首頁 產業/市場分類 出版商一覽 Email 通知 GII媒體代理會議 公司簡介 聯絡我們
- English Japanese Korean
首頁 > 市場調查報告書 > 汽車工業 > 油電混合汽車 > 電動車用行程延伸引擎市場：2012-2022年
產業/市場分類
汽車工業 (1844)
汽車市場 (483)
汽車電子 (169)
汽車零件 (395)
油電混合汽車 (162)
修配用零件市場 (171)
遠距傳送 (186)
市場調查報告書

電動車用行程延伸引擎市場：2012-2022年

Range Extenders for Electric Vehicles 2012-2022

出版商 IDTechEx Ltd.
出版日期 2012年05月 商品編碼 228170
內容資訊 英文 224 Pages
價格
US $ 3995 Web Access (Five User License)
US $ 4250 Web Access (Five User License) and Hard Copy


電動車用行程延伸引擎市場：2012-2022年 是由出版商IDTechEx Ltd.在2012年05月所出版的。 這份英文市場調查報告書包含224 Pages 價格從美金3995起跳。

簡介

2021年預計將生產800萬台油電混合車，並將裝備一般電動車沒有加裝額外動力來源之行程延伸引擎。此外，若公車、軍用車輛、船隻及交通運輸工具皆裝有行程延伸引擎，預計將可形成大規模之新市場。

本報告為，匯整電動車用行程延伸引擎市場之概要及趨勢，並提供2012-2022年市場預測、電動車市場趨勢及市場驅力等分析、主要行程延伸引擎開發商及製造商、整合商資訊，以下列摘要形式闡述。

第1章 實施概要及總論

  • 2021年行程延伸引擎市場
  • 電動車市場：2011年及2021年
  • 電動車、油電混合車、行程延伸引擎之10年預測
  • 電動車類型別銷售：2011-2022年
  • 油電混合車及一般電動車之比較
  • 油電混合車市場驅力
  • 對行程延伸引擎之要求：2012-2022年
  • 3代行程延伸引擎
  • 行程延伸引擎多年後其消費電力越來越少之理由
  • 能量收集：非替代，主要協作
  • 備有行程延伸引擎車輛之主要趨勢

第2章 簡介

  • 電動車類型
  • 眾多燃料
  • 純電動車
  • 提升純電動車之效能
  • 直列式vs並列式油電混合
  • 油電混合之作用模式
  • 微油電混合為誤稱
  • 極完整之油電混合化
  • 電池成本及效能為關鍵
  • 油電混合之價格溢價
  • REEV之進步
  • 何謂行程延伸引擎
  • 市場中燃料電池行程延伸引擎之定位
  • 電動車之能量收集
  • 儲能技術之權衡
  • 高電壓趨勢
  • 能源密度/輸出密度用組件之選擇
  • PEM燃料電池
  • 分佈式組件之趨勢
  • 非智慧型外觀，而以平順為主要趨勢

第3章 電動車市場概要

  • 概觀圖
  • 最大部門
  • 製造商數
  • 重工業部門
  • 公車
  • 輕工業及商用部門
  • 2輪及連結車
  • 乘用車
  • 高爾夫
  • 軍用
  • 海洋
  • 其他
  • EV組件市場
  • 行程
  • 日本、中國、韓國受到關注
  • 部分政府之動搖
  • 汽車產業中健全之淘汰
  • 回歸完整之EV
  • 獲勝策略

第4章 REEV市場及技術

  • 陸地船隻用行程延伸引擎
  • 電動飛機用行程延伸引擎
  • 比較
  • 航空中燃料電池
  • 客機
  • 電動定期班機之可能性
  • 海事船用用行程延伸引擎

第5章 行程延伸引擎開發商及製造商（23間）

第6章 行程延伸引擎整合商（37個團體）

第7章 市場驅力及市場預測

  • 市場驅力及阻力
  • 補助金為市場驅力之一
  • 電動車市場：2011年及2021年
  • 電動車、油電混合車、行程延伸引擎之10年預測
  • 3代行程延伸引擎

