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Biochips - technologies,markets and companies

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Abstract

Summary

This report is an analysis of biochip/microarray markets based on technologies and applications. The report starts with a description of technologies as a basis for estimation of markets. Technologies include array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), copy number variation (CNV), DNA methylation, ChIP-Chip, RNA splice variants, and microRNA. Separate chapters are devoted to protein biochips/microarrays, microfluidics and nanobiotechnology-based nano-arrays.

Various applications of biochips and microarrays are described throughout the report. Areas of application such as point-of-care, genetic screening, cancer, and diagnosis of infections are included. Separate chapters are devoted to applications in drug discovery and development as well as personalized medicine

The report provides current share of each segment: market size in 2011 and projected value for the years 2016 and 2021. Gene expression has the largest share and is an established market. Share of microarray technologies in other areas will grow with the maximum growth in RNA splice variants followed by epigenetics. The growth in protein microarrays is somewhat less, partly because it is more mature than the other submarkets and has already shown considerable growth in the past. Impact of next generation sequencing on segments of microarray markets is identified. Customer requirements and unmet needs are described. Markets are also analyzed according to geographical areas.

Brief profiles of companies involved in biochip/microarray technologies are provided. Currently selected 79 companies are included along with listing of 100 collaborations between companies. The text is supplemented by 17 tables, 8 figures and 100 references to literature.

Table of Contents

0. Executive Summary

1. Introduction

  • Definitions of biochips/microarray
  • Terms used for biochips
  • Historical aspects of biochip/microarray technology
  • Relation of microarrays to other technologies
  • Applications of biochips/microarrays

2. Biochip and Microarray Technologies

  • Introduction
  • Nucleic acid amplification and microarrays
  • PCR on a chip
  • Fast PCR biochip
  • Multiplex microarray-enhanced PCR for DNA analysis
  • Universal DNA microarray combining PCR and ligase detection reaction
  • NASBA combined with microarray
  • Rolling circle amplification on microarrays
  • LiquiChip-RCAT
  • Multiplexed Molecular Profiling
  • Genomewide association scans
  • Whole genome microarrays
  • GeneChip Human Genome Arrays
  • Arrayit's® H25K
  • Transposon insertion site profiling chip
  • Standardizing the microarrays
  • Optical Mapping
  • Microarrays based on ENA detection by physico-chemical methods
  • Electrochemical detection of DNA
  • Photoelectrochemical synthesis of DNA microarrays
  • Microchip capillary electrophoresis
  • Strand displacement amplification on a biochip
  • Biosensor technologies for biochips
  • DNA-based biosensors
  • Phototransistor biochip biosensor
  • Microarrays for cytogenetics
  • Comparative genomic hybridization
  • Array-based CGH
  • NimbleGen CGH arrays
  • Single-cell array CGH
  • Regulatory requirements for array CGH
  • Agilent CGH+SNP microarray platform
  • SignatureChip®
  • Tissue microarrays
  • Pathology tissue-ChIP
  • Carbohydrate microarrays
  • RNA profiling
  • RNA splice variants
  • miRNAs
  • Microarrays for miRNAs
  • Microarrays vs quantitative PCR for measuring miRNAs
  • Exon microarrays
  • Microarrays & DNA sequencing
  • Microarray-based emerging DNA sequencing technologies
  • Exome sequencing for study of human variation
  • High-throughput array-based resequencing
  • Sequencing by hybridization
  • SOLiD-System based ChIP-Sequencing
  • Next generation sequencing vs microarrays for expression profiling
  • Microarray-based gene synthesis

3. Microfluidics-based Biochips and Microarrays

  • Introduction
  • Fish-on-chip
  • Lab-on-a-chip
  • LabChip
  • LabCD
  • Micronics' microfluidic technology
  • Rheonix CARD technology
  • Microfluidic chips/arrays using PCR
  • Digital PCR Array
  • Digital PCR on a SlipChip
  • Microfluidic automated DNA analysis using PCR
  • Microfluidic single-cell RT-qPCR on a chip
  • Microfluidic chips integrated with RCAT
  • Microfluidic chips integrated with PET
  • Molecular diagnostic applications of microfluidic biochips
  • Biochips/microfluidics for detection of circulating tumor cells
  • CTChip™
  • Lab-on-chip for the isolation and detection of CTCs
  • Companies developing microfluidic technologies

