders amenable to cell therapy
- Neuroprotection by cell therapy
- Cells secreting neuroprotective substances
- Stem cells for neuroprotection
- Neuroprotection by intravenous administration of HSCs
- Human UCB-derived stem cells for the aging brain
- hESC transplantation to prevent cognitive impairment from radiation
- Neurodegenerative disorders
- Role of stem cells in neurodegenerative disorders
- MSCs for therapy of neurodegenerative disorders
- Role of NSCs in disorders associated with aging brain
- NSCs for improving memory
- Parkinson's disease
- Origin and fate of dopamine neurons
- Human dopaminergic neurons for PD
- Graft survival-enhancing drugs
- Xenografting porcine fetal neurons
- Encapsulated cells for PD
- Stem cells for PD
- Stem cells for production of glial derived neurotrophic factor
- Potential of regeneration of endogenous stem cells in PD
- Human retinal pigment epithelium cells for PD
- Coaxing hESCs to produce dopamine
- Tumorigenic potential of transplantated dopaminergic hESCs
- Transplantation of embryonic medial ganglionic eminence cells
- Delivery of cells for PD
- MSCs for multiple system atrophy
- Cell therapy for Huntington's disease
- Fetal striatal cell transplantation
- Transplantation of encapsulated porcine choroids plexus cells
- Cell therapy for Alzheimer's disease
- Neural stem cell implantation for Alzheimer's disease
- Implantation of genetically engineered cells producing NGF
- Cell therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
- Stem cell techniques for study of ALS
- Use of stem cells for ALS
- Transplantation of glial restricted precursors in ALS
- Stem cell-based drug discovery for ALS
- Cell therapy for demyelinating disorders
- Autologous bone marrow stem cell therapy for MS
- ESCs for remyelination
- Fusokine method of personalized cell therapy of MS
- Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for MS
- Mechanism of repair of demyelination after NSC transplantation
- Neural progenitor cells for neuroprotection in MS
- T cell-based personalized vaccine for MS
- Stem cells for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
- X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy
- Cell therapy of stroke
- Adult stem cell therapy in stroke
- Implantation of genetically programmed ESCs
- Intravenous infusion of MSCs
- Intravenous infusion of human UCB stem cells
- Intracerebral administration of human adipose tissue stromal cells
- Neural stem cell therapy for stroke
- Transplantation of encapsulated porcine choroids plexus
- Transplantation of fetal porcine cells
- Role of cell therapy in management of stroke according to stage
- Clinical trials of cell therapy for stroke
- Future of cell therapy for stroke
- Cell therapy of traumatic brain injury
- Cell/gene therapy for TBI
- Clinical trials of autologous HSC therapy for TBI
- Limitations of stem cell therapy for acute TBI
- Improving the microenvironments of transplanted cells in TBI
- Cell therapy for spinal cord injury
- Autoimmune T cells against CNS myelin-associated peptide
- Fetal neural grafts for SCI
- Olfactory-ensheathing cells for SCI
- Oligodendrocyte precursor cells for treatment of SCI
- Schwann cell transplants for SCI
- Transplantation of glial cells for SCI
- Stem cells for SCI
- Bone marrow stem cells for SCI
- Embryonic stem cells for SCI
- Transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells in SCI
- Transplantation of MSCs for SCI
- Transplantation of NSCs for SCI
- Transplantation of human dental pulp stem cells
- Transdifferentiation of BM stem cells into cholinergic neurons for SCI
- Spinal stem cells for treatment of ischemic injury of spinal cord
- Combined approaches for regeneration in SCI
- Combined cell/gene therapy for SCI
- Delivery of cells in SCI
- Intrathecal injection of cells labeled with magnetic nanoparticles
- Intravenous injection of stem cells for spinal cord repair
- Clinical applications of stem cells for SCI
- Autologous bone marrow cell transplantation for SCI
- Cell therapy of syringomyelia
- Cell therapy for neurogenetic disorders
- Hurler's syndrome treated with stem cells
- Krabbe's disease treated with UCB stem cells
- Krabbe's disease treated with combination of cell and gene therapy
- Mitochondrial encephalomyopathies treated with stem cells
- Sanfilippo syndrome type B treated with UCB stem cells
- Cell therapy for lysosomal storage disorders
- Cell therapy for Batten disease
- Cell/gene therapy for Farber's disease
- Genetically modified HSCs for metachromatic leukodystrophy
- Neural stem cells for lysosomal storage disorders
- Cell therapy of epilepsy
- Cell therapy of posttraumatic epilepsy
- Cell therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy
- Cell therapy for pharmacoresistant epilepsies
- Cell therapy for developmental neurological disorders
- Cell therapy for cerebral palsy
- Cell therapy for muscle disorders
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy
- Combination of cell and pharmacotherapy for DMD
- Myoblast transplant for DMD
- Myoblast-based gene transfer
- Myoblasts lacking the MyoD gene
- Myoblast injection for treatment of other muscular dystrophies
- Role of satellite cells in the treatment of DMD
- Stem cells for DMD
- Cell therapy for Autism
- Management of chronic intractable pain by cell therapy
