Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS
- Catalysts for chemical, petrochemical, and petroleum refining processes
constitute a significant business in the United States. BCC estimates total
merchant sales of these products in the U.S. in 2010 at about $4.1 billion.
The total U.S. market value is forecast to increase at a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of about 2.5% to reach more than $4.6 billion by 2015.
- For all types of chemical catalysts, we estimate a total 2010 market of
almost $2.7 billion, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of about
2.5% to more than $3 billion in 2015. Polymerization is the largest chemical
catalyst segment with a market of about $1.3 billion and a slightly higher
CAGR.
- Petroleum refining catalysts are a smaller market at $1.4 billion in sales
in 2010, but also are predicted to grow at about a 2.5% compound annual growth
rate (CAGR) to more than $1.6 billion in 2015. Growth will be spurred by
increasing demand for reformulated and other less-polluting gasolines, plus
new regulations calling for drastic reductions in sulfur content in gasoline
and diesel fuel.
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Catalysts and the products made with them are all around us, even though most
people know neither what a catalyst is nor what they do. Some experts claim
that catalysts are involved somewhere along the chain in the manufacture of
products that represent about one-third of the entire U.S. material Gross
National Product (GDP). Considering that a high percentage of chemical and
refined petroleum products are made via catalytic reactions (some experts put
the percentage at 90% or higher for chemicals), this percentage seems logical.
Some studies have estimated that catalysts are responsible for the manufacture
of around $4 trillion in goods and services worldwide annually and that the
total global catalyst business is well more than $10 billion. Indeed, some
studies estimate the worldwide market at more than $15 billion. Estimates
vary, of course, depending on what is included; for example, if environmental
correction catalysts and enzyme biocatalysts are included, the total will of
course be larger. No matter what the number, this is a large multibillion
market.
Virtually every polymer, whether it is a synthetic fiber, a plastic resin, or
an elastomer, is made with a catalytic process. Other chemicals, from
pharmaceuticals to pesticides, are produced catalytically. In petroleum
refining, catalytic processes allow refiners to produce the broad mix of fuels
and other products that drive today' s economy.
There is also an entire body of catalysis, outside the scope of this report,
in environmental correction; the most obvious examples are catalytic
converters on automobiles that clean up auto exhausts. Even our bodies are
operated by catalysts, the biological catalysts called enzymes, the important
area of biocatalysis that is outside our scope as well.
Catalysts have been used commercially for more than a century, dating from the
Deacon and contact processes, first used in the late 1800s. Fritz Haber' s
ammonia synthesis of 1908 (which is still used in much the same form today)
can be considered the process that heralded the birth of modern industrial
catalysis. The industry has grown to the point where some catalyst markets are
considered mature, and most continue to grow at moderate rates, often
paralleling the national GDP, in keeping with chemical and refining process
technology and business in general. However, as has always been the case in
innovative industries, some, such as the single-site/metallocene
polymerization catalysts, have become a major growth area.
Our goal in this report is to describe the compounds, products, and markets
for catalysts that we describe as “petrochemicals.” That is,
catalysts which are used in petroleum refining; in petrochemical processes in
which the feedstocks come from crude oil or natural gas; and in chemical
reactions/processes in which the feedstock materials may come from other
sources. This is big business; the petrochemical industry in the U.S., driven
by production of synthetic polymers, is one of the nation' s largest.
Catalysis is highly technical, and its products and markets are large and
diverse. The industries and applications that we cover are discussed below in
the subsection “Scope.”
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
Catalysts are important materials of commerce, even if most people do not
realize how catalysts touch them every day. Most of us drive cars fueled with
high-octane unleaded, often oxygenated or reformulated, gasoline, which is
blended with components produced in catalytic oil refinery processes. Although
the current major motor fuel oxygenate, ethanol, is primarily produced in the
United States via fermentation from corn, this is an exception to the basic
rule that most major chemical products are made via catalytic processes.
Bioprocessing of industrial chemicals from biomass sources is a growing and
important technology, but at present is more at the research and development
stage than at the stage of commercial method of making large-scale industrial
compounds for sale.
We use plastic products everywhere, in everything from automobile interiors to
much of our packaging. In addition, the pharmaceutical products we use have
most likely been made with at least one catalytic reaction. Most of the food
we eat has been grown on land fertilized with an ammonia-based fertilizer;
until the catalytic Haber ammonia process was developed, there was no way to
“fix” nitrogen from the air to make it available for incorporation
into chemical products.