4. Protein Biochips

  • Introduction
  • Protein biochip technologies
  • Protein microarrays
  • Antibody microarrays
  • Antibody microarrays for diagnosis of cancer
  • Aptamer-based protein biochip
  • High-density protein microarrays
  • HPLC-Chip for protein identification
  • LabChip for protein analysis
  • Multiplexed Protein Profiling on Microarrays
  • ProteinChip
  • Protein chips for antigen-antibody interactions molecular diagnostics
  • Proteomic pattern analysis
  • Single molecule array
  • TRINECTIN proteome chip
  • New developments in protein chips/microarrays
  • Microfluidic devices for proteomics-based diagnostics
  • Viral protein chip
  • Use of microarray technologies in human protein atlas initiative
  • Applications of protein biochip/microarrays
  • Biosensor protein chip
  • Nucleic Acid Programmable Protein Array
  • Proteome Identification Kit
  • Protein nanobiochip for diagnosis
  • Proteomic chip for profiling signaling pathways in single tumor cells
  • Protein biochips/microarrays for personalized medicine
  • Companies involved protein biochips/microarrays

5. Nanobiotechnology-based Biochips & Microarrays

  • Introduction
  • Nanotechnology-based biochips
  • Fullerene photodetectors for chemiluminescence detection on microfluidic chip
  • Nanotechnology on a chip
  • Nanogen's NanoChip
  • Use of nanotechnology in microfluidics
  • Construction of nanofluidic channels
  • NanoAnalyzer® chip
  • Nanoscale flow visualization
  • Moving (levitation) of nanofluidic drops with physical forces
  • Electrochemical nanofluid injection
  • Nanofluidics on nanopatterned surfaces
  • Nano-interface in a microfluidic chip
  • Nanofluidic channels for study of DNA
  • Nanoarrays
  • Dip Pen Nanolithography for nanoarrays
  • NanoPro™ System
  • Nanosensors
  • Cantilever arrays
  • Nanotechnology-based protein biochips/microarrays
  • AFM for immobilization of biomolecules in high-density nanoarrays
  • Nanoparticle protein chip
  • Protein biochips based on fluorescence planar wave guide technology
  • Self-assembling protein nanoarrays
  • Diagnostic applications of nanobiochips
  • Nanofluidic devices to detect a single molecule of DNA
  • Nanochip/biosensor for detection of circulating cancer cells

6. Biochips & Microarrays for Epigenetics

  • Introduction
  • Epigenomic technologies
  • Epigenomics Digital Phenotype
  • Global methylation analysis
  • Illumina's assays for analysis of methylation sites
  • GenomicTree's MDScanÔ-technology
  • Orion's MethylScope® technology
  • ChIP-chip
  • Microarray for immunogenetic testing
  • Applications for study of DNA methylation

7. Applications of Microarrays in Drug Discovery & Development

  • Introduction
  • Drug discovery
  • Finding lead compounds
  • High-throughput cDNA microarrays
  • Use of gene expression data to find new drug targets
  • Investigation of the mechanism of drug action
  • Cellular microarrays
  • Peptide microarrays for high-throughput screening
  • Biochips for toxicology studies
  • Gene expression studies for toxicology using microarrays
  • MetaChip/Datachip
  • Testing drugs in organ-on-a-chip microdevices
  • ADME-on-a-chip
  • Liver-on-a-chip
  • Lung-on-a-chip
  • SmartChip for cancer drug discovery
  • Drug development
  • Use of microarrays in clinical trials
  • Reverse phase protein microarrays
  • Controlled-release microchip for drug delivery

