Abstract
Highlights
- The global market value of components for PEM fuel cell membrane electrode
assembly (MEA) as defined by the membrane, the bipolar plates, the gaseous
diffusion layers, and the catalyst ink and electrodes, is an estimated $383
million in 2010. This market is expected to grow at a 20.6% compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) over the 5-year forecast period to reach $977 million in
2015.
- Of the PEMFC MEA components, membranes have the greatest value, estimated
at $200 million in 2010. By 2015, this sector will be worth $424 million, a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.2%.
- Inks and catalysts have the second largest share but will experience the
highest growth rate of the aforementioned components. This sector is valued at
$103 million in 2010 and is forecast to increase at a 28% compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) to reach $354 million in 2015.
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
This analysis focuses on the three main components of the membrane electrode
assembly (MEA) for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). These include:
- Membranes
- Gaseous diffusion layers and bipolar plates
- Catalysts and inks
Polymer membranes that are the electrolyte and therefore the heart of the fuel
cell, and they receive extra attention. The report also examines the history
and advancing technology of these components, the companies involved in these
developments, the current and projected incentives, and the projected markets
for such technologies.
Identified as a practical solution to many of the technological and
environmental problems facing the world today, the proton exchange membrane
(PEM) fuel cell is appropriate as a power source for transportation,
stationary distributive power, and small-scale applications such as portable
electronic products. Applications for all types of fuel cells are still
evolving. In the process of this evolution, the different proton exchange
membrane materials and MEAs will evolve and be adapted to more specific uses.
Identifying how researchers are solving the search for better membranes that
have greater tolerances to poisoning, greater durability, and lower costs is a
major objective of the report. The U.S. Japanese, Chinese, and European Union
governments are pouring billions of dollars of loans, subsidies, and outright
grants into fuel cell research and development - and at the same time there
has been a series of brutal confrontations between Congress and the
President' s administration over continued fuel cell vehicle funding.
Meanwhile, European and Far Eastern government subsidies increase.
Commercialization of the fuel cell is not solely influenced by engineers and
scientists working on stacks and reformers. (This is also brought about by
subsidies by the government, lobbying efforts, venture capitalists, and most
of all by some consumers actually finding a need or desire for the product.) A
major cost issue addressed is the critical issue of the catalyst component.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
Fuel cells are viewed as potential candidates for auxiliary power, mobile
power, stationary distributed or central power, and portable product power.
Advances in the technology are made, but sometimes these advances reveal even
more challenges to be met. Slowly there is the realization that total
dependency on hydrocarbon fuels is not a viable economic option. Proton
exchange membrane fuel cells have a part in securing energy security for the
country, improving the environment, greatly reducing urban pollution, and
creating jobs in manufacturing as the technology advances. They can also
provide a cost-effective and performance-driven rival for advanced batteries.
This study analyzes components of the PEM fuel cell, a technology offering the
promise of greatly reduced environmental impact and excellent performance,
price, and efficiency advantages. Recent historic developments and approaches
are described along with recent commercial developments and the state of the
art. Hydrogen feed fuel cells are based on the electrochemical reaction
between hydrogen and oxygen. This electrochemical process does not pollute the
environment with hydrocarbons, particulates or any sulfur or nitrogen oxides.
The study identifies the opportunities and technological requirements of the
proton exchange membrane fuel cell and the MEA and the bipolar plates for the
PEM fuel cell. When several units of the membrane electrode assembly are
capped off with a bipolar plate and properly assembled, the arrangement is
referred to as a stack.
Questions to be answered include determining a timetable for PEM fuel cell
commercialization, as well as what types of membranes and membrane assemblies
are needed to make this possible.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
This report is intended to provide a unique analysis of the broadly defined
global proton exchange membrane market and will be of interest to a variety of
current and potential fuel cell users as well as fuel cell makers and
component and membrane makers. This report also can provide valuable
information in terms of assessing investment in particular technologies and,
therefore, should benefit investors directly or indirectly. The vital
importance of platinum as a catalyst for PEM fuel cells is addressed. Anyone
interested in the precious metals market, in nanomaterials, or in alternative
catalysts will find the evaluations of the technology of interest. BCC
Research wishes to thank those companies, government agencies, and university
researchers that contributed information for this report.
