抗生素及抗藥性：2008年 是由出版商BioPharm Reports (Technology and Markets Ltd)在2008年01月所出版的。
這份英文市場調查報告書包含174 Pages 價格從美金2397起跳。
Abstract
New drug innovation and the strategy to combat antibiotic resistance mechanisms Updated Quarterly
Introduction:This report reviews new drug innovation and strategy to
combat antibiotic resistance mechanisms. This embraces current research-stage
activities, patents published in the last five years, the entire
pharmaceutical development pipeline and today' s existing armoury of
anti-bacterial drugs. The report reviews around 400+ pipeline antibiotics and
anti-bacterial technologies (from pre-clinical to Phase III/initial launch),
350+ antibiotic patents published between Jan 2002 and Jan 2008 and more than
200 fully launched antibiotics. It identifies and discusses new antibiotics,
technologies and strategies at the anti-bacterial mechanistic level, that are
specifically being developed to combat resistance mechanisms. The
opportunities which they potentially offer in tackling the increasing global
threat of antibiotic resistance, are discussed.
Overview: This report gives a comprehensive and detailed review of
pipeline, emerging and current antibiotics and anti-bacterial technologies and
their potential to provide more effective long-term therapies. More than 900
drugs, drug candidates and developmental compounds are identified, discussed
and classified on the basis of their mode of action, developmental stage,
activities and capabilities and by companies and research groups responsible
for taking these activities forward. Moreover, they are considered in terms of
their importance and potential to combat resistant pathogens, as part of the
global effort to find alternatives to current antibiotics, which have lost or
are losing their effectiveness against common and serious pathogens. The
report looks in depth at current developments and thinking on how antibiotic
resistance can be tackled technically and strategically, from improvements to
existing drugs and drug combinations, to novel molecules, new and more
promising drug targets and approaches to tackling resistance at its source.
More detailed information on this report is given in the printable Report
Description, which is linked to this page.
Combating Antibiotic Resistance: This review examines more than 370
pipeline candidates and 340 antibiotic patents, published between Jan 2002 and
Jan 2008. These patents were selected from more than 1800 patents citing
"anti-infectives", published over the same period. Strategies being developed
to combat resistance mechanisms include the identification of new selective
targets, the selection of targets which may preclude genomic/phenotypic
adaptation by bacteria, or where this is considered more difficult, combined
activity molecules, molecules which inhibit stress-induced mutational
emergence of resistance genes in response to synthetic antibiotics, novel
antibacterial technologies, new targeting strategies and synthetic or
semi-synthetic approaches vs. drugs of natural origin. Other areas reviewed
include virulence targeting, the dissemination of adaptable traits, predicting
resistance and the developing importance of pathogenomics.
Table of Contents
Executive Summary
1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.1 Background
- 1.2 Antibiotic Resistance
- 1.3 Resistance Mechanisms
- 1.4 The Resistome
- 1.5 Pathogenomics
- 1.6 Antibiotics, Strategies and Targets
- 1.7 The Cost of Antibiotic Resistance
- 1.8 Global Surveillance
- 1.9 This Report
2 ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: GLOBAL FIGURES AND TRENDS
- Summary
- 2.1 Antibiotic Resistance
- 2.2 Europe
- 2.2.1 Escherichia coli
- 2.2.2 Streptococcus pneumoniae
- 2.2.3 Staphylococcus aureus
- 2.2.4 Enterococci
- 2.2.5 Klebsiella pneumoniae
- 2.2.6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- 2.3 England and Wales
- 2.3.1 Gram-positive cocci
- 2.3.2 Gram-negative bacilli
- 2.3.3 Other pathogens
- 2.4 Other countries
- 2.5 China
- 2.6 USA
- 2.7 Kuwait
- 2.8 Discussion
3 FULLY LAUNCHED ANTI-BACTERIALS
- 3.1 Current Anti-Infectives
- 3.2 Anti-bacterials
- 3.3 Bacterial Cell Wall Inhibitors
- 3.4 Immune Stimulators
- 3.5 30S/50S Ribosomal Subunit Inhibitors