8. Biochips for Biomarkers, Molecular Diagnostics & Personalized Medicine

  • Introduction
  • Applications of biochip technology in personalized medicine
  • AmpliChip P53 as companion diagnostic for cancer
  • Application of microarrays for discovery of biomarkers
  • Antibody-based biomarker discovery
  • Discovery of biomarkers by MAb microarray profiling
  • Gene expression microarray data as a source of protein biomarkers
  • Peptide array technology for detection of biomarkers
  • Protein microarrays for discovery of biomarkers
  • QPDx® BioChips for biomarkers
  • Tissue microarrays for study of biomarkers
  • Biochip and microarray-based detection of SNPs
  • Affymetrix Variation Detection Arrays
  • Biochip combining BeadArray and ZipCode technologies
  • NanoChip for detection of SNPs
  • SNP genotyping by MassARRAY
  • SNP-IT primer-extension technology
  • Copy number variations in the human genome
  • Agilent 2x105K microarray
  • Affymetrix's chromosome copy number analysis
  • Infinium's CNV and SNP lines
  • HD Human660W-Quad BeadChip
  • Roche NimbleGen's CGH and CNV product line
  • TaqMan® Copy Number Assays
  • Innovations in CNV and CGH microarrays
  • Bioinformatic tools for analysis of CNV data
  • Microarrays for Pharmacogenetics
  • AmpliChip CYP450
  • Commercial development of biochip technologies for diagnostics

9. Markets

  • Introduction
  • Methods for estimation of markets
  • Microarray markets
  • Market share of microfluidics-based microarrays
  • Gene expression microarray markets
  • Array CGH markets
  • CNV markets
  • Markets for RNA splice variants
  • Markets for microarray relevant to miRNA
  • Epigenetic markets
  • ChIP-Chip
  • Markets for protein microarrays
  • Role of scientists' attitudes on the evolution of protein microarray markets
  • Market share of microarray technology in protein biomarkers
  • Geographical distribution of microarray markets
  • Currents trends
  • Types of arrays used
  • Tiling array
  • Exon array
  • Reaction specifics
  • Pre-amplification use
  • Reagents from array vendor or other sources
  • Dual versus single color array preference
  • Oligo versus BAC preference
  • Cost per sample or cost per array
  • Preference for single versus multiplex sample arrays
  • Current and future throughput in samples per week
  • Use in niche markets
  • Diagnostics
  • Drug discovery
  • Therapeutics
  • Research
  • Screening assays versus whole genome aCGH
  • Effect of next generation sequencing on microarray markets
  • Impact of next generation sequencing on microarray markets for diagnostics
  • Impact of next gen sequencing on microarray markets for drug discovery
  • Resequencing
  • RNA profiling
  • Transcriptome sequencing for mRNA Expression
  • Applications of next generation sequencing in basic research
  • Mapping and sequencing of structural variation from human genomes
  • Identifying protein-coding genes in genomic sequences
  • Applications in clinically relevant areas
  • Genetic disorders
  • Cancer research
  • Management of HIV/AIDS
  • Customer requirements and unmet needs
  • Concluding remarks on microarray markets
  • Future of biochip technology for molecular diagnostics
  • Impact of next generation sequencing on microarray markets in the future
  • Effect on CNV market
  • Effect on RNA profiling
  • Screening samples

10. Companies

  • Profiles of companies
  • Collaborations

11. References

Tables

  • Table 1-1: Various terms used for biochips, microarrays and microfluidics
  • Table 1-2: Historical landmarks relevant to the development of biochip technology
  • Table 1-3: Applications of microarrays
  • Table 2-1: Companies developing whole genome chips/microarrays
  • Table 2-2: Microarray/biochip-based technologies for cytogenetics
  • Table 2-3: Companies developing whole genome chips/microarrays
  • Table 2-4: ChIP detection platforms for sequencing
  • Table 3-1: Companies developing microfluidic technologies
  • Table 4-1: Applications of protein biochips/microarrays
  • Table 4-2: Selected companies involved in protein biochip/microarray technology
  • Table 5-1: Companies with nanoarray and nanofluidic technologies
  • Table 8-1: Applications of biochip technology relevant to personalized medicine
  • Table 8-2: Companies involved in biochips for molecular diagnostics
  • Table 9-1: Growth of markets for microarray technologies from 2011 to 2021
  • Table 9-2: Geographical distribution of biochip/microarray markets 2011-2021
  • Table 9-3: Global markets for sequencing services according to applications
  • Table 10-1: Collaborations

Figures

  • Figure 1-1: Relation of microarrays to other technologies and applications
  • Figure 2-1: Affymetrix GeneChip technology
  • Figure 2-2: Basic principle of a biosensor
  • Figure 2-3: Construction of SOLiD fragment library using DNA enrichment by ChIP
  • Figure 4-1: ProteinChip System
  • Figure 5-1: Schematic representation of Dip Pen Nanolithography (DPN)
  • Figure 8-1: Role of biochips/microarrays in personalized medicine
  • Figure 8-2: Role of CYP450 genotyping in development of personalized medicine
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