電動交通工具的能源收穫（環境發電）：2012年∼2022年

電動交通工具的能源收穫（環境發電）：2012年∼2022年 是由出版商IDTechEx Ltd.在2012年01月所出版的。 這份英文市場調查報告書包含251 Pages 價格從美金3995起跳。

簡介

電動交通工具產業（陸、水、以及空）急速擴大成為一個大型市場，2022年預估將會超過2,000億美元規模。像是太陽湖水板的完全以獲取型能源（EH）為動力源或者利用運動能源以車輛回生制動的能源做循環，有著各種形態的EH存在。從車到遊艇，對各種交通工具常態地導入複數形態的EH。

本報告書為電動交通工具用能源收穫（EH：環境發電）相關的技術以及市場動向之相關調査，EH技術概要以及動向，陸、水、空電動交通工具之EH動向整理、2012-2022年市場預測等，概述如下。

第1章 總綱與結論

• 獲取能源的選項
• 乘用車的能源獲取機會
• EV能源獲取的市場規模：2011-2021年
• 最大的叢集

第2章 導論

• 能源獲取（EH）
• 電動交通工具（EV）
• 需求
• 選項與案例
• Bluecar
• 日產電容混合貨車、叉車
• 豐田Prius
• 多模式獲取
• 微混合

第3章 技術動向

• 太陽光發電
• cSi以及aSi技術的制約
• CdTe制約
• 多層GaAs-Ge
• DSSC
• CIGS
• 有機
• 奈米矽墨水
• 奈米天線：二極體PV
• 技術動向：電動力學
• 振動收穫
• 運動收穫選項
• 電場應答性高分子
• 電動力學
• 熱發電
• 其他收穫選項
• 電磁場利用
• 微生物以及其他燃料電池

第4章 車用EH

• 太陽能Prius
• 純粋的EV動力
• 貨車、巴士、乘用車的EH震器
• 回生制動
• 引擎以及廢熱發出的電力
• 巡回車、太陽能高爾夫車
• 印度的振動收穫ATV
• 加州的壓電路？

第5章 水上交通工具EH

第6章 水中船EH

• 游泳者對滑翔機
• 以波與太陽為動力源的海洋滑翔機
• 水母機器人、美國與德國
• 船用風力＋太陽發電

第7章 航空機EH

• 能源獲取
• 發光能源

第8章 可做獲取的電動交通工具用充電所

• 能源獲取

第9章 市場預測：2011-2022年

• 最大叢集
• 製造業者數

附錄1：用語

附錄2：IDTECHEX的出版物以及諮詢業

附錄3：無線充電

圖表

目錄

“The electric vehicle industry is rapidly rising to become a huge market of over $200 billion in 2022”

The electric vehicle industry - land, water and air - is rapidly rising to become a huge market of over $200 billion in 2022 at ex-factory prices. Some run entirely on harvested energy as with solar lake boats. Others recycle energy as with regenerative braking of cars, buses and military vehicles harvesting kinetic energy. Others use different forms of harvesting either to charge the traction batteries or to drive autonomous devices as we progress to the wireless vehicle. In some cases, harvesting is making completely new forms of electric vehicle possible such as “glider” Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) that stay at sea for years and surface to gain electricity from both wave power and sunshine whenever necessary. Indeed, multiple forms of energy harvesting on one vehicle is becoming much more common from cars to superyachts. This report is the first to provide technical and marketing analysis of the rapidly growing market for energy harvesting in electric vehicles - land, water and air - with forecasts.

This report gives a wealth of examples of energy harvesting in action on electric vehicles by land, water and air. It summarises trends in diagrams, tables and text to make it easy to compare essential information. Forecasts for adoption in 2012 and 2022 are backed by ten year forecasts for electric vehicle sales by type, 2012-2022 by category - number, unit value and market value. A critical explanation of all the technologies is given with the good and bad aspects and assessment of likely future progress. The work of a large number of suppliers and adopters is assessed.