Some other applications of catalysts and catalytic reactions are not as well
known to the average person, but are no less important, since they affect the
manufacture of a vast number of chemical and other products in other important
commercial and consumer businesses and markets.
This report is the latest update in a series of BCC Research reports on this
subject, the most recent ones by the same author. BCC Research continues to do
this study to provide a comprehensive reference for those interested and/or
involved in these products; this covers a wide and varied group of petroleum,
petrochemical, chemical, and other companies that make and supply catalysts,
chemicals, process technology, and equipment. Other interested parties will be
designers and marketers, politicians of all stripes, and the general public.
We have sorted through and condensed information from a large amount of
literature and other reference materials to compile this report.
SCOPE OF REPORT
This study covers many of the most important technological, economic,
political, and environmental considerations in the U.S. catalyst industry. It
is primarily a study of U.S. markets, but because of the global nature of
chemistry, it touches on some noteworthy international activities; these are
primarily those that can have an impact on the U.S. market, such as
imports/exports and, increasingly, foreign firms that operate there.
All market value estimates and forecasts are given in constant 2010 dollars,
and growth rates are all compounded, presented as compounded annual growth
rates or CAGRs. Market values are all rounded to the nearest million dollars.
Because of rounding to the nearest million, some growth rates may not agree
exactly with figures in the market tables, especially for small values.
This report is segmented into nine chapters, of which this is the first, and
an appendix including a glossary of some important terms, abbreviations,
acronyms, etc.
The Summary encapsulates our findings and conclusions and includes a summary
major market table of estimates ad forecasts. It is the place where the busy
executive can find the major findings of the study in summary format.
We follow with an Overview of catalysis and catalysts with some history of the
principal types of catalysts and catalytic reactions, and processes and
materials used to produce catalysts. Its intent is to introduce the reader to
the field of chemical catalysis.
The next chapter discusses and forecasts markets for catalysts used in
chemical processes; that is, processes that usually do not take place in a
petroleum refinery. We subdivide the market into catalysts for six large
classes of catalytic chemical reactions: hydrogenation, dehydrogenation,
organic synthesis, oxidation, polymerization, and synthesis gas/syngas
processes. Our market analysis and forecast is for base year 2010 and forecast
year 2015, all in constant 2010 dollars.
Next we discuss and forecast the markets for catalysts used in petroleum
refining. Processes analyzed and forecasted include the six basic classes of
catalytic refining processes: alkylation, fluid catalytic cracking (FCC),
hydrocracking, hydrotreating/ desulfurization, isomerization, and catalytic
reforming. In addition, we cover gas processing, usually devoted to sulfur
removal.
The next chapter is devoted to catalyst technologies, with emphasis on both
established and new catalyst technologies. These continue to be exciting times
in catalysts, for example, with continuing development of more homogeneous
catalysts, development and fine-tuning of single-site catalysts for
polymerization of major plastics, chiral catalysts for fine chemical
syntheses, and others.
The next chapter covers some important facets of government regulation and
public policy. Catalysts are not as regulated as many other industries are,
since they are not supposed to be in final products, but political forces have
driven the petroleum refining industry for years and continue to do so until
this day, with greater emphasis on cleaner burning fuels. For this reason our
prime discussion is on governmental regulations regarding refined motor fuels,
both gasoline and diesel.
The next chapter covers the structure and activities of the catalyst industry,
with emphasis on the major domestic producers and suppliers, customer service,
and the growing trend in supplier-user alliances. We briefly discuss some
international aspects of the catalyst business, including the global nature of
the business, major foreign-owned supplier companies that operate in the
United States, and imports and exports.
Our last narrative chapter consists of profiles of those supplier companies
that BCC Research considers to be among the most important in these
businesses. There are many more companies that operate in one or more niche
markets, but in our opinion they are not important enough to be considered
major producers and suppliers.
We end with an appendix, a glossary of some important terms, abbreviations,
acronyms, etc. used in the chemical, petroleum, and catalyst industries.
The scope of this study is restricted to catalysts used in the chemical
process industry (CPI) in process operations. We define the CPI broadly to
include petroleum refining (an industry sometimes called the hydrocarbon
processing industry or HPI). By confining our study to process catalysts, we
do not cover a major market, one that has many studies on its own, of
environmental catalysts, primarily for air pollution control. Because such
environmental catalysts are chemical catalysts, we do introduce them and their
applications in the Overview chapter; however, we do not make market estimates
or forecasts for environmental catalysts since they are outside the scope of
this study.