This analysis is designed to be as comprehensive as possible. This document is
intended to be value to a broad audience of business, technical, investment,
and regulatory professionals. It is an information source for an emerging
industry as well as a reference on a developing technology. It presents
analysis and forward-thinking evaluations that will be of advantage to
manufacturers; material suppliers; and to local, state, and federal government
entities. Corporate planners will benefit from the report' s evaluation of the
demands for proton exchange membranes, membrane electrode assemblies, and
platinum catalyst and the companies involved in their development and
manufacture. Others may find the broad discussions of energy policy,
environmental impact, platinum supply, and chemical synthesis of membranes to
be of considerable value in understanding the opportunities and problems
facing the fuel cell industry in the near- to mid-term.
SCOPE OF REPORT
The fuel cell industry in various forms has been developing for decades. There
are notable examples of fuel cell successes. The proton exchange membrane fuel
cell is emerging as a winner in many of the primary categories that fuel cells
can satisfy. Existing membranes and assemblies still have room for
improvement. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell development and
commercialization is an ever-changing process. This BCC Research analysis
examines the market and technology for the materials and technology of proton
exchange membranes and electrode assemblies and for bipolar plates for PEMFCs,
including direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). This includes the gas diffusion
layer (GDL), the catalyst ink/electrode, the membrane itself, and the bipolar
plate. Ancillary stack assembly materials such as bolts, gaskets, tie-outs,
and final assembly and packaging costs are excluded.
This report details the actuals for 2006, 2009, and 2010 and compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) projections for 2015 for the North American, European, Far
Eastern, and rest-of-world markets. Selected 2006 actuals will help as a basis
for today' s markets and tomorrow' s projections. When appropriate, consensus,
optimistic, and pessimistic scenarios are presented. A patent analysis and
discussion for power sources and vehicle components describes where research
is performed and emphasizes intellectual property issues.
METHODOLOGY
An in-depth analysis of technical and business literature and published
dissertations, a review of the history of the technologies involved,
interviews with industry experts, company representatives, federal government
researchers, and university scientists provide an assessment of the outlook
for the next generation of PEMFCs and membrane electrode assemblies. Other
information sources include product literature from suppliers, scientific
references, conferences, patent searches. Both primary and secondary research
methodologies were used in preparing this report, which is based on interviews
with commercial and government sources, literature reviews, and patent
examinations. Throughout the report, past market data is expressed in current
dollars, and estimates and projections are in constant 2010 dollars. Historic
markets (2006 and 2009) and the projected market for 2015 are provided. Most
market summaries are based on a consensus scenario that assumes no
unanticipated technical advances and no unexpected legislation. When
appropriate, pessimistic, consensus, and optimistic market scenarios
characterize several developmental markets. Totals are rounded to the nearest
million dollars. When appropriate, information from previously published
sources is identified to allow a more detailed examination by clients.
INFORMATION SOURCES
Market assumptions used in this report include those based on updates of
material from an earlier version of this analysis, as well as from BCC
Research studies. This report' s author prepared these studies as well. He also
edits the twice-monthly BCC Research newsletter, Fuel Cell Industry Report,
which is a uniquely valuable source for this market. Although many segments of
the industry are well documented, much of this information is based on
estimates, not hard facts. The distinction between these estimates and hard
facts can be vital, and wherever possible, sources are identified.