• Last update : Jan 2012
• Forecasts to: 2022
• Total Number of Pages: 251
• Total Number of Tables: 20
• Total Number of Figures: 151
• Total Number of Companies: 50

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

• 1.1. What is energy harvesting?
• 1.2. Choices of harvesting
• 1.3. Opportunities for energy harvesting in cars
• 1.4. Market size of EV energy harvesting 2011-2021
• 1.5. Largest sectors

2. INTRODUCTION

• 2.1. Energy harvesting
  • 2.1.1. Textron Bell helicopter sensing
  • 2.1.2. Train brakes
  • 2.1.3. MEMS
• 2.2. Electric vehicle
• 2.3. Needs
  • 2.3.1. Range and cost
  • 2.3.2. Hybrid vs pure electric
  • 2.3.3. Biomimetics
• 2.4. Options and examples
  • 2.4.1. ETH, QinetiQ solar plane
  • 2.4.2. Amerigon thermoelectrics for cars, etc
  • 2.4.3. Military land vehicles
  • 2.4.4. NASA on Mars- planetary exploration vehicles
• 2.5. Bluecar
• 2.6. Nissan Capacitor Hybrid truck, forklift
• 2.7. Toyota Prius
• 2.8. Multi-mode harvesting
  • 2.8.1. Alongside
  • 2.8.2. Smart skin
  • 2.8.3. EH in tire pressure monitoring
  • 2.8.4. Issues with TPMSs using batteries
  • 2.8.5. Energy harvesters for TPMS
• 2.9. Microhybrids

3. TECHNOLOGY TRENDS

• 3.1. Photovoltaic
  • 3.1.1. Flexible, conformal
  • 3.1.2. Technological options
  • 3.1.3. Principles of operation
  • 3.1.4. Options for flexible PV
  • 3.1.5. Many types of photovoltaics needed for harvesting
• 3.2. Limits of cSi and aSi technologies
• 3.3. Limits of CdTe
• 3.4. GaAs-Ge multilayers
• 3.5. DSSC
• 3.6. CIGS
• 3.7. Organic
• 3.8. Nanosilicon ink
• 3.9. Nantenna - diode PV
  • 3.9.1. Nanowire solar cells
  • 3.9.2. UV, visible, IR
• 3.10. Technology trends - electrodynamic
• 3.11. Vibration harvesting
• 3.12. Movement harvesting options
  • 3.12.1. Piezoelectric - conventional, ZnO and polymer
  • 3.12.2. Electrostatic
  • 3.12.3. Magnetostrictive
  • 3.12.4. Energy harvesting electronics
• 3.13. Electroactive polymers
• 3.14. Electrodynamic
  • 3.14.1. Generation of electricity
  • 3.14.2. Regenerative braking
  • 3.14.3. Energy harvesting shock absorbers
  • 3.14.4. Regenerative soaring
• 3.15. Thermoelectrics
  • 3.15.1. Thermoelectric construction
  • 3.15.2. Advantages of thermoelectrics
  • 3.15.3. Automotive Thermoelectric Generation (ATEG)
  • 3.15.4. Heat pumps
  • 3.15.5. Ford, Volvo, Renault
• 3.16. Flywheels
• 3.17. Electromagnetic field harnessing
• 3.18. Microbial and other fuel cells
• 3.19. Other harvesting options

4. EH FOR LAND VEHICLES

• 4.1. Solar Prius
• 4.2. Pure EV motive power
• 4.3. EH shock absorbers in trucks, buses, cars
• 4.4. Regenerative braking
• 4.5. Electricity from engine and exhaust heat
  • 4.5.1. Copenhagen bicycle
  • 4.5.2. Volvo hybrid bus
  • 4.5.3. Fisker Karma car
  • 4.5.4. Tesla car
• 4.6. Cruise car solar golf cars
• 4.7. Vibration harvesting ATV in India
• 4.8. Piezoelectric roads for California?

5. EH FOR VEHICLES ON WATER

• 5.1.1. Tamarack Lake foldable inland boat USA
• 5.1.2. Kitegen seagoing kite boats Italy and Sauter UK
• 5.1.3. Larger solar lake boats Switzerland
• 5.1.4. SCOD / Atlantic Motors high performance cabin cruiser USA
• 5.1.5. MW Line solar seagoing boat Switzerland
• 5.1.6. Unmanned boat gathering oil USA
• 5.1.7. Seagoing yachts France
• 5.1.8. Tag plug in hybrid large sail boat South Africa, New Zealand
• 5.1.9. Turanor PlanetSolar solar catamaran Germany
• 5.1.10. Energy harvesting superyacht UK

6. EH FOR UNDERWATER CRAFT

• 6.1. Swimmers vs gliders
• 6.2. Wave and sun powered sea gliders
  • 6.2.1. Virginia Institute of Marine Science USA
  • 6.2.2. Falmouth Scientific Inc USA
  • 6.2.3. Liquid Robotics USA
• 6.3. Robot jellyfish USA and Germany
• 6.4. Wind + Solar for ships