- 3.6 DNA Gyrase/Topoisomerase Inhibitors
- 3.7 Other Antibiotics
- 3.8 Discussion
4 PIPELINE ANTI-BACTERIALS
- 4.1 Pipeline Anti-Infectives
- 4.2 Developmental Stage
- 4.3 Mechanisms of Action
- 4.4 Phase III and Beyond (Late Stage)
- 4.5 Pre-Clinical to Phase II (Early Stage)
- 4.5.1 Established Classes
- 4.5.2 New Classes
- 4.6 Anti-bacterial Groups
- 4.6.1 Immune-acting agents
- 4.6.2 Cell wall inhibitors
- 4.6.3 DNA topoisomerase ATP hydrolysing inhibitors
- 4.6.4 Protein 50S ribosomal subunit inhibitors
- 4.6.5 Protein 30S ribosomal subunit inhibitors
- 4.6.6 Protein synthesis antagonists
- 4.6.7 DNA directed DNA polymerase inhibitors
- 4.6.8 DNA antagonists
- 4.6.9 DNA topoisomerase IV inhibitors
- 4.6.10 B anthracis protective antigen inhibitors
- 4.6.11 Chelating agents
- 4.6.12 Defensin agonists
- 4.6.13 Deformylase inhibitors
- 4.6.14 General pump inhibitors
- 4.6.15 FABI inhibitors
- 4.6.16 Membrane integrity antagonists
- 4.6.17 Membrane permeability enhancers
- 4.6.18 Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors
- 4.6.19 DNA synthesis inhibitors
- 4.6.20 Lactamase-A inhibitors
- 4.6.21 Adenosinetriphosphate synthase inhibitors
- 4.6.22 Deg protease inhibitors
- 4.6.23 Fab F inhibitors
- 4.6.24 Gene expression inhibitors
- 4.6.25 Glutamate racemase inhibitors
- 4.6.26 Glycosyl transferase inhibitors
- 4.6.27 Heat shock protein 90 antagonists
- 4.6.28 Kinase inhibitors
- 4.6.29 Lipoteichoic acid antagonists
- 4.6.30 PcrV inhibitors
- 4.6.31 Peptidyltransferase inhibitors
- 4.7 Notable pipeline candidates
- 4.7.1 Pre-registered and Registered
- 4.7.2 Phase III
- 4.7.3 Early-stage
- 4.8 Discussion
5 EMERGING ANTI-BACTERIALS
- 5.1 Patents
- 5.2 Antibiotic Classes
- 5.2.1 Macrolide
- 5.2.2 Beta-lactam
- 5.2.3 Peptides
- 5.2.4 Cephalosporins
- 5.2.5 Combined antimicrobiols
- 5.2.6 Carbapenems
- 5.2.7 Quinolones
- 5.2.8 General
- 5.2.9 Vaccines (therapeutic)
- 5.2.10 Lytics
- 5.2.11 Bioenhancers
- 5.2.12 Lactamase inhibitors
- 5.2.13 Oxazolidinones
- 5.2.14 Tetracyclines
- 5.2.15 Natural products
- 5.2.16 Aminoglycosides
- 5.2.17 Quorum sensing
- 5.2.18 Rifamycins
- 5.2.19 ABC transporter modulator
- 5.2.20 Glycopeptides
- 5.2.21 Other technologies
- 5.2.22 Patent filings organisations
- 5.3 Discussion
6 COMBATING RESISTANCE MECHANISMS
- 6.1 Background
- 6.2 New Targets and Mechanisms
- 6.3 Multiple Activities
- 6.4 Circumventing Resistance
- 6.5 Resistance Mutations
- 6.6 Virulence
- 6.7 Other Technologies
- 6.8 Discussion
CHAPTER 7 COMPANIES AND ORIGINATORS
FIGURES
- Figure 2.1 Escherichia coli: Combined resistance (fluoroquinolones,
third-generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides) by country 2001-2005.
Only countries that reported 20 isolates or more per year for at least 3 years
were included. The arrows indicate significant trends (Source: EARSS).
- Figure 2.2 Streptococcus pneumoniae: Dual resistance to penicillin and
erythromycin by country, 1999-2005. Only countries that reported 20 isolates
or more per year for at least 3 years were included. The arrows indicate
significant trends (Source: EARSS).
- Figure 2.3 Staphylococcus aureus: Resistance to methicillin by country,
1999-2005. Only countries that reported 20 isolates or more per year for at
least 3 years were included. The arrows indicate significant trends (Source:
EARSS).
- Figure 2.4 Staphylococcus aureus: MRSA levels in England and Wales,
1992-2005. (Source UK Health Protection Agency, Trends in Antimicrobiol
Resistance in England and Wales, 2004-2005).
- Figure 2.5 Enterococcus faecalis: Trends in high aminoglycoside resistance
by country 2001-2005. Only countries that reported 20 isolates or more per
year for at least 3 years were included. The arrows indicate significant
trends (Source: EARSS).
- Figure 2.6 Klebsiella pneumoniae: Trends in high aminoglycoside resistance
by country in 2002 and 2005. Only countries that reported 20 isolates or more
per year for at least 3 years were included (Source: EARSS).
- Figure 2.7 Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Trends in high aminoglycoside
resistance by country in 2002 and 2005. Only countries that reported 20
isolates or more per year for at least 3 years were included (Source: EARSS).