Since this study focuses on chemical catalysts, we also exclude from our
market analyses biocatalysts (such as enzymes), electrocatalysts,
photocatalysts (catalysts that allow light or other waves in the
electromagnetic spectrum to influence reactions and processes), and other
exotic ideas such as sonocatalysts (high-frequency ultrasound waves that
generate heat and pressure). These are all exciting fields of study, but are
outside the scope of this report. We do introduce some of these ideas in the
Technology chapter.
Thus, please note that there are some new and exciting areas of catalysis,
discussed in the Overview and/or Technology chapters, which are either (1)
outside the scope of this study (e.g., environmental catalysts) or (2) new,
cutting-edge technologies like photocatalysts, which are too new and small to
attempt to analyze and forecast. The products and markets that we analyze and
for which we estimate and forecast sales are those in the chapters on
commercial catalysts for chemical and refinery processes.
For consistency in style and format, trade names are indicated by initial
upper case letters, while generic names are all in lower case. Because many
chemical names are long and complicated, we often use abbreviations, acronyms,
or chemical formulae. Many of these acronyms, such as HDPE (high-density
polyethylene) and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) for common polymers, are in capital
letters.
Chemical elements and compounds can all be designated by chemical symbols and
formulae; after introducing the element or compound we often use such symbols,
such as Ni for nickel and HF for hydrofluoric acid. Our glossary at the end
contains definitions and explanations for many of the most important
abbreviations and acronyms. We do assume that most readers have had at least
an initial introduction to chemistry and understand the principles of chemical
nomenclature.
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
Searches were made of the literature and the Internet, including many of the
leading trade publications, as well as technical compendia and government
publications. Much product and market information was obtained whenever
possible from the companies involved. The information for our corporate
profiles was obtained primarily from the companies, especially the larger
publicly owned firms. Other sources included directories, articles, and
Internet sites.
AUTHOR' S CREDENTIALS
Dr. J. Charles Forman has more than 50 years of chemical engineering
and business experience in the healthcare industry, leading a major
not-for-profit educational association, and as an independent analyst and
technical writer. He is well versed on the worldwide chemical process
industries, with specialization in healthcare, petroleum and petrochemicals,
specialty and agrochemicals, plastics, and packaging.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
- REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
- INTENDED AUDIENCE
- SCOPE OF REPORT
- SCOPE OF REPORT (CONTINUED)
- SCOPE OF REPORT (CONTINUED)
- METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
- AUTHOR' S CREDENTIALS
- RELATED BCC WORK CREDENTIALS
- BCC ONLINE SERVICES
- DISCLAIMER
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY
- SUMMARY
- SUMMARY TABLE ESTIMATE OF U.S. CATALYST MARKETS BY PROCESS THROUGH 2015 ($
MILLIONS)
- SUMMARY FIGURE ESTIMATE OF U.S. CATALYST MARKETS BY PROCESS 2010 AND 2015
($ MILLIONS)
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW
- CATALYSIS AND CATALYSTS: HISTORY AND BACKGROUND
- DEFINITION
- HISTORY
- PROCESSES
- HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSTS
- Reaction Parameters
- Theory of Heterogeneous Catalysis
- HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS
- Advantages
- Molecular Catalysts