7. EH FOR AIRCRAFT

• 7.1. Energy harvesting
  • 7.1.1. Multiple forms of energy to be managed
  • 7.1.2. AeroVironment/ NASA USA
  • 7.1.3. Boeing USA
  • 7.1.4. Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne Switzerland
  • 7.1.5. ETH Zurich Switzerland
  • 7.1.6. Green Pioneer China
  • 7.1.7. Gossamer Penguin USA
  • 7.1.8. Nephelios France
  • 7.1.9. QinetiQ UK
  • 7.1.10. Soaring China
  • 7.1.11. Solair Germany
  • 7.1.12. Solar Flight USA
  • 7.1.13. Sunseeker USA
  • 7.1.14. University of Applied Sciences Schwabisch Gmund Germany
  • 7.1.15. US Air Force
  • 7.1.16. Northrop Grumman USA
• 7.2. Beamed energy

8. EV CHARGING STATIONS WITH HARVESTING

• 8.1. Energy harvesting
  • 8.1.1. Solar powered charging stations
  • 8.1.2. Alpha Energy USA
  • 8.1.3. Beautiful Earth USA
  • 8.1.4. Envision Solar International USA
  • 8.1.5. E-Move Denmark
  • 8.1.6. EVFuture India
  • 8.1.7. Sanyo Japan
  • 8.1.8. Solar Bullet train
  • 8.1.9. Solar Unity Company USA
  • 8.1.10. SunPods USA
  • 8.1.11. Toyota Japan
  • 8.1.12. Innowattech Israel

9. MARKET FORECASTS 2011-2022

• 9.1. Largest sectors
• 9.2. Numbers of manufacturers

APPENDIX 1: IDTECHEX PUBLICATIONS AND CONSULTANCY

APPENDIX 2: WIRELESS CHARGING

• 1.1. Potential for improving energy harvesting efficiency
• 1.2. Main photovoltaic options compared
• 1.3. Possible scenario for number of EVs sold and the percentage using energy harvesting to charge traction batteries by type in 2011 and 2021, in numbers K
• 1.4. Main market drivers 2011-2021
• 1.5. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector
• 1.6. Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
• 1.7. Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
• 3.1. Comparison of pn junction and photoelectrochemical photovoltaics
• 3.2. The main options for photovoltaics beyond conventional silicon compared
• 3.3. CdTe cost advantage in 2010
• 3.4. Efficiency of laminar organic photovoltaics and DSSC
• 3.5. Automotive requirements from a TEG
• 5.1. Ocean Empire LSV Specifications:
• 7.1. Multiple forms of energy management in aviation
• 9.1. Possible scenario for number of EVs sold and the percentage using energy harvesting to charge traction batteries by type in 2011 and 2021, in numbers K
• 9.2. Main market drivers 2011-2021
• 9.3. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector
• 9.4. Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
• 9.5. Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
• 9.6. Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide in 2010 by application with numbers for China