附錄1：IDTECHEX之出版品及諮詢業

附錄2：2010年止燃料電池公車實驗相關FUEL CELL 2000摘要

圖表

目錄

Abstract

“About eight million hybrid cars will be made in 2022 - each with a range extender”

Description

We are in the decade of the hybrid electric vehicle despite the fact that most off road and underwater vehicles are pure electric. That includes most forklifts, golf cars and mobility vehicles for the disabled plus Autonomous Underwater Vehicles AUVs and personal submarines. Indeed, most electric aircraft are pure electric as well. The reason is that these are mainly small as are electric two wheelers which are almost all pure electric as well. Small vehicles rarely need to travel long distances. In addition, these pure electric vehicles are often used where a conventional engine is banned as on lakes and indoors or where it is impracticable as with underwater vehicles. By contrast, half the electric vehicle market value lies in larger road vehicles, notably cars, and here the legal restrictions are weaker or non-existent and range anxiety compels most people to buy hybrids if they go electric at all.

About eight million hybrid cars will be made in 2022, each with a range extender, the additional power source that distinguishes them from pure electric cars. Add to that significant money spent on the same devices in buses, military vehicles, boats and so on and a major new market emerges. This unique report is about range extenders for all these purposes - their evolving technology and market size. Whereas today's range extenders usually consist of little more than off the shelf internal combustion engines, these are rapidly being replaced by second generation range extenders consisting of piston engines designed from scratch for fairly constant load in series hybrids. There are some wild cards like Wankel engines and rotary combustion engines or free piston engines both with integral electricity generation. However a more radical departure is the third generation micro turbines and fuel cells that work at constant load. The report compares all these. It forecasts the lower power needed over the years given assistance from fast charging and energy harvesting innovations ahead. Every aspect of the new range extenders is covered.

This new report profiles all key developers, manufactures and integrators of range extenders for land, water and airborne electric vehicles. It gives ten year forecasts of the different types of electric vehicle and of range extenders by number, unit value and market value. Market drivers and the changing requirements for power output are analysed. Will shaftless range extenders with no separate electricity generator take over and when will that be? What fuels will be used and when? What are the pros and cons of each option and who are the leaders? It is all here.

Report Statistics
  • Last update: May 2012
  • Forecasts to: 2022
  • Total Number of Pages: 224
  • Total Number of Tables: 31
  • Total Number of Figures: 132

Table of Contents

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

  • 1.1. Range extender market in 2022
  • 1.2. EV Market 2012 and 2022
  • 1.3. Ten year forecast for electric cars, hybrids and their range extenders
  • 1.4. Hybrid and pure electric vehicles compared
  • 1.5. Hybrid market drivers
  • 1.6. What will be required of a range extender 2012-2022
  • 1.7. Three generations of range extender
  • 1.8. Why range extenders need lower power over the years
  • 1.9. Energy harvesting - mostly ally not alternative
  • 1.10. Key trends for range extended vehicles

2. INTRODUCTION

  • 2.1. Types of electric vehicle
  • 2.2. Many fuels
  • 2.3. Born electric
  • 2.4. Pure electric vehicles are improving
  • 2.5. Series vs parallel hybrid
  • 2.6. Modes of operation of hybrids
    • 2.6.1. Plug in hybrids
    • 2.6.2. Charge-depleting mode
    • 2.6.3. Blended mode
    • 2.6.4. Charge-sustaining mode
    • 2.6.5. Mixed mode
  • 2.7. Microhybrid is a misnomer
  • 2.8. Deep hybridisation
  • 2.9. Battery cost and performance are key
  • 2.10. Hybrid price premium
  • 2.11. Progressing the REEV
  • 2.12. What is a range extender?
    • 2.12.1. First generation range extender technology
    • 2.12.2. Second generation range extender technology
    • 2.12.3. Radically new approaches - Huttlin range extender
    • 2.12.4. Third generation range extender technology
  • 2.13. Market position of fuel cell range extenders
  • 2.14. Energy harvesting on and in electric vehicles
  • 2.15. Tradeoff of energy storage technologies
  • 2.16. Trend to high voltage
  • 2.17. Component choices for energy density/ power density
  • 2.18. Fuel cells rescued by batteries
  • 2.19. PEM fuel cells
  • 2.20. Trend to distributed components
  • 2.21. Trend to flatness then smart skin