- Commercial Applications
- Multiphase Homogeneous Catalysis
- Phase-Transfer Catalysis
- Phase-Transfer ..... (Continued)
- ACID AND BASE CATALYSIS AND CATALYSTS
- Heterogeneous Acid Catalysts
- Homogeneous Acid/Base Catalysts
- FREE RADICAL CATALYSTS
- THE PERIODICTABLE AND TRANSITION ELEMENTS
- Transition Group Metals
- TABLE 1. TRANSITION METALS IN THE PERIODICTABLE
- TABLE 2. CHEMICAL SYMBOLS FOR COMMON CATALYTIC ELEMENTS
- CHEMICAL PROCESSING
- Importance of the U.S. Chemical Industry
- Types of Catalytic Chemical Reactions
- PETROLEUM REFINING
- Historical Background
- Petroleum Refining Processes
- Petroleum ..... (Continued)
- Industry Structure
- Market Leaders
- The Refining Margin
- Refining Capacity
- Importance to the U.S. and World Economies
- Importance to ..... (Continued)
- Major Petroleum Products and Applications
- Petroleum Refinery Streams and Products
- Petroleum ..... (Continued)
- Types of Petroleum Refineries
- Types of ..... (Continued)
- Refinery Catalytic Processes and Catalysts
- OTHER APPLICATIONS FOR CATALYSTS
- Automotive Emission Controls
- Automotive ..... (Continued)
- Stationary Source Emissions Control
- Other Environmental Catalysis
- MATERIALS USED TO PRODUCE CATALYSTS
- BASE METALS AND COMPOUNDS
- Aluminum (Al)
- Aluminum Alkyls
- Bismuth (Bi)
- Chromium (Cr)
- Cobalt (Co)
- Copper (Cu)
- Hafnium (Hf)
- Iron (Fe)
- Lithium (Li)
- Magnesium (Mg)
- Manganese (Mn)
- Mercury (Hg)
- Molybdenum (Mo)
- Nickel (Ni)
- Raney Nickel
- Phosphorus (P)
- Potassium (K)
- Rhenium (Re)
- Tin (Sn)
- Titanium (Ti)
- Tungsten (W)
- Vanadium (V)
- Zinc (Zn)
- Zirconium (Zr)
- NOBLE (PRECIOUS) METALS
- Gold (Au)
- Iridium (Ir)
- Palladium (Pd)
- TABLE 3. AVERAGE PRICES FOR NOBLE METALS, 1995-LATE 2010 ($ PER TROY OUNCE)
- Platinum (Pt)
- Rhodium (Rh)
- Ruthenium (Ru)
- Silver (Ag)
- ALUMINOSILICATES
- Zeolites
- Natural Zeolites
- Synthetic Zeolites
- Synthetic Zeolites (Continued)
- ExxonMobil' s ZSM-5 Zeolites
- TABLE 4. SOME CATALYTIC APPLICATIONS OF ZSM-5 ZEOLITES
- Molecular Sieves
- ORGANIC PEROXIDES
- TABLE 5. TYPICAL TYPES OF ORGANIC PEROXIDES
- OTHER NONMETALLIC CATALYSTS, CARRIERS, AND SUPPORTS
- Powdered Supports
- Particulate Supports
- Alumina
- Activated Carbon
- Clays
- Synthetic Ion Exchange Resins
- Other Catalyst Supports
- Calcium Carbonate
- Barium Sulfate
- Kieselguhr
- Magnesium Compounds
- Silica
CHAPTER FOUR: CHEMICAL PROCESS CATALYSTS: APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS
- SUMMARY MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 6. ESTIMATES OF U.S. CHEMICAL CATALYST MARKET BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- SUMMARY MARKET ESTIMATE AND ..... (CONTINUED)
- HYDROGENATION
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 7. ESTIMATES OF U.S. HYDROGENATION CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- TABLE 8. ESTIMATES OF U.S. HYDROGENATION CATALYST MARKET BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FATS AND OILS
- Fats and Oils (Continued)
- Fats and Oils (Continued)
- CYCLOHEXANE FROM BENZENE
- BY-PRODUCT HYDROGENATION IN ETHYLENE PLANTS
- AMINES FROM NITRO COMPOUNDS
- PHARMACEUTICAL AND FINE CHEMICAL HYDROGENATIONS
- DEHYDROGENATION
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 9. ESTIMATES OF U.S. DEHYDROGENATION CATALYST MARKETS BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- COMMERCIAL DEHYDROGENATION REACTIONS
- STYRENE SYNTHESIS
- ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 10. ESTIMATES OF U.S. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- TABLE 11. ESTIMATES OF U.S. ORGANIC SYNTHESIS CATALYST MARKET BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- ALKYLATION
- Ethylbenzene
- Cumene
- Linear Alkylbenzene
- AMINATION
- AROMATIZATION
- BUTANEDIOL FROM MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