- Implantation of chromaffin cells
- Role of stem cells in management of pain
- Implantation of astrocytes secreting enkephalin
- Cells for delivery of antinociceptive molecules
- Implantation of genetically engineered cells
- Cell therapy for low back pain
- Cell therapy for neuroendocrine disorders
- Pituitary stem cells
- Cell therapy for retinal degenerative disorders
- Human retinal stem cells
- Delivery of CNTF by encapsulated cell intraocular implants
- Stem cell transplantation in the retina
- ESCs for retinal degenerative disorders
- hESC-derived RPE cells for macular dystrophy
- Neuroprotective effect of neural progenitor cell transplantation
- Genetically engineered retinal pigmented epithelial cell lines
- Combining cell and gene therapies for retinal disorders
- Stem cell therapy for hearing loss
- Cell thery for peripheral nerve lesions
- Cell transplants for peripheral nerve injuries
- Treatment of diabetic neuropathy with endothelial progenitor cells
- Complications of cell therapy of CNS disorders
- Tumor formation after CNS transplantation of stem cells
- Uncontrolled differentiation of implanted cells
- Donor stem cell-derived brain tumor
- Clinical trials of cell therapy in neurological disorders
- Future prospects for cell therapy of CNS disorders
8. Ethical and Political Aspects of Cell therapy
- Introduction
- Political and ethical aspects of hESC research in the US
- Ethical issues concerning fetal tissues
- Morality and hESC research
- Opponents of hESC research in the US
- Use of hESCs in NIH-supported research
- Politics of hESC research in the US
- Public opinion in the US about hESC research
- Human stem cell cloning in the US
- Stem cell guidelines of various US institutions
- Ethics of transplanting human NSCs into the brains of nonhuman primates
- Stem cell lines available worldwide
- Stem cell policies around the world
- Countries with no defined policies on hESC research
- Australia
- Canada
- China
- Denmark
- France
- Germany
- India
- Ireland
- Israel
- Italy
- Japan
- The Netherlands
- Saudi Arabia
- Singapore
- South Africa
- South Korea
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland
- United Kingdom
- ESC bank
- European Union
- EU guidelines for stem cell research
- EMBO's recommendations for stem cell research
- Public opinion in Europe about hESC research
- United Nations, cloning and nuclear transfer
- The Embryo Project for information on ESC research
- Concluding remarks about ethics of ESC research
- Ethical issues concerning umbilical cord blood
- Cell therapy tourism
9. Safety and Regulatory Aspects of Cell Therapy
- Introduction
- Safety issues of cell therapy
- Immune-mediated reactions to transpanted stem cells
- Human virus infections associated with stem cell transplantation
- Herpes simplex virus type 1
- Cytomegalovirus
- Opportunistic infections among hematopoietic stem cell transplant
recipients
- Cord colitis syndrome
- Carcinogenic potential of stem cells and its prevention
- FDA safety regulations for cell and tissue products
- FDA Guidance on license applications for umbilical cord blood products
- Regulation of cord blood banks in the US
- Regulatory issues for biotechnology-derived drugs
- Regulation of cell selection devices for PBSCs at point of care
- FDA rules for human cells and tissues
- FDA regulation of fetal cellular or tissue products
- FDA and clinical trials using hESCs
- Cell and gene therapy INDs placed on hold by the FDA
- Regulatory issues for genetically engineered cell transplants
- FDA guidelines for human tissue transplantation
- Xenotransplantation
- Clinical Protocol Review and Oversight
- Informed consent and patient education
- Xenotransplantation product sources
- FDA guidelines for xenografts
- Regulations relevant to cell therapy in the European Union
- Regulations about use of stem cells in the EU
- EMEA regulation of cell/gene therapy
- Guidelines for cell therapy in the UK
- NIH and stem cells
- hESC lines approved under the new NIH guidelines
- Clinical trials in cell therapy
- Stem cell patents
- Stem cell patents in the United States
- Current status of Thomson patents at WARF
- Stem cell patents in the European Union
Tables
- Table 1 1: Landmarks in the history of cell therapy
- Table 1 2: Examples of cells involved in various diseases
- Table 2 1: Types of human cells used in cell therapy
- Table 2 2: A selection of companies providing cell culture media
- Table 2 3: A sampling of companies supplying cell sorters
- Table 2 4: Companies involved in cell-based drug discovery
- Table 2 5: Methods of delivery of cells for therapeutic purposes
- Table 2 6: Therapeutic applications of encapsulated cells
- Table 2 7: Companies working on encapsulated cell technology
- Table 2 8: Molecular imaging methods for tracking cells in vivo
- Table 3 1: Companies involved in cord blood banking as a source of stem
cells
- Table 3 2: Sources of adult human stem cells
- Table 3 3: Comparison of human stem cells according to derivation
- Table 3 4: Enhancing engraftment, mobilization and expansion of stem cells
- Table 3 5: Applications of stem cells
- Table 3 6: Advantages and limitations of methods for optimizing MSCs
- Table 3 7: Growth factors with positive effects on stem cells and
applications