3. ELECTRIC VEHICLE MARKET OVERVIEW

  • 3.1. The whole picture
    • 3.1.1. Synergies
    • 3.1.2. What is excluded?
  • 3.2. Largest sectors
  • 3.3. Numbers of manufacturers
  • 3.4. Heavy industrial sector
  • 3.5. Buses
  • 3.6. The light industrial and commercial sector
  • 3.7. Two wheel and allied vehicles
  • 3.8. Cars
  • 3.9. Golf
  • 3.10. Military
  • 3.11. Marine
  • 3.12. Other
  • 3.13. Market for EV components
  • 3.14. Timelines
  • 3.15. Watch Japan, China and Korea
  • 3.16. Vacillation by some governments
  • 3.17. Healthy shakeout of the car industry
  • 3.18. Full circle back to pure EVs
  • 3.19. Winning strategies

4. MARKETS AND TECHNOLOGIES FOR REEVS

  • 4.1. Range extenders for land craft
  • 4.2. Range Extenders for electric aircraft
    • 4.2.1. Military aircraft
  • 4.3. Comparisons
  • 4.4. Fuel cells in aviation
  • 4.5. Civil aircraft
  • 4.6. Potential for electric airliners
  • 4.7. Range extenders for marine craft

5. RANGE EXTENDER DEVELOPERS AND MANUFACTURERS

  • 5.1. Advanced Magnet Laboratory USA
  • 5.2. Aerovironment / Protonex Technology USA
  • 5.3. Austro Engine Austria
  • 5.4. Bladon Jets UK
  • 5.5. BMW
  • 5.6. Capstone Turbine Corporation USA
  • 5.7. Clarian Laboratories USA
  • 5.8. Compound Rotary Engines UK
  • 5.9. Daimler AG inc Mercedes Benz Germany
  • 5.10. DLR German Aerospace Center Germany
  • 5.11. EcoMotors
  • 5.12. Ener1 USA
  • 5.13. FEV USA
  • 5.14. Flight Design Germany
  • 5.15. Getrag Germany
  • 5.16. GSE USA
  • 5.17. Intelligent Energy UK
  • 5.18. Lotus Engineering UK
  • 5.19. MAHLE Powertrain UK
  • 5.20. Polaris Industries Switzerland
  • 5.21. Powertrain Technologies UK
  • 5.22. Proton Power Systems plc UK/Germany
  • 5.23. Ricardo UK
  • 5.24. Urbee Canada
  • 5.25. Volkswagen Germany

6. RANGE EXTENDER INTEGRATORS

  • 6.1. ACAL Energy UK
  • 6.2. Altria Controls USA
  • 6.3. Ashok Leyland India
  • 6.4. Audi Germany
  • 6.5. AVL Austria
  • 6.6. Azure Dynamics USA
  • 6.7. BAE Systems UK
  • 6.8. BMW Germany
  • 6.9. Boeing Dreamworks USA
  • 6.10. Chrysler USA
  • 6.11. DesignLine New Zealand
  • 6.12. EADS Germany
  • 6.13. ENFICA-FC Italy
  • 6.14. Ford USA
  • 6.15. Frazer-Nash UK
  • 6.16. General Motors including Opel
  • 6.17. Honda Japan
  • 6.18. Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft Germany
  • 6.19. Hyundai Korea
  • 6.20. Igor Chak Russia
  • 6.21. Jaguar Land Rover UK
  • 6.22. Lange Aviation Germany
  • 6.23. Langford Performance Engineering Ltd UK
  • 6.24. Marion HSPD USA
  • 6.25. Pipistrel Slovenia
  • 6.26. SAIC China
  • 6.27. Skyspark Italy
  • 6.28. Suzuki Japan
  • 6.29. Tata Motors India
  • 6.30. Toyota Japan
  • 6.31. Turtle Airships Spain
  • 6.32. University of Bristol UK
  • 6.33. Universite de Sherbrooke Canada
  • 6.34. University of Stuttgart Germany
  • 6.35. Vision Motor Corporation USA
  • 6.36. Volvo Sweden/ China
  • 6.37. Yo-Avto Russia