- CONDENSATION REACTIONS
- DISPROPORTIONATION AND METATHESIS
- Disproportionation and Metathesis (Continued)
- ESTERIFICATION
- FUEL OXYGENATE ETHERS
- Energy Policy Act of 2005
- Technology
- In-Refinery Ether Production
- Grassroots MTBE Plants
- MTBE from Tertiary Butyl Alcohol
- HYDRODEALKYLATION
- ISOMERIZATION
- NITRATION
- OLEFINS PRODUCTION
- Propylene Production
- Propylene ..... (Continued)
- OXIDATION
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 12. ESTIMATES OF U.S. OXIDATION CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- TABLE 13. ESTIMATES OF U.S. OXIDATION CATALYST MARKET BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- ACRYLIC ACID
- ACRYLONITRILE
- ADIPIC ACID
- ETHYLENE DICHLORIDE
- FORMALDEHYDE
- OLEFIN EPOXIDATION: ETHYLENE AND PROPYLENE OXIDE
- NITRIC ACID
- SULFURIC ACID
- MALEIC ANHYDRIDE
- PHTHALIC ANHYDRIDE
- TEREPHTHALIC ACID
- OTHER OXIDATION REACTIONS
- POLYMERIZATION
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 14. ESTIMATES OF U.S. POLYMERIZATION CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- TABLE 15. ESTIMATES OF U.S. POLYMERIZATION CATALYST MARKET BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- TABLE 16. U.S. PLASTICS PRODUCTION, 2006 - 2009 (BILLION LBS)
- POLYOLEFIN HISTORY
- Polymethylene
- Polyethylene
- Polyethylene (Continued)
- Polypropylene
- Higher Alpha-Olefin Polymers
- Polyolefin Steric Regularity
- COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION PROCESSES FOR ADDITION
- POLYMERS
- Polyethylene: High-Pressure Processes
- Polyethylene: Low-Pressure Processes
- Polyethylene: Gas-Phase Processes
- Polyethylene: ..... (Continued)
- Polypropylene
- Polystyrene
- Polyvinyl Chloride
- Other Addition Polymers
- ORGANIC PEROXIDE POLYMERIZATION CATALYSTS
- ORGANOMETALLIC COMPLEX POLYMERIZATION CATALYSTS
- Ziegler-Natta Catalysts
- Single-Site/Metallocene Catalysts
- CONDENSATION POLYMERS AND CATALYSTS
- THERMOSETTING POLYMERS
- Epoxy Resins
- Phenolic Resins
- Unsaturated Polyester Resins
- Polyurethane Resins
- Urea- and Melamine-Formaldehyde Resins
- Other Thermosets
- SYNTHESIS GAS AND SYNGAS PROCESSES
- SYNTHESIS GAS AND SYNGAS PROCESSES (CONTINUED)
- “THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY”
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 17. ESTIMATE OF U.S. SYNTHESIS GAS PROCESS CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- TABLE 18. ESTIMATE OF U.S. SYNTHESIS GAS PROCESS CATALYST MARKET BY REACTION OR PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- STEAM REFORMING
- Steam Reforming (Continued)
- AMMONIA SYNTHESIS
- Ammonia Synthesis (Continued)
- FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS
- Fischer-Tropsch Process (Continued)
- Fischer-Tropsch Process (Continued)
- COAL GASIFICATION, INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED-CYCLE (IGCC) TECHNOLOGY
- Coal Gasification, Integrated.....(Continued)
- GTL: NATURAL GAS TO FUELS/CHEMICALS: MODIFIED FISCHER-TROPSCH
- Market Players
- Market Outlook
- THE NATURAL GAS REFINERY
- HYDROFORMYLATION (OXO) PROCESS
- METHANOL SYNTHESIS
- Methanol Synthesis (Continued)
CHAPTER FIVE: PETROLEUM REFINING CATALYSTS: APPLICATIONS AND MARKETS
- PETROLEUM REFINING CATALYSTS:
- TRENDS IN PETROLEUM REFINING
- MOTOR GASOLINE
- TABLE 19. SOME U.S. MOTOR GASOLINE SPECIFICATION CHANGES IN RECENT YEARS
- DIESEL FUEL
- TABLE 20. SOME U.S. DIESEL FUEL SPECIFICATION CHANGES IN RECENT YEARS
- HEATING OIL
- CHEMICAL PROCESSES
- CAPACITY
- OTHER TRENDS
- SUMMARY MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 21. ESTIMATE OF U.S. REFINERY CATALYST MARKET BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- ALKYLATION
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 22. ESTIMATE OF U.S. REFINERY ALKYLATION CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- Market Estimate and Forecast (Continued)