• 1.1. Long endurance AUV that gains electricity by surfacing to harness wave and sun power
• 1.2. Examples of energy harvesting technologies and their applicability to electric vehicles, land, water and air
• 1.3. Where energy harvesting fits into green energy
• 1.4. Focus of energy harvesting development in the value chain
• 1.5. Examples of energy harvesting technologies, developers and manufacturers
• 1.6. Primary energy harvesting choices by size and efficiency
• 1.7. Main energy harvesting technologies are compared by life and cost per watt
• 1.8. Hamburg solar shuttle with flexible photovoltaics
• 1.9. Possible sites for sensors with energy harvesting in cars
• 1.10. German solar electric car from 1982 that achieved 15 mph
• 1.11. Self sufficient accessory cluster - conformable tail lights and interior lighting - with timeframe to 2015 and beyond
• 1.12. Fiat Phylla running laboratory and enabling technologies
• 1.13. Phylla drive train
• 1.14. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector
• 1.15. Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
• 1.16. Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
• 2.1. Helicopter vibration harvester
• 2.2. Bell model 412 helicopter
• 2.3. MEMS by a dust mite that is less than one millimeter across
• 2.4. Some common technologies
• 2.5. Unfolding photovoltaics on vehicles
• 2.6. Swiss solar plane
• 2.7. Automotive power flow
• 2.8. Thermoelectrics to improve the efficiency of stationary Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
• 2.9. Oshkosh hybrid truck
• 2.10. Bluecar
• 2.11. Pininfarina Bollore Bluecar cross section
• 2.12. Nissan Lithium-ion forklift with regenerative braking
• 2.13. 2010 Toyota Prius
• 2.14. Solar panel on roof of the new plug in Prius
• 2.15. Tribrid two-wheeler
• 2.16. Smart Skin concept
• 2.17. Alert icon for tire pressure
• 2.18. VisiTyre's pick up coil
• 2.19. Visualization of the VisiTyre coil's magnetic field.
• 3.1. Kopf Solarshiff pure electric solar powered lake boats in Germany and the UK for up to 150 people
• 3.2. NREL adjudication of efficiencies under standard conditions
• 3.3. Number of organisations developing printed and potentially printed electronics worldwide in 2010
• 3.4. Spectrolab roadmap for multilayer cells
• 3.5. DSSC design principle
• 3.6. HRTEM plane view BF image of germanium quantum dots in titania matrix
• 3.7. CIGS construction
• 3.8. The CIGS panels from Global Solar Energy
• 3.9. Wide web organic photovoltaic production line of Konarka announced late 2008.
• 3.10. Operating principle of a popular form of organic photovoltaics
• 3.11. Module stack for photovoltaics
• 3.12. INL nantennas on film
• 3.13. Nanowire solar cells left by Canadian researchers and right by Konarka in the USA
• 3.14. Microscope image shows the fibers that are part of the microfiber nanogenerator. The top one is coated with gold
• 3.15. Schematic shows how pairs of fibers would generate electrical current
• 3.16. Piezo eel
• 3.17. Capacitive biomimetic energy harvesting
• 3.18. Mide energy harvesting electronics
• 3.19. Artificial Muscle business plan
• 3.20. Artificial Muscle's actuator
• 3.21. Electraflyer Trike
• 3.22. Electraflyer uncowled
• 3.23. The thermoelectric materials with highest figure of merit
• 3.24. Operating principle of the Seiko Thermic wristwatch
• 3.25. The thermoelectric device in the Seiko Thermic watch with 104 elements each measuring 80X80X600 micrometers
• 3.26. Demonstration of a TEG on a Ford Fusion 3.0L-V6
• 3.27. Exhaust Gas Recirculator specifications
• 3.28. Volvo Flywheel KERS components
• 3.29. Volvo flywheel KERS system layout
• 3.30. Magneto Marelli electrical KERS Motor Generator Unit
• 3.31. The Marelli system
• 3.32. Williams Formula One KERS flywheel
• 4.1. Toyota Prius solar roof option.
• 4.2. Latest MIT solar car
• 4.3. Honda dream, the winning car in the 1996 World Solar Challenge. The custom made cells for the car are greater than 20% efficient.
• 4.4. Sunswift
• 4.5. See-through photovoltaics on the rear window of a large Mercedes concept vehicle late in 2011
• 4.6. GenShock prototype held by Humvee coil spring where it is installed
• 4.7. Levant Power Hummer
• 4.8. Genshock evolution
• 4.9. Hydraulic energy harvesting from Levant Power
• 4.10. Ronggui Yang
• 4.11. The Copenhagen bicycle
• 4.12. The Copenhagen Wheel
• 4.13. Volvo hybrid bus Sweden
• 4.14. Fisker Karma
• 4.15. Tesla Motors Roadster pure EV performance car
• 4.16. Solar powered Cruise car
• 5.1. Left to right Mr Ray Hirani, Dr Peter Harrop, Montgomery Gisborne
• 5.2. Tamarack Loon
• 5.3. Kitegen kite providing supplementary power to a ship
• 5.4. Ocean Empire LSV concept with electricity from kites, waves and sun
• 5.5. Solar powered boats for tourism cruising at 12 kph on Lake Geneva
• 5.6. MW Line solar seagoing boat
• 5.7. Zoom Solar powered unmanned boat gathering oil
• 5.8. Seagoing yacht with auxiliary engine
• 5.9. Rigged and ready, Tang is towed carefully to the launch site
• 5.10. Plug-in Tag 60 hybrid sailboat
• 5.11. Tag 60 at speed (CAD)
• 5.12. Main salon (CAD)
• 5.13. Tang's 18 kw motors
• 5.14. A lithium-ion battery module as used on Tang
• 5.15. EMM controls all electrical functions from touch screen consoles at each helm station
• 5.16. Turanor PlanetSolar solar catamaran
• 5.17. Turanor PlanetSolar - the world's largest solar powered boat
• 5.18. Turanor PlanetSolar out of the water
• 5.19. Skippers Raphael Domjan of Switzerland and Gerard D'Aboville of France (left) stand on the bridge of the solar boat
• 5.20. The rigid-wing superyacht concept called ‘Soliloquy’
• 5.21. Head on view of the rigid-wing superyacht ‘Soliloquy’
• 6.1. Wave and sun power recharging a glider AUV before it resumes its mission
• 6.2. Wave and sun powered sea glider
• 6.3. Autonomous wave glider
• 6.4. AquaJelly
• 6.5. AirJelly
• 6.6. Japanese robot jellyfish
• 6.7. German robot jellyfish
• 7.1. Military deployment of solar/ fuel cell UAVs
• 7.2. Helios
• 7.3. SolarEagle
• 7.4. Solar Impulse
• 7.5. Solar impulse construction
• 7.6. ETH Zurich solar powered unmanned aircraft for civil use
• 7.7. Green Pioneer I
• 7.8. Gossamer Penguin
• 7.9. Nephelios planned solar airship
• 7.10. Larry Mauro USA
• 7.11. Test Flight of Soaring in 1994
• 7.12. Design of Soaring
• 7.13. Solar Flight
• 7.14. Bubble Plane
• 7.15. Solar and fuel cell powered airship concept
• 7.16. Northrop Grumman hybrid airship
• 8.1. Solar powered charging stations
• 8.2. Charging station at Rio de Janeiro
• 8.3. PC-Aero pure electric manned plane from Germany with solar charger
• 8.4. Solar recharging at Manheim New Jersey National Auto Dealers Exchange
• 8.5. Beautiful Earth Group's Brooklyn container-based charging station
• 8.6. E-Move solar charging station
• 8.7. EVFuture solar powered roadside charge 2008 model
• 8.8. EVFuture solar station detail
• 8.9. Bicycle parking lot in Sakurashinmachi, Setagaya, with Sanyo's Smart Energy System “Solar Parking Lot”
• 8.10. “Solar Parking Lot” based on Sanyo Electric's Smart Energy System
• 8.11. Sanyo Electric's Large-, Medium- and Small-Scale Smart Energy Systems
• 8.12. Solar powered train concept
• 8.13. Solar Unity solar powered charging installed in 2005
• 8.14. SunPods solar charging station
• 8.15. The 1.9kW Pure Electric Vehicle (PEV) and Plug In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) charging station
• 8.16. Road surface electricity generator
• 8.17. Innowattech Piezo Electric Generator
• 8.18. Hino “no plug in” bus
• 8.19. In-road charging of small buses in Turin Italy
• 9.1. Numbers of EVs, in thousands, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector
• 9.2. Ex factory unit price of EVs, in thousands of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
• 9.3. Ex factory value of EVs, in billions of US dollars, sold globally, 2012-2022, by applicational sector, rounded
• 9.4. Approximate number of manufacturers of electric vehicles worldwide by application in 2010
• 9.5. Number of manufacturers of electric vehicles in China by application in 2010