- Figure 2.8 Antibiotic resistance of gram-positive cocci in England and
Wales, 2004-2005 (Source: UK Health Protection Agency, Trends in Antimicrobiol
Resistance in England and Wales, 2004-2005.
- Figure 2.9 Antibiotic resistance of gram-negative bacilli in England and
Wales, 2004-2005 (Source: UK Health Protection Agency, Trends in Antimicrobiol
Resistance in England and Wales, 2004-2005.
- Figure 2.10 Antibiotic resistance of other bacteria in England and Wales,
2004-2005 (Source: UK Health Protection Agency, Trends in Antimicrobiol
Resistance in England and Wales, 2004-2005).
- Figure 2.11 Antibiotic resistance of Staphylococcus, Streptococcus,
Escherichia coli and Enterococcus in the US, Egypt and Tunisia (Source:
Frimodt-Møller et al., Danish Medical Bulletin Vol. 54, May 2007)
- Figure 3.1 Current, fully launched anti-infectives (Independent Research,
Pharmaprojects 2007)
- Figure 3.2 Categories of fully approved anti-bacterial therapeutics
(Independent Research, Pharmaprojects 2007)
TABLES
- Table 2.1 EARSS surveillance programme: countries and country codes
- Table 3.1a. Fully launched antibiotics - bacterial cell wall inhibitors
(β-lactams) (Source: Company Research May 2007, Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Table 3.1b. Approved antibiotics - bacterial cell wall inhibitors
(β-lactams) (Source: Company Research May 2007, Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Table 3.2a. Approved antibiotics - Immune Stimulators/Modulators (Source:
Company Research May 2007, Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Table 3.2b. Approved antibiotics - Immune Stimulators/Modulators (Source:
Company Research May 2007, Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Table 3.3 Approved antibiotics - Protein 30S/50S Ribosomal Subunit
Inhibitors (Source: Company Research May 2007, Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Table 3.4 Approved antibiotics - DNA topoisomerase ATP hydrolysing
inhibitor (Source: Company Research May 2007, Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Table 3.5a Approved antibiotics - Other antibiotics (Source: Company
Research May 2007, Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Table 3.5b Approved antibiotics - Other antibiotics (Source: Company
Research May 2007, Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Table 3.5c Approved antibiotics - Other antibiotics (Source: Company
Research May 2007, Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- 3.8 Discussion
- Table 4.1 Pipeline Anti-Infectives (Source: Company Research May 2007,
Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Table 4.2 Pipeline Anti-infectives (Source: Company Research May 2007,
Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Table 4.3 Pipeline Anti-Infectives (Source: Company Research May 2007,
Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Figure 7.1 The top 20 companies with fully launched anti-bacterials
(Source: Independent Research, Pharmaprojects 2007)
- Figure 7.2 The top 20 anti-bacterial development companies, representing
candidates in the development pipeline (pre-clinical to Phase III/initial
launch) (Source: Independent Research, Pharmaprojects 2007)
- Figure 7.3 The top 20 anti-bacterial patent filing organisations of 340
patents selected for analysis in this report. (Source: Delphion)
APPENDICES
- Appendix 1 Escherichia coli: trends of aminopenicillin resistance by
country, 2001-2005. Only countries that reported 20 isolates or more per year
for at least 3 years were included. The arrows indicate significant trends.
See page X for country codes (Source: EARSS).
- Appendix 2 Escherichia coli: trends in 3rd generation cephalosporin
resistance by country, 2001-2005. Only countries that reported 20 isolates or
more per year for at least 3 years were included. The arrows indicate
significant trends. See page X for country codes (Source: EARSS).
- Appendix 3 Escherichia coli: trends of fluoroquinolones resistance by
country, 2001-2005. Only countries that reported 20 isolates or more per year
for at least 3 years were included. The arrows indicate significant trends.
See page X for country codes (Source: EARSS).
- Appendix 4 Escherichia coli: trends of aminoglycoside resistance by
country, 2001-2005. Only countries that reported 20 isolates or more per year
for at least 3 years were included. The arrows indicate significant trends.
See page X for country codes (Source: EARSS).
- Appendix 5 Streptococcus pneumoniae: Resistance to penicillin by country,
1999-2005. Only countries that reported 20 isolates or more per year for at
least 3 years were included. The arrows indicate significant trends. See page
X for country codes (Source: EARSS).
- Appendix 6 Streptococcus pneumoniae: Resistance to erythromycin by
country, 1999-2005. Only countries that reported 20 isolates or more per year
for at least 3 years were included. The arrows indicate significant trends.
See page X for country codes (Source: EARSS).
- Appendix 7 Anti-bacterials on the drug development pipeline (Source:
Company Research May 2007, Pharmaprojects May 2007)
- Appendix 8 Patent Application for Antibiotics and Anti-bacterials
2002-2007 (Source: Delphion, WIPO)
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