- Market Estimate and Forecast (Continued)
- HYDROGEN FLUORIDE-CATALYZED ALKYLATION
- SULFURIC ACID-CATALYZED ALKYLATION
- SOLID ACID ALKYLATION CATALYST TECHNOLOGY
- OLIGOMERIZATION
- FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 23. ESTIMATE OF U.S. FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING CATALYST MARKET BY CATALYST TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 1. ESTIMATE OF U.S. FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING CATALYST MARKET BY CATALYST TYPE, 2010 AND 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- TABLE 24. ESTIMATE OF U.S. FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING CATALYST MARKET BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- Market Estimate and Forecast (Continued)
- TOWER BOTTOMS (RESID) CRACKING
- FCC CATALYST REGENERATION
- HYDROCRACKING
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 25. ESTIMATE OF U.S. HYDROCRACKING CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- TABLE 26. ESTIMATE OF U.S. HYDROCRACKING CATALYST MARKET BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- LUBE OIL DEWAXING
- HYDROTREATING/HYDRODESULFURIZATION
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 27. ESTIMATE OF U.S. HYDROTREATING/HYDRODESULFURIZATION CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- Background
- Technology
- ISOMERIZATION
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- CATALYTIC REFORMING
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
- TABLE 28. ESTIMATE OF U.S. CATALYTIC REFORMING CATALYST MARKET BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- TABLE 29. ESTIMATE OF U.S. CATALYTIC REFORMING CATALYST MARKET BY PROCESS, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- REFORMER OPERATION TO PRODUCE RFG BLENDSTOCKS
- GAS PROCESSING
- GAS PROCESSING (CONTINUED)
- MARKET ESTIMATE AND FORECAST
CHAPTER SIX: TECHNOLOGY
- CATALYST PROPERTIES
- ACTIVITY
- REGENERABILITY
- SELECTIVITY
- STABILITY
- CATALYST RECOVERY
- RECOVERY VS. REGENERATION
- NOBLE METAL CATALYSTS
- BASE METAL CATALYSTS
- NEW REACTION SCHEMES, PROCESSES, AND FEEDSTOCKS
- NEW REACTION SCHEMES, ..... (CONTINUED)
- ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES
- NEW CATALYST TECHNOLOGY
- BASIC QUESTIONS OF CATALYST STRUCTURE
- BASIC QUESTIONS OF ..... (CONTINUED)
- Characterization of Catalyst Structure
- Surface Chemistry
- PROCESSES THAT NEED NEW CATALYSTS
- Processes That Need ..... (Continued)
- CATALYST DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT
- Catalyst Design and ..... (Continued)
- Bench or Micro Scale Testing
- Laboratory Experiments
- Pilot Plant Scale Testing
- The Commercial Production Unit
- Post-Start-up Changes and Improvements
- NEW HETEROGENEOUS CATALYST MATERIALS AND SUPPORTS
- Bimetallic Cluster Catalysts
- Designed Pore Structures
- Nanoscale Catalysts (“Nanocatalysts”)
- Nanoscale Catalysts ..... (Continued)
- Nanotube Composites
- Promoters
- Solid Acid Catalysts
- Microencapsulation
- Nanostructured Solid Acid Catalysts
- New Zeolites
- Heterogeneous Chiral Catalysts
- HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS
- Homogeneous Chiral Catalysts
- Use of Supercritical Fluids as Solvents
- Use of Supercritical ..... (Continued)
- Supported Homogeneous Catalysts
- SINGLE-SITE POLYMERIZATION CATALYSTS
- Characterization of Single-Site Catalysts
- Single-Site Catalyzed Polymers
- TABLE 30. COMMERCIAL SINGLE-SITE POLYMERS AND COMMON APPLICATIONS
- Homogeneous Metallocene Catalysts
- Commercial and Semi-Commercial Single-Site Polymers
- Multicomponent Catalysts: Single-Site Catalysts with Others
- Single-Site Co-Catalysts: Aluminoxanes
- OTHER NEW CHEMICAL CATALYSTS
- REFINERY CATALYSTS
- Lighter Products