Press Release

電動交通運輸工具用能量收集

Global Information Inc.已發行由IDTechEx Ltd.所出版之報告「Energy Harvesting for Electric Vehicles 2012-2022 (電動交通工具的能源收穫（環境發電）：2012年∼2022年)」。

能量收集（EH）於電動交通運輸工具上逐漸受到矚目。

為了達到環保，並發揮更多優越之性能，必須要活用有限之能源。

電動交通運輸工具由熱及光、運動、其他能源快速地獲得能量，並以需要之電量使各種設備運作。發電量較小時，若為無線感測器、傳動器、瓦數單位等，則可調度為自給性照明。

若是千瓦單位之電力則可發揮其重大效用，將驅動用蓄電池或驅動超級電容器充電，並提供電力驅動馬達動力。

驅動用所儲存之電力依序提供給硬體、有線、照明、氣候控制等設備必須之電力，對消費電力之穩定性具有極大之意義。

而驅動用蓄電池之費用因超過陸上電動交通運輸工具總費用的一半，突顯出另外一大挑戰。

若是可以各種方式頻繁充電，電池將具更小型、便宜、輕量之機會，並能有好的循環。

本報告書，分析使用能量收集之驅動用蓄電池充電。

電動交通運輸工具產業（陸、海、空）持續快速發展，預計2021年將可達到超越2,000億美金之規模。

EH具有如太陽能船般完全以能源收集為動力來源的運輸工具，或如使用動能之車輛再生制動般可再生能源等型態。

從車輛到遊艇等交通運輸工具上，採用多數型態之EH，已經逐漸趨於普遍。

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