- Table 3 8: Examples of drugs that induce granulocytopenia at stem cell
level
- Table 3 9: Academic institutes involved in stem cell research
- Table 3 10: Companies involved in stem cell technologies
- Table 4 1: Therapeutic applications of regulatory T cells (T-regs)
- Table 4 2: Various tissue/cell therapy approaches to the treatment of type
1 diabetes
- Table 4 3: Companies involved in cell therapy for insulin-dependent
diabetes
- Table 4 4: Major pulmonary disorders potentially treatable by stem cell
manipulation
- Table 4 5: Cell-based repair of knee cartilage damage
- Table 5 1: Classification of various types of cell therapy for
cardiovascular disorders
- Table 5 2: Clinical trials of cell therapy in cardiovascular disease
- Table 6 1: Cell therapy technologies used for cancer
- Table 6 2: Companies involved in developing cell-based therapies for cancer
- Table 7 1: Experimental use of immortalized cells for CNS disorders
- Table 7 2: Combination of stem cells and HBO in models of neurological
disorders
- Table 7 3: Methods for delivering cell therapies in CNS disorders
- Table 7 4: Neurological disorders amenable to cell therapy
- Table 7 5: Types of cell used for investigative treatment of Parkinson's
disease
- Table 7 6: Status of cell therapies for Parkinson's disease
- Table 7 7: Role of cell therapy in management of stroke according to stage
- Table 7 8: Clinical trials of cell therapy for stroke: completed, ongoing
and pending
- Table 7 9: Clinical trials with cell-based therapies in neurological
disorders (excluding stroke)
- Table 8 1: Listed numbers of stem cell lines around the world as of end of
2008
- Table 8 2: Stem cell policies around the world
- Table 8 3: European public attitudes about research involving human stem
cells
- Table 9 1: Possible adverse reactions and safety issues of cell therapy
Figures
- Figure 1 1: Interrelationships of cell therapy to other technologies
- Figure 1 2: Interrelationships of gene, cell and protein therapies
- Figure 3 1: A simplified biological scheme of embryonic stem Cells
- Figure 3 2: Steps of iPS cell production
- Figure 3 3: Flow chart of development of stem cells with potential
bottlenecks
- Figure 5 1: hESC-derived cardiomyocytes from laboratory to bedside
- Figure 6 1: A scheme of generation and administration of tumor
antigen-pulsed dendritic cells
- Figure 6 2: Stem cell transplantation techniques
- Figure 7 1: Stem cells that can give rise to neurons
- Figure 7 2: Approaches to stem cell therapy in stroke
Part II
10. Markets and Future Prospects for Cell Therapy
- Introduction
- Methods for estimation of cell therapy markets
- Potential markets for cell therapy
- Markets according to technologies
- Stem cell transplant
- Supporting cell technologies
- Blood transfusion market
- Cord blood collection and storage
- Cell therapy and related technologies
- Cell therapy markets according to therapeutic area
- Bone and joint disorders
- Cancer
- Cardiovascular disorders
- Diabetes mellitus
- Liver disorders
- Neurological disorders
- Retinal degenerative diseases market
- Skin and wound care
- Urinary incontinence
- Reconstruction of teeth by stem cell implants
- Market size according to geographical areas
- Unmet market needs in cell therapy
- Drivers of growth of cell therapy markets
- Role of stem cells in regenerative medicine
- Role of cells in markets for artificial organs
- Increase of R&D expense on cell therapy
- Increased used of cell-based drug discovery
- Impact of emerging healthcare trends on cell therapy markets
- Markets for cell therapy tourism
- Future prospects of cell therapy
- Embryonic stem cell research around the world
- Consortia for ESC research in Europe
- EuroStemCell
- FunGenES
- ESTOOLS
- UK National Stem Cell Network
- Ethical concerns about commercialization of embryonic stem cells
- Education of the physicians
- Public education
- NIH support of stem cell research
- Funding of stem cell research from non-federal sources
- Prospects of venture capital support for stem cell companies
- Cell therapy in the developing countries
- Guidelines for stem cell therapies
- Business strategies
- Formation of networks
- Future market potential of adult vs embryonic stem cells
11. Companies Involved in Cell Therapy
- Introduction
- Profiles of selected companies
- Collaborations
12. Academic Institutions
- Introduction
- Stem cell center
- Profiles of institutions
- Collaborations
13. References
Tables
- Table 10 1: Market size according to cell therapy and related technologies
2011-2021
- Table 10 2: Market size according to therapeutic areas for cell therapy
2011-2021
- Table 10 3: Cell therapy markets for cardiovascular disorders 2011-2021
- Table 10 4: Values of cell therapies for neurological disorders 2011-2021
- Table 10 5: Total cell therapy market according to geographical areas
2011-2021
- Table 10 6: Cord blood market according to geographical areas 2011-2021
- Table 10 7: Stem cells transplant market according to geographical areas
2011-2021
- Table 11 1: Publicly traded cell therapy companies
- Table 11 2: Selected collaborations of cell therapy companies
- Table 12 1: Therapeutic uses of stem cells
- Table 12 2: Commercial collaborations of US academic institutes relevant
to stem cells
Figures
- Figure 10 1: Unmet needs in cell therapy