- Lower Aromatic Content
- Lower Light Olefin Content
- OTHER CATALYST TECHNOLOGIES
- Biocatalysis
- Plant-Derived Feedstocks and Processes
- Organocatalysis
- Photocatalysis
- Combinatorial Chemistry in Catalytic Research
- Computational Methods in Catalyst Design
- Use of Oxygen in Oxidation Reactions
- Advances in Hydrogenation
- Advances in Hydrogenation (Continued)
- Copolymerizing Polar and Nonpolar Monomers
- Cooperative Catalysis
CHAPTER SEVEN: GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES/REGULATION AND PUBLIC POLICY
- GOVERNMENT ACTIVITIES AND REGULATION
- CONTROLS ON THE CHEMICAL AND PETROLEUM INDUSTRIES
- CONTROLS THAT DIRECTLY AFFECT CATALYSTS AND THEIR MARKETS
- Controls that Directly (Continued)
- PETROLEUM REFINING ENVIRONMENTAL REGULATIONS
- The Lead Phase-out of 1975
- The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
- The Clean Air ..... (Continued)
- Reformulated/Oxygenated Gasolines
- MBTE Use and Phase-out
- MBTE Use and ..... (Continued)
- Reid Vapor Pressure
- Motor Gasoline Olefins Content
- Changes in Feedstocks and Product Mix
- Tier II Sulfur and Other New Rules
- Diesel Fuel
- Diesel Fuel (Continued)
- Motor Gasoline
- PUBLIC POLICY AND ATTITUDES
- PUBLIC POLICY AND ATTITUDES (CONTINUED)
CHAPTER EIGHT: CATALYST INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITIES
- COMPANIES THAT MAKE AND SUPPLY CATALYSTS
- INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION AND SUPPLIER DOMINANCE
- CUSTOMER AND TECHNICAL SERVICE
- CATALYST SUPPLIER-USER ALLIANCES
- CATALYST DEVELOPMENT OUTSOURCING
- INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS
- THE GLOBAL CATALYST BUSINESS
- Growth in Different Parts of the World
- Growth in Different ..... (Continued)
- MAJOR FOREIGN PLAYERS
- IMPORTS AND EXPORTS
- TRENDS IN THE GLOBAL CATALYST INDUSTRY
- Trends in the Global ..... (Continued)
CHAPTER NINE: SUPPLIER COMPANY PROFILES
- INTRODUCTION
- SUPPLIER COMPANIES
- AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS, INC.
- ACCELRYS, INC./SYMYX TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
- ALBEMARLE CORP.
- ARKEMA, INC.
- AVANTIUM TECHNOLOGIES B.V.
- AXENS NORTH AMERICA, INC.
- BADGER TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
- BASF CORP.
- BASF Corp., Catalysts Division
- BAYER TECHNOLOGY SERVICES
- CARUS CORP.
- CATALYTIC DISTILLATION TECHNOLOGIES (CDTECH)
- Catalytic Distillation ..... (Continued)
- CB&I
- CHEVRON CORP./CHEVRON LUMMUS GLOBAL/ADVANCED REFINING, TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
- Chevron Corp./.....(Continued)
- CHEVRON PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO., LLC
- CONOCOPHILLIPS CO.
- Conocophillips Co. (Continued)
- CRI/CRITERION, INC.
- THE DOW CHEMICAL CO.
- E.I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS & CO.
- EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.
- EURECAT U.S., INC.
- EVONIK DEGUSSA CORP.
- EXXON MOBIL CHEMICAL CO.
- FMC CORP.
- GE ENERGY
- W.R. GRACE & CO./GRACE DAVISON DIVISION
- HALDOR TOPSOE, INC.
- HEADWATERS, INC.
- INEOS TECHNOLOGIES
- INTERCAT, INC.
- JOHNSON MATTHEY, INC.
- Johnson Matthey Catalysts
- KBR, INC.
- KING INDUSTRIES, INC.
- LYONDELL BASELL INDUSTRIES N.V.
- MATERIA, INC.
- NOVA CHEMICALS CORP.
- OM GROUP, INC.
- PQ CORP.
- REAXA, LTD.
- RENTECH, INC.
- Rentech, Inc. (Continued)
- SAINT-GOBAIN NORPRO CORP.
- SCIENTIFIC DESIGN CO., INC.
- THE SHEPHERD CHEMICAL CO.
- SIGMA-ALDRICH CO.
- SUD CHEMIE, INC.
- Sud Chemie, Inc. (Continued)
- SYNTROLEUM CORP.
- UOP, LLC
- WAKO CHEMICALS USA, INC.
- ZEOCHEM, LLC
- ZEOLYST INTERNATIONAL
APPENDIX
- GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS, ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, ETC.
- GLOSSARY OF IMPORTANT TERMS.....(CONTINUED)
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