Table of Contents
Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION -- Complimentary 5
- STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
- REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 2
- INTENDED AUDIENCE 2
- SCOPE OF REPORT 3
- METHODOLOGY 3
- INFORMATION SOURCES 4
- ANALYST CREDENTIALS 4
- RELATED BCC REPORTS 5
- BCC ONLINE SERVICES 5
- DISCLAIMER 5
Chapter-2: SUMMARY 2
- SUMMARY 6
- SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL PEMFC MEA MARKET, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 7
- SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL PEMFC MEA MARKET, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 7
Chapter-3: PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL OVERVIEW 34
- FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY 8
- PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL FUNDAMENTALS 9
- PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ... (CONTINUED) 10
- FIGURE 1 GENERIC PEMFC DIAGRAM SHOWING COMPONENTS 11
- FUEL AND FUEL REFORMING FUNDAMENTALS 12
- Improved Hydrogen Separation 12
- Filtering Hydrogen and Oxygen 13
- Georgia Tech Analysis of Fuel Cell Failure Modes 14
- Georgia Tech Analysis ... (Continued) 15
- THE DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL VARIATION 16
- The Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Variation (Continued) 17
- FIGURE 2 SCHEMATIC DMFC CHEMISTRY 18
- PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL COMPANIES 18
- TABLE 1 PEMFC AND DMFC MAKERS 19
- PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL MARKET DRIVERS 20
- MARKET SEGMENTATION AND INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION 21
- Market Segmentation and ... (Continued) 22
- Portable Market Sector Market Drivers and Market Factors 22
- TABLE 2 TYPES OF PORTABLE PRODUCTS 23
- TABLE 3 IMPORTANT PORTABLE PRODUCT CONCEPTS 24
- TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) 25
- TABLE 4 PORTABLE FUEL CELL MARKET DRIVERS 26
- TABLE 5 PORTABLE FUEL CELL MARKET FACTORS 27
- Stationary Market Sector Market Drivers and Market Factors 27
- Uninterruptible Power Supplies 27
- Combined Heat and Power 28
- Utility Load Leveling 28
- Utility ... (continued) 29
- Stationary Market Drivers 30
- TABLE 6 STATIONARY FUEL CELL MARKET DRIVERS 30
- TABLE 7 STATIONARY FUEL CELL MARKET FACTORS 31
- Transportation Market Sector Market Drivers and Market Factors 31
- TABLE 8 TRANSPORTATION FUEL CELL MARKET DRIVERS 32
- TABLE 9 TRANSPORTATION FUEL CELL MARKET FACTORS 32
- "Other" Market Sector Market Drivers and Market Factors 32
- Portable Military Products 33
- TABLE 10 SELECTED PORTABLE BATTERY-POWERED MILITARY PRODUCT ROLES 33
- Recreational Vehicles 33
- Anti-Idling Power 34
- "Other" Market Drivers 35
- TABLE 11 "OTHER" FUEL CELL MARKET DRIVERS 35
- TABLE 12 "OTHER" FUEL CELL MARKET FACTORS 35
- GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET FORECASTS 36
- TABLE 13 GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 36
- FIGURE 3 GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET BY APPLICATION, 2010 ($ MILLIONS) 36
- TABLE 14 GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 37
- FIGURE 4 GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET BY REGION, 2010 ($ MILLIONS) 37
- Optimistic and Pessimistic Scenarios 37
- Optimistic and Pessimistic ... (Continued) 38
- Optimistic and Pessimistic ... (Continued) 39
- TABLE 15 GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 40
- TABLE 15 (CONTINUED) 41
Chapter-4: MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES 118
- MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY BACKGROUND 42
- FIGURE 5 SCHEMATIC SIMPLE MEA 43
- PERFORMANCE GOALS FOR MEAS 44
- TABLE 16 FUEL CELL MEA PERFORMANCE GOALS 45
- MEA FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY 45
- FIGURE 6 SCHEMATIC FOR CONCEPTUAL MEA CREATION 46
- MEA FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY (CONTINUED) 47
- MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY FUNCTIONAL STACK DESIGNS 48
- ELECTROCHEMISTRY 48
- WATER MANAGEMENT 49
- ANCILLARY FACTORS 50
- MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES 51
- 3M Innovative Properties Co. Approach 51
- DuPont Approach 52
- GM Approach 53
- Hoku Scientific Approach 53
- PEMEAS/E-Tek Approach 53
- Palcan Power Systems Approach 54
- ReliOn/Avista Approach 54
- Gore Approach 55
- Other Approaches 56
- CARBON CORROSION AND GRAPHITES 56
- Carbon Corrosion and Graphites (Continued) 57
- Asbury Graphite Mills Approach 58
- Crystal Graphite Approach 58
- Timcal Synthetic Graphite Approach 58
- DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL MEA APPROACHES 58
- Gillette Co. 58
- Sony Corp. 59
- Los Alamos National Laboratory 59
- California Institute of Technology 60
- University Of Connecticut 60
- Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corp. 60
- Direct Methanol ... (Continued) 61
- Gore DMFC 62
- Maxdem Technologies 63
- Russian Academy of Sciences 63
- Ube Industries, Ltd. 63
- Sumitomo Metal Approach 64
- Oorja Approach 64
- Oorja Approach (Continued) 65
- Oorja Approach (Continued) 66
- Panasonic Approach 67
- TABLE 17 PANASONIC DMFC SPECIFICATIONS 68
- University of Dayton Approach 68
- Arizona State University 69
- Rice University Approach 70
- Drexel University Approach 71
- GLOBAL MEA COMPONENT FOR PEMFCS STRUCTURE AND FORECAST 72
- MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 72
- TABLE 18 ESTIMATED MEA COMPANY MARKET SHARES, 2010 (%) 73
- BIPOLAR PLATE MARKET STRUCTURE 74
- GAS DIFFUSION LAYERS AND CARBON STRUCTURE 74
- INK AND CATALYST STRUCTURE 74
- PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: MEA MARKET FORECAST 75
- TABLE 19 GLOBAL MEA COMPONENT MARKET, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 75
- FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MEA MARKET SHARES, 2010 (%) 76
- TABLE 20 GLOBAL MEA COMPONENT MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
77
- PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS 77
- MEMBRANE BACKGROUND 77
- Types of Membranes 77
- Membrane Processes 78
- Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Membranes 78
- WHAT MAKES A GOOD PEM FUEL CELL MEMBRANE? 79
- PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUNCTIONAL FACTORS 79
- Proton Exchange Membrane Functional ... (Continued) 80
- TABLE 21 MEMBRANE PARAMETER VARIABLES 81
- PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYTE COMPATIBILITY FACTORS 81
- TABLE 22 PEM ELECTROLYTE ISSUES 82
- MEMBRANE TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE FACTORS 82
- High-Temperature Tolerance 82
- TABLE 23 ADVANTAGES OF A HIGHER TEMPERATURE MEMBRANE FOR A PEM FUEL CELL 83
- Freezing Temperature Tolerance 83
- MEMBRANE WATER TOLERANCE FACTORS 84
- FIGURE 8 WATER TRANSPORT IN A PEM FUEL CELL 85
- Protonated Water Clusters 86
- FUEL TOLERANCE FACTORS 86
- FUEL CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE 87
- MEMBRANE FABRICATION AND SYNTHESIS 88
- TABLE 24 APPROACHES TO FUEL CELL IONOMER SYNTHESIS 89
- TABLE 25 MEMBRANE FABRICATION TECHNIQUE 89
- PHASE SEPARATION 90
- CASTING SOLVENT 91
- Ethylene Glycol as Solvent 91
- IMPACT OF MEMBRANE THICKNESS 91
- MEMBRANE FUNCTIONALIZATION 92
- Membrane Pretreatment 93
- MEMBRANE MATERIAL COMPOSITIONS 93
- PERFLUORINATED POLYMER MEMBRANES 94
- Perfluorocarbonsulfonic Acid Ionomers 95
- Nafion PFSA Membranes 96
- TABLE 26 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF NAFION PFSA MEMBRANES 97
- Gore Select 98
- TABLE 27 CONDUCTANCE COMPARISONS 99
- Aciplex 100
- Flemion 101
- Polytetrafluoroethylene Durability Enhancement 101
- BERKELEY LAB' S MATERIALS SCIENCES DIVISION AND UC BERKELEY' S DEPARTMENT OF
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING POLYMER MEMBRANE 102
- Berkeley Lab' s Materials Sciences ...(Continued) 103
- UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER THIN FILTER 104
- POLYFUEL HYDROCARBON MEMBRANE 105
- Polyfuel Hydrocarbon Membrane (