Abstract
Ultra-low power energy harvesters, or micro energy scavengers, are small
electromechanical devices which harvest ambient energy and convert it into
electricity. Energy scavengers can harvest different types of energies. Solar
energy can be harvested with photovoltaic solar cells, thermal energy can be
harvested with thermoelectric generators, mechanical energy can be harvested
with piezoelectric, electromagnetic or electrostatic converters, and finally,
electromagnetic energy can be harvested through RF resonators.
Energy harvesting and power management integrated circuits (ICs) are in a
position to enable the commercial rollout of the next generation of low power
electronic devices and systems. Low power devices are being deployed for
wireless as well as wired systems, such as mesh networks, sensor and control
systems, and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). Applications include home
automation, building automation, industrial process/automated meter reading,
medical, military, automotive tire pressure sensors, radio frequency
identification (RFID) and others.
Battery maintenance and replacement are often cited as the biggest reason to
use energy harvesting. The first markets for these new technologies have been
applications where batteries are problematic, such as building and home
automation, military and avionic devices, communications and location devices,
and transportation.
Wireless sensor systems are emerging as a key technology for future remote
environmental monitoring in both internal and external environments. Ultra-low
power energy harvesting is an important emerging area of low power technology
that can provide energy to wireless sensor networks, utilizing the vibrations
inherent in structures, vehicles and machinery to create power or harvest
energy, as well as solar or heat or human motions that can drive sensors and
switches, eliminating the need for wires and batteries
Ultra-low power energy harvesting, however, is the only current option where
long term, “fit and forget,” autonomous powering of wireless
sensor nodes is the vision. Energy harvesting is a natural complement to
ultra-low powering, including wireless mesh sensor networks.
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
The coming decade will see the rapid emergence of low-cost, intelligent,
wireless switches and wireless sensors and their widespread deployment
throughout our environment. While wearable systems will operate over
communications ranges of less than a meter, building management systems will
operate with inter-nodal communications ranges on the order of meters to tens
of meters, and remote environmental monitoring systems will require
communications systems and associated energy systems that will allow reliable
operation over kilometers. Autonomous power should allow wireless sensor nodes
to operate in a “deploy and forget” mode. The use of rechargeable
battery technology is problematic due to battery lifetime issues related to
node power budget, battery self-discharge, number of recharge cycles and
long-term environmental impact. Duty cycling of wireless sensor nodes with
long “sleep” times minimizes energy usage. A case study of a
multi-sensor, wireless building management system operating on the Zigbee
protocol demonstrates that, even with a one-minute cycle time for an 864ms
“active” mode, the sensor module is already in sleep mode for
almost 99% of the time. For a 20-minute cycle time, the energy utilization in
sleep mode exceeds the active mode energy by almost a factor of three and thus
dominates the module' s energy utilization, thereby providing the ultimate
limit to the lifetime of the power system.
The report reviews the various energy harvesting technologies currently
available or under development. These include mechanical (electromagnetic,
piezoelectric and electrostatic), light (indoor and solar), thermal,
electromagnetic flux, and human power. Each suits only certain application
scenarios, and some have yet to produce useful amounts of energy for practical
application.
The study identifies and, where possible, describes the main commercial and
academic centers of expertise in developing energy harvesting technologies.
The emphasis here is on the UK and Europe, although others are identified.
Although it is a small sector that is dominated by academics and very small
companies, this is an area where Europe leads in practical application as well
as technology development. A list of key patents is compiled to show which
organizations are claiming related intellectual property in the field.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
Supplying power to a network of sensor-transmitters has traditionally required
expensive wiring installation or routine battery changes. Gathering data from
difficult or dangerous-to-reach locations using wired sensors may be
impossible and may even compromise the safety of personnel while installing
wiring and replacing batteries. A perpetual power source is essential for many
wireless sensor network (WSN) applications. Energy harvesting technologies are
on the verge of new breakthroughs with energy storage, and they are being
paired with ultra-low power chipsets as well as plug-and-play software.
While still in an early phase, energy harvesting devices, which translate
abundant sources of energy such as light, heat and mechanical into electrical
energy, are rapidly being integrated with wireless sensor technologies. By
2011, there will be 150M to 200M wireless sensors being used in factory
automation, process and environmental control, security, medicine, and
condition-based maintenance, as well as in defense applications and
intelligence gathering.
Such wireless sensor systems will:
- require numerous individual devices (known as nodes or motes) to provide
comprehensive monitoring capability;
- be located in inaccessible places much of the time; and
- have to operate with long intervals between scheduled maintenance.