7. MARKET DRIVERS AND FORECASTS

  • 7.1. Market drivers and impediments
  • 7.2. Funding as a market driver
  • 7.3. EV Market 2011 and 2021
  • 7.4. Ten year forecast for electric cars, hybrids and their range extenders
  • 7.5. Three generations of range extender

APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY

APPENDIX 2: FUEL CELL 2000 SUMMARY OF FUEL CELL BUS TRIALS TO 2010

TABLES

  • 1.1. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector
  • 1.2. Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
  • 1.3. Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
  • 1.4. Number of hybrid and pure electric cars sold and those that plug in thousands 2012-2022
  • 1.5. Some primary hybrid market drivers
  • 1.6. Three generations of range extender with examples of construction, manufacturer and power output
  • 3.1. Main market drivers 2012-2022
  • 3.2. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector
  • 3.3. Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
  • 3.4. Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
  • 3.5. Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide in 2010 by application with numbers for China
  • 3.6. Global sales of heavy industrial EVs by numbers, ex factory unit price and total value 2012-2022, rounded
  • 3.7. Global sales of buses, ex factory unit price and total value 2012-2022, rounded
  • 3.8. Global sales of light industrial and commercial EVs excluding buses by numbers thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded
  • 3.9. Global sales of EVs used as mobility aids for the disabled by number, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars, 2012-2022, rounded
  • 3.10. Global sales of two wheel and allied EVs number, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded
  • 3.11. Global sales of electric cars number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded
  • 3.12. Value of the hybrid, pure electric and total electric car market in billions of dollars 2010-2020
  • 3.13. Number of hybrid and pure electric cars plugged in and the total number in thousands 2011-2021
  • 3.14. Global sales of electric golf cars and motorised caddies in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded
  • 3.15. Global sales of electric military vehicles in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded
  • 3.16. Global sales of electric marine craft in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded
  • 3.17. Global sales of other electric vehicles (including civil aircraft and robot) in number thousands, ex factory unit price in thousands of dollars and total value in billions of dollars 2012-2022, rounded
  • 3.18. Components and subsystems fitted in new electric vehicles 2010-2020 in thousands
  • 3.19. Highlights 2010-2020
  • 5.1. Data for RQ-11A version of AeroVironment Raven
  • 7.1. Primary hybrid market drivers
  • 7.2. Probable global market for electric vehicle range extenders in 2021 by power, number and market value for small, medium and large range extenders
  • 7.3. Forecasts of global sales of electric vehicles by numbers thousands 2011-2021
  • 7.4. Forecast for car, hybrid car and car range extender sales globally in thousands 2012-2022
  • 7.5. Three generations of range extender with examples of construction, manufacturer and power output

