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市場調查報告書
全球核能發電技術趨勢
Trends in Nuclear Generation Technology
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本報告已在2011年07月19日停止出版。
專門於多樣市場領域之調查分析的英國市調公司 Datamonitor Corporation（總公司：London），針對全球核能發電技術趨勢進行相關調查分析及預測，並出版報告書 "Trends in Nuclear Generation Technology" 。
本報告書內容包括：目前主要被利用的原子爐設計及技術、新的第3代原子爐技術、商業化過程中的技術調查、未來發展趨勢。內容綱要摘記如下：
DATAMONITOR的觀察分析
分析
- 鈾235及中性粒子的相互作用造成的核分裂
- 幾乎利用於所有的原子爐設計的鈾235
- 一般來說由水來控制核分裂
- 全球利用的5種原子爐設計
- BWR是最簡單的原子爐設計
- PWR是最廣泛被利用的原子爐設計
- CANDU設計等加壓重水爐利用天然鈾
- AGCR利用濃縮鈾運轉
- RMBK是前蘇聯開發的設計，目前也仍被利用
- 第3代核能技術
- 第3代原子爐技術全都利用到水
- 普遍利用被動的安全系統（Passive Safety System）
- 美國：新的5種設計商業化方案
- 4種第3代PWR設計
- 利用加壓重水爐的AP1000
- General Electric的ABWR：1997年4月許可
- 芬蘭建設中的Areva的EPR
- 擁有4種個別的餘熱消除系統及發電系統的Areva的EPR
- 2014年在日本將啟動的三菱的APWR
- 商業化過程中的第3代設計
- HTGR設計Pebble Bed
- 製造出更多核分裂物質的增殖爐
- 預計將出現核能發電廠的建設熱潮。PWR設計帶動市場發展
- 可利用的核容量減少
- PWR將會是未來全球最為廣泛利用的原子爐設計
附錄
圖表
Abstract
Overview
Introduction
Nuclear generation technology is varied, with significantly different designs
marketed marketed by energy and industrial commpanies around the world.
Nevertheless, designs based on pressurized water as a coolant and moderator
for the nuclear reaction have emerged as a clear winner, and the basis for
third generation technological development.
Scope
- A layman' s overview of the process of nuclear fission.
- A description of the main nuclear generation technologies in operation
around the world.
- A review of third generation nuclear technologies, the companies that
develop them, and their certification and operational status.
- An analysis of nuclear capacity utilization and the technological focus of
new build globally.
Report Highlights
Water, while acting as a moderator to slow neutrons and facilitate reaction
with uranium-235, also serves as an effective medium for the transfer of heat
from reactor cores to turbines. As a result, water is the most common
moderator in use today. Water also, however, absorbs neutrons. Enriched
uranium must therefore be used as fissile material.
Third generation designs build in passive safety systems, meaning that in the
event of a reactor incident the plant is capable of controlling or containing
the incident without manual intervention and the use of mechanical systems.
The fuel elements in a High-temperature Gas-cooled Reactor design are composed
of tennis ball-sized spheres of uranium oxide encased in graphite. These
' pebbles' form the reactor core. The major innovation of HTGRs is the ability
of the reactor core to remain safe even in the event of a total failure of the
cooling system.
Reasons to Purchase
- Understand the basis for nuclear fission, why multiple nuclear generation
designs exist and their advantages and disadvantages.
- Understand which companies are producing which types of reactors.
- Gain insight into third generation technologies and what makes them
different.
Table of Contents
- DATAMONITOR VIEW
- ANALYSIS
- Nuclear fission is based on the interaction of neutrons with uranium-235
- Uranium-235 is the fissile material used in almost all reactor designs
- Water is the most common moderator used for nuclear fission
- There are five common nuclear reactor designs in use globally
- BWRs are the simplest reactor design
- PWRs are the most common design in use globally
- Pressurized heavy water reactors such as the CANDU design use natural
uranium
- AGCRs operate without enriched uranium
- The RMBK is a Soviet design still in operation today
- Third-generation nuclear technology is based on small evolutionary steps
from previous designs
- Third-generation reactor technologies are all water-based designs
- Passive safety systems are now commonplace in reactor designs
- Five new commercial designs in the US have had public expressions of
commercial interest
- There are four major third-generation PWR designs
- The AP1000, using a pressurized water reactor design, makes extensive
use of passive safety systems
- General Electric' s ABWR was first certified in April 1997
- Areva' s EPR is under construction only in Finland
- Areva' s EPR has four separate heat removal and generating systems
- The first of Mitsubishi' s APWRs will come online in Japan in 2014
- Some third-generation designs are still in the process of being
commercialized
- HTGRs are a pebble-bed design that forms the basis for
third-generation technologies
- Breeder reactors produce more fissile material than they consume
- The world is set for a new boom in nuclear plant construction, with PWR
designs leading the market
- Available nuclear capacity has decreased to historically unprecedented
levels
- PWRs are set to remain the most popular nuclear reactor design in the
world for the foreseeable future
- APPENDIX
- Glossary
- Datamonitor consultancy
- Ask the analyst
- List of Figures
- Figure 1: Uranium-based nuclear fission
- Figure 2: Neutrons that provoke uranium reactions must be slowed by a
moderator
- Figure 3: Standard BWR design
- Figure 4: Standard PWR design
- Figure 5: Heavy water CANDU reactor design
- Figure 6: AGCR design
- Figure 7: New commercial designs marketed in the US and their Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC) certification status
- Figure 8: Westinghouse' s AP1000 design
- Figure 9: General Electric' s ABWR design
- Figure 10: Areva' s EPR design in Finland
- Figure 11: Areva' s standard EPR
- Figure 12: Mitsubishi' s US-APWR design
- Figure 13: HTGR (pebble-bed) reactor design
- Figure 14: Global nuclear capacity utilization
- Figure 15: Reactors operating and under construction globally
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