Periodic maintenance, such as replacing batteries, would clearly increase
operating costs, and could be inconvenient, at best, if it required
interruption of a continuous process.
There is clearly a need to develop an energy source that can last years with
little or no maintenance.
With all these developments, iRAP felt the need to conduct thorough
technology, industry and market analyses of ultra-low power energy harvesting
for WSNs.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY
The growing opportunity for developing “zero power” applications
stems from exponential trends in three separate technologies. First, each new
generation of wireless sensors, or microcontrollers, can accomplish much more
for much less power. Second, wireless networking is evolving radios and
protocols that carry increasing amounts of information at decreasing power
levels. Finally, the ability to capture and utilize minute amounts of power by
various means has expanded dramatically. This harvesting ability has now
surpassed the falling power demands for many small systems, opening the door
to myriad possibilities.
The report targets two types of ultra-low power energy harvesting devices -
wireless switches for building automation and wireless sensor networks. It
analyzes the worldwide markets for ultra-low power energy harvesting for these
devices using several technologies - electromagnetic, vibration to
electricity, heat to electricity, solar to electricity and radio frequency to
electricity - and covering six applications - wireless sensor networks
(WSNs), building automation (wireless, battery-less, low-power switches in big
commercial buildings), automotives (tire pressure monitoring systems, or
TPMSs), medical uses such as body area networks (BANs); precision agriculture;
and consumer electronics and IT peripherals. Information and projections are
for the period from 2009 to 2014.
This iRAP report focuses on market data and analysis of the growing market for
energy harvesting and next-generation storage solutions, specifically for
wireless switches and wireless sensor networking.
The report provides the most thorough and up-to-date assessment that can be
found anywhere on the subject. The study also provides extensive
quantification of the many important facets of market developments in the
emerging markets of ultra-low power energy harvesting for WSNs. This, in turn,
contributes to the determination of what kind of strategic response suppliers
may adopt in order to compete in this dynamic market.
SCOPE AND FORMAT
The market data contained in this report quantify opportunities for ultra-low
power energy harvesting for wireless switches and WSNs. In addition to product
types, it also covers the many issues concerning the merits and future
prospects of ultra-low power energy harvesting for WSNs, including corporate
strategies and the means for providing these highly advanced products and
service offerings. It also covers, in detail, the economic and technological
issues regarded by many as critical to the industry' s current state of change.
The report provides separate comprehensive analyses for the U.S., Japan,
western Europe, China, Korea, and the rest of the world. Annual forecasts are
provided for each region for the period 2009 through 2014. Cost analysis of
ultra-low power energy harvesting for WSNs is provided. Global patent activity
and market competition and dynamics in the new technology are also targeted in
the report. The report profiles 30 companies, including many key and niche
players worldwide, as technology providers and raw material suppliers to
ultra-low power energy harvesting for WSNs product manufacturers.
TO WHOM THE STUDY CATERS
This study would benefit existing original equipment manufacturing (OEM)
companies involved in wireless switches and - the WSN business as suppliers or
potential suppliers and clients looking for ultra-low power energy harvesting
devices as alternate power solutions to the conventional battery in a
fit-and-forget environment.
This study provides a technical overview of ultra-low power energy harvesting
for wireless switches and WSNs, especially recent technology developments and
existing barriers. Therefore, audiences for this study include marketing
executives, business unit managers and other decision makers in the market, as
well as those in companies peripheral to this business.
Because the report also analyzes the strategies and prospects of leading firms
active in this space, it will be of interest to:
- firms in the spaces who want to understand the next wave of opportunities
and how low power energy harvesting will impact them in the future;
- advanced materials, components and sub-contract manufacturing companies
who need to analyze the potential for selling their products and services into
the low power energy harvesting segment; and
- investment bankers, venture capitalists and private equity investors who
need a realistic appraisal of the revenue potential and timeframes associated
with low power energy harvesting technologies based on nanostructured
materials.
REPORT SUMMARY
Recent developments in energy harvesting and autonomous sensing mean that it
is now possible to power wireless sensors solely from energy harvested from
the environment. Clearly, this is dependent on sufficient environmental energy
such as vibration, heat and light being present. It is also possible to
transfer energy wirelessly to nodes by means of effects such as
electromagnetic induction (as used in wireless switches). Energy harvesting is
a developing technology area, and prominent technologies facilitate the
generation of electricity from electromagnetic induction, electricity from
light (photo-voltaics), vibration (vibration energy harvesting) or thermal
gradients (thermo-electrics). The intermittent nature of many environmental
energy sources" means that viable devices must harvest energy from their
operating environment when possible, and buffer excess energy in some kind of
energy storage system such as thin-film batteries or supercapacitors.
The confluence of multiple technologies (low power micro-controllers and
radios, sophisticated power management, better batteries, practical energy
harvesting, and robust networking protocols) has enabled these wireless sensor
network (WSN) projects to work in real-world situations to solve real-world
problems.
Energy harvesting techniques can deliver energy densities of 7.5 mW/cm2 from
outdoor solar, 100 μW/cm2 from indoor lighting, 100 μW/cm 2 from
vibrational energy and 60 μW/cm2 from thermal energy typically found in
building environments. A truly autonomous, “deploy and forget,”
battery-less system can be achieved by scaling the energy harvesting system to
provide all of the system needs.
Energy harvesting is now commercially viable technology. This is because the
necessary lower power electronics and more efficient energy gathering and
storage methods are now sufficiently affordable, reliable and longer lived for
a huge number of applications, especially WSN, to be practicable.
Successfully applied energy harvesting makes very real the prospect of small
electronics systems, such as wireless sensors that are self-powered,
maintenance-free, and virtually unrestricted in their placement. With careful
power management and energy efficient design, developers can now effectively
address applications that were totally impractical only a few years ago. This
is just the beginning, as reducing power needs and increasing harvesting
options perpetually broaden the range of possibilities.
The 2009 market was estimated to be about $79.5 million. In spite of the
recession, iRAP estimates that the market will reach $1,254 million in 2014,
for an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 73.6%.
Other major findings of this report are:
- Electromagnetic energy harvesting kits will have the highest market share.
Vibration-to-energy harvesting kits have a much smaller market share.
Thermoelectric generators (TEG), photo-voltaic EH, and radio frequency (RF)
energy harvesting will have a combined market share of less than 6% in 2009.
- Among the five markets, the potential market for energy harvesting based
on wireless sensors and switches in buildings alone is in several billion
pieces per year with a market share of over 90% in 2009.
- Although starting with low numbers in 2009, the markets for energy
harvesting (EH) devices and wireless sensors used in multiple applications
such as WSNs (industrial machinery, agriculture, structural health
monitoring), tire pressure monitoring systems and medical related market such
as body area network (BAN) would reach sizable numbers by 2014.
- In 2009, the European market share is highest followed by North America,
Japan, China, and the rest of the world (ROW).
- In 2014, the Europe market share will remain highest, despite a slight
share decrease followed by North America. However, China will take over Japan
to reach the third place by 2014.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
- STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
- REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
- CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE AND FORMAT
- METHODOLOGY
- INFORMATION SOURCES
- WHOM THE STUDY CATERS TO
- AUTHOR' S CREDENTIALS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
- SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES
BY TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
- SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING
DEVICES BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
- INDUSTRY OVERVIEW (CONTINUED)
- MANUFACTURERS
- TABLE 1. ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE SUPPLIERS
- TABLE 1. ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE SUPPLIERS (CONTINUED)
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
- TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 2. COMPARISON OF POWER CONSUMPTION OF DEVICES WITH RATINGS OF μWS TO WATTS
- TABLE 3. CHARACTERSTICS OF VARIOUS ENERGY SOURCES AVAILABLE IN AMBIENT AND HARVESTED POWER
- FIGURE 1. COMPARISION OF LIFETIME VERSUS POWER CONSUMPTION FOR SEVERAL ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEMS
- ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES
- ENERGY FROM VIBRATION AND MOVEMENT
- TABLE 4. DIFFERENTIATION IN ELECTROSTATIC V/S PIEZOELECTRIC V/S ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY HARVESTING CONCEPTS
- TABLE 5. COMMERCIAL MODELS OF ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES ( PIEZO GENERATORS/ELECTROMAGNETIC BASED)AVAILABLE IN 2009