FIGURES

  • 1.1. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector
  • 1.2. Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
  • 1.3. Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
  • 1.4. Advantages and disadvantages of hybrid vs pure electric vehicles
  • 1.5. Indicative trend of charging and electrical storage for large hybrid vehicles over the next decade.
  • 1.6. Evolution of construction of range extenders over the coming decade
  • 1.7. Examples of range extender technology in the shaft vs no shaft categories
  • 1.8. Illustrations of range extender technologies over the coming decade with "gen" in red for those that have inherent ability to generate electricity
  • 1.9. Trend of size of largest (in red) and smallest (in green) fuel cell sets used in bus trials worldwide over the last twenty years
  • 1.10. Evolution of lower power range extenders for large vehicles
  • 1.11. Three generations of lithium-ion battery
  • 1.12. The most powerful energy harvesting in vehicles
  • 2.1. ThunderVolt hybrid bus
  • 2.2. BAE Systems powertrain in a bus
  • 2.3. Hybrid bus powertrain
  • 2.4. Hybrid car powertrain using CNG
  • 2.5. Mitsubishi hybrid outdoor forklift replacing a conventional ICE vehicle
  • 2.6. Hybrid military vehicle that replaces a conventional ICE version
  • 2.7. Hybrid sports boat replacing a conventional ICE version
  • 2.8. CAF-E hybrid motorcycle design based on a Prius type of drivetrain
  • 2.9. Hybrid tugboat replacing a conventional ICE version to meet new pollution laws and provide stronger pull from stationary
  • 2.10. Some hybrid variants
  • 2.11. Evolution of plug in vs mild hybrids
  • 2.12. Trend to deep hybridisation
  • 2.13. Evolution of hybrid structure
  • 2.14. Three generations of lithium-ion traction battery
  • 2.15. Battery price assisting price of hybrid and pure electric vehicles as a function of power stored.
  • 2.16. Probable future improvement in parameters of lithium-ion batteries for pure electric and hybrid EVs
  • 2.17. Cleaner hybrid bus promotion
  • 2.18. Price premium for hybrid buses
  • 2.19. Main modes of rotational energy harvesting in vehicles
  • 2.20. Main forms of photovoltaic energy harvesting on vehicles
  • 2.21. Maximum power from the most powerful forms of energy harvesting on or in vehicles
  • 2.22. Hybrid bus with range improved by a few percent using solar panels
  • 2.23. Comparison of battery technologies
  • 2.24. Possible trend in battery power storage and voltage of power distribution
  • 2.25. Comparison of energy density of power components for hybrid vehicles
  • 2.26. Trend of size of the largest (in red) and smallest (in green) fuel cell sets used in 98 bus trials worldwide over the last twenty years.
  • 2.27. Evolution of traction batteries and range extenders for large hybrid electric vehicles as they achieve longer all-electric range over the next decade.
  • 2.28. Three generations of lithium-ion battery with technical features that are sometimes problematical
  • 2.29. The principle of the Proton Exchange Membrane fuel cells
  • 2.30. Mitsubishi view of hybrid vehicle powertrain evolution
  • 2.31. Flat lithium-ion batteries for a car and, bottom, UAVs
  • 2.32. Supercapacitors that facilitate fast charging and discharging of the traction batteries are spread out on a bus roof
  • 2.33. Asola photovoltaic panel on Fisker hybrid sports car.
  • 3.1. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector
  • 3.2. Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
  • 3.3. Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
  • 3.4. Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide by application in 2010
  • 3.5. Number of manufacturers of electric vehicles in China by application in 2010
  • 3.6. Energy per 100 kilometers per person for different on-road travel options.
  • 3.7. The Mission Motors Mission One 150 mph, 150 mile range electric motorcycle
  • 4.1. Northrop Grumman surveillance airship with fuel cell range extender and energy harvesting for virtually unlimited range
  • 4.2. Light utility aircraft - power-systems weight comparison