- TABLE 5. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 5. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 5. (CONTINUED)
- POWER FROM HUMAN MOVEMENT AND ELECTROMAGNETIC SWITCHES
- THERMAL ENERGY HARVESTING
- TABLE 6. COMMERCIAL MODELS OF THERMO-ELECTRIC GENERATORS AVAILABLE IN 2009
- TABLE 6. (CONTINUED)
- SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING
- TABLE 7. COMMERCIAL MODELS OF LOW POWER SOLAR ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES AVAILABLE IN 2009
- TABLE 7. (CONTINUED)
- RADIO FREQUENCY (RF) ENERGY HARVESTING
- TABLE 8. COMMERCIAL MODELS OF RF ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICE AVAILABLE IN 2009
- TABLE 8. (CONTINUED)
- MICROPOWER MANAGEMENT
- MATERIALS USED IN ENERGY HARVESTING
- TABLE 9. MATERIALS USED IN ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES IN 2009
- TABLE 9. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 9. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 9. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 9. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 9. (CONTINUED)
APPLICATIONS
- WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS (WSNS)
- CASE STUDY: WIRELESS SENSOR DEPLOYMENT IN REMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING
- TABLE 10. SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR A PROTOTYPE OF A REMOTE, WIRELESS WATER QUALITY MONITORING SYSTEM
- TABLE 11. ESTIMATED ENERGY BUDGET FOR REMOTE ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING SYSTEM
- BUILDING AUTOMATION
- BUILDING AUTOMATION (CONTINUED)
- CASE STUDY: WIRELESS SENSOR DEPLOYMENT IN BUILDING MANAGEMENT
- TABLE 12. SENSOR SPECIFICATIONS FOR A WIRELESS MODULE IN A BUILDING MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
- TABLE 13. DATA FOR THE CALCULATED ENERGY BUDGET FOR WIRELESS SENSOR SYSTEM IN OPERATION AND IN SLEEP MODE
- TABLE 14. ENERGY BUDGET FOR A WIRELESS SENSOR SYSTEM CYCLE TIME FROM 1 SECOND TO 24 HOURS
- FIGURE 2. DAILY ENERGY CONSUMED FROM STORAGE V/S DUTY CYCLE (CASE STUDY 2)
- FIGURE 3. COMPARISION OF ENERGY HARVESTER DIMENSIONS (SOLAR, THERMAL AND VIBRATION) V/S A GIVEN DUTY CYCLE (%)
- CASE STUDY: WIRELESS SWITCH
- AUTOMOTIVES - TIRE PRESSURE MONITORING SYSTEM (TPMS)
- MEDICAL RELATED USES SUCH AS BODY AREA NETWORK (BAN)
- WSN IN INDOOR APPLICATIONS
- FIGURE 4. PATIENT REMOTE HEALTH MONITORING
- PRECISION AGRICULTURE
- CONSUMER ELECTRONICS AND ITS PERIPHERALS
- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
- TABLE 15. MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MACRO-LEVEL (CM3) ENERGY HARVESTING KITS AND PRODUCT LAUNCH STATUS
- TABLE 16. MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF MICRO-LEVEL (MM3) ENERGY HARVESTING KITS AND PRODUCT LAUNCH STATUS
- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE (CONTINUED)
- COMPANY ALLIANCES
- TABLE 17. COMPANY ALLIANCES IN 2009
- TABLE 17. (CONTINUED)
- PRICE ANALYSIS OF ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING KITS
- SWITCHES
- SENSORS
- SENSORS (CONTINUED)
- FIGURE 5. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTER
- TABLE 18. COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE MODELS OF LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING KITS AND PRICES IN 2009
- WIRED VS. WIRELESS - COST AND RELIABILITY
GLOBAL MARKET AND REGIONAL MARKET SHARES
- TABLE 19. GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING POWER SOURCE ELEMENTS FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS SENSORS, 2009
- TABLE 20. PROJECTED GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING SOURCE ELEMENTS FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND SENSORS, 2014
- TABLE 21. GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BY APPLICATION, 2009 AND 2014 ($MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 6. GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BY APPLICATION 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLIONS)
- TABLE 22. GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES TO POWER WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS, 2009 AND 2014
- MARKET ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY
- TABLE 23. GLOBAL MARKET SIZE AND SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS ACCORDING TO TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014
- FIGURE 7. GLOBAL MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES USED FOR WIRELESS SWITCHES AND WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS BY TECHNOLOGY, 2009 AND 2014 ($ MILLION)
- MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING KITS BY PHYSICAL SIZE
- TABLE 24. GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES BY SIZE, 2009 AND 2014
- FIGURE 8. MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTERS BY SIZE
- MARKET FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENRGY HARVESTERS BY REGION
- TABLE 25. GLOBAL MARKET SIZE/PERCENTAGE SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES BY REGION, 2009 AND 2014
- FIGURE 9. MARKET SHARE FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTERS BY REGION
PATENTS AND PATENT ANALYSIS
- U.S. PATENTS IN ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FOR WIRELESS
NETWORKNG
- ENERGY HARVESTING APPARATUS AND METHOD
- STRAIN ENERGY SHUTTLE APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR VIBRATION ENERGY
HARVESTING
- ENERGY HARVESTING TECHNIQUE TO SUPPORT REMOTE WIRELESS MEMS RF SENSORS
- MECHANICAL VIBRATION TO ELECTRICAL ENERGY CONVERTER
- ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES
- BROADBAND ENERGY HARVESTER APPARATUS AND METHOD
- ENERGY HARVESTING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR OPERATION AND DATA TRANSMISSION
- BROADBAND ENERGY HARVESTER APPARATUS AND METHOD
- SYSTEM TO MONITOR THE HEALTH OF A STRUCTURE, SENSOR NODES, PROGRAM
PRODUCT, AND RELATED METHOD
- ELECTROMECHANICAL GENERATOR FOR, AND METHOD OF, CONVERTING MECHANICAL
VIBRATIONAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- HUMAN POWERED PIEZOELECTRIC POWER GENERATING DEVICE
- POWER GENERATION UTILIZING TIRE PRESSURE CHANGES
- SHAFT MOUNTED ENERGY HARVESTING FOR WIRELESS SENSOR OPERATION AND DATA
TRANSMISSION
- DEVICE FOR CONVERTING MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- HIGH EFFICIENCY VIBRATION ENERGY HARVESTER
- ENERGY HARVESTING SYSTEM, APPARATUS AND METHOD
- AUTONOMOUS POWER SOURCE
- APPARATUS FOR SUPPLYING POWER TO A SENSOR
- ENERGY-AUTONOMOUS ELECTROMECHANICAL WIRELESS SWITCH
- DEVICE FOR CONVERTING MECHANICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- HIGH EFFICIENCY PASSIVE PIEZO ENERGY HARVESTING APPARATUS
- PATENT ANALYSIS
- TABLE 26. NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO COMPANIES FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FROM 2005 THROUGH JULY 2009
- FIGURE 10. ILLUSTRATION OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED TO TOP COMPANIES FOR ULTRA-LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FROM 2005 THROUGH JULY 2009
- INTERNATIONAL OVERVIEW OF U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN LOW POWER ENEGY
HARVESTING DEVICES
- TABLE 27. NUMBER OF U.S. PATENTS GRANTED BY ASSIGNED COUNTRY/REGION FOR LOW POWER ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES FROM 2005 THROUGH JULY 2009
- IMPORTANT SELECTED WORLD PATENTS
- WO/2008/124762 ENERGY HARVESTING FROM MULTIPLE PIEZOELECTRIC SOURCES
- GB0902395.3
- WO/2004/030948 TELEMETRY UNIT
- WO/2004/030950 POWER CONSUMPTION PROTOCOL
COMPANY PROFILES
- ADAPTIVENERGY
- ADVANCED CERAMETRICS, INC.
- ADVANCED LINEAR DEVICES, INC.
- AMBIENT MICRO, LLC
- AMBIOSYSTEMS LLC
- ANALOG DEVICES, INC.
- ARVENI
- ASTRI
- CERAMTEC AG
- CONTINENTAL TEVES AG & CO.
- CROSSBOW TECHNOLOGY, INC.
- CYMBET™ CORPORATION
- ENOCEAN ALLIANCE
- EOPLEX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
- ETV CORPORATION PTY LIMITED
- FERRO SOLUTIONS, INC.
- FUJI CERAMICS
- GREENPEAK TECHNOLOGIES NV
- HOLST CENTRE
- IMEC
- INFINITE POWER SOLUTIONS
- INTEL CORPORATION
- KCF TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
- LUMEDYNE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
- MICROPELT GMBH
- MICROSTRAIN, INC.
- MIDE TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
- MILLENNIAL NET, INC.
- NEXTREME THERMAL SOLUTIONS, INC.
- OMRON MANAGEMENT CENTER OF AMERICA, INC.
- PEHA
- PERPETUUM
- PIEZO SYSTEMS, INC.
- PIEZOTAG LTD.
- POWERCAST CORPORATION
- POWERFILM, INC.
- SANYO ELECTRIC CO., LTD.
- SCHRADER ELECTRONICS LTD.
- SENSOR DYNAMICS AG
- SMART MATERIAL GMBH
- SOLAR WORLD INC
- THERMO LIFER ENERGY CORP. LABORATORY
- TEXAS INSTRUMENTS INC
- TPL, INC.
- TRANSENSE TECHNOLOGIES PLC
- TYNDALL INSTITUTE
ANNEXURE A TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR LOW COST, LOW POWER, LOW RATE WIRELESS PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (LR-WPAN) AND ZIGBEE
- TABLE 28. COMPARISON OF LR-WPAN WITH OTHER WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIES
- ANNEXURE A (CONTINUED)
- ZIGBEE
- ZIGBEE TECHNOLOGY CONTENT AND FEATURES
ANNEXURE B GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY OTHER COMPANIES
- TABLE 29. GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST BY OTHER COMPANIES