  • 4.3. Light primary trainer - power-systems weight comparison
  • 4.4. Battery and jet fuel loading
  • 4.5. Pilot plus payload vs range for fuel cell light aircraft and alternatives
  • 4.6. Total weight vs flight time for PEM fuel cell planes
  • 4.7. Takeoff gross weight breakdowns. Left: Conventional reciprocating-engine-powered airplane. Right: Fuel-cell-powered airplane.
  • 4.8. JAMSTEC Fuel Cell Underwater Vehicle FCUV
  • 4.9. Soliloquy superyacht with multiple energy harvesting including solar sails that fold like a penknife
  • 5.1. AeroVironment Raven
  • 5.2. Raven enhancement
  • 5.3. Aqua Puma
  • 5.4. AeroVironment Helios
  • 5.5. Global Observer first flight August 2010
  • 5.6. Bladon Jets gas turbine range extender for cars and light aircraft and the Jaguar CX75
  • 5.7. Jaguar Land Rover
  • 5.8. Capstone microturbine
  • 5.9. Capstone turbine in a Japanese bus
  • 5.10. Various sizes of Capstone MicroTurbines
  • 5.11. Clarian Laboratories' range extender
  • 5.12. Daimler roadmap for commercial vehicles
  • 5.13. DLR fuel cell and the electric A320 airliner nose wheel it drives when the airliner is on the ground.
  • 5.14. Holstenblitz fuel cell car trial
  • 5.15. EcoMotors opposing piston range extender
  • 5.16. FEV extreme downsized range extender engine
  • 5.17. GSE mini diesel driving a propeller
  • 5.18. Greg Stevenson (left) and Gene Sheehan, Fueling Team GFC contender, with GSE Engines.
  • 5.19. Block diagram of the Frank/Stevenson parallel hybrid system
  • 5.20. Fuel cell taxi trials
  • 5.21. Fuel cell development
  • 5.22. New two cylinder range extender from Lotus Engineering
  • 5.23. Lotus hybrid powertrain and second generation range extender ICE
  • 5.24. Lotus three and two cylinder range extenders
  • 5.25. Proton EMAS
  • 5.26. MAHLE range extenders
  • 5.27. Polaris REX range extender left with generator, right with peripherals as well
  • 5.28. Location of technical advances in Polaris range extender
  • 5.29. Ricardo Wolverine engine for hybrid UAVs
  • 5.30. Volkswagen XL1 hybrid concept
  • 6.1. Adura powertrain with microturbine.
  • 6.2. Ashok Leyland CNG hybrid bus
  • 6.3. Azure Dynamics hybrid powertrain
  • 6.4. Bus with BAE Systems hybrid power train
  • 6.5. Boeing fuel cell aircraft
  • 6.6. DesignLine bus with Capstone turbine range extender.
  • 6.7. ENFICA FC two seater fuel cell plane
  • 6.8. Ford Lincoln hybrid car has no price premium over the conventional version
  • 6.9. Frazer-Nash REEV powertrain
  • 6.10. Namir EREV Supercar
  • 6.11. Proton Exora
  • 6.12. Chevrolet Volt powertrain
  • 6.13. Honda IMA
  • 6.14. German fuel cell powered diesel submarine
  • 6.15. Hyundai Blue hybrid car
  • 6.16. Hyundai fuel cell powered car
  • 6.17. Igot Chak hybrid motorcycle
  • 6.18. Hybrid Land Rover trial
  • 6.19. Planned Jaguar supercar
  • 6.20. The LPE REEV concept car
  • 6.21. Marion Hyper-Sub Submersible Powerboat
  • 6.22. Skyspark in flight 2009
  • 6.23. Suzuki Burgman fuel cell scooter
  • 6.24. Suzuki concept fuel cell motorcycle headed for production
  • 6.25. Tata Motors roadmap for hybrid commercial vehicles
  • 6.26. Toyota Prius hybrid car is the world's best selling electric car
  • 6.27. Toyota hybrid forklift
  • 6.28. Turtle Airship landed on water in concept drawing
  • 6.29. Glassock hybrid set up for dynamometer testing
  • 6.30. Hybrid quad bike
  • 6.31. Hydrogenius
  • 6.32. Tyrano hybrid tractor
  • 6.33. Volvo hybrid bus
  • 6.34. Volvo technical concept 1
  • 6.35. Volvo technical concept 2
  • 6.36. Volvo technical concept 3
  • 7.1. Forecast for car, hybrid car and car range extender sales globally in thousands 2012-2022
  • 7.2. Indicative trend of charging and electrical storage for large hybrid vehicles over the next decade.
  • 7.3. Evolution of construction of range extenders over the coming decade
  • 7.4. Examples of range extender technology in the shaft vs no shaft categories
  • 7.5. Illustrations of range extender technologies over the coming decade with "gen" in red for those that have inherent ability to generate electricity
Back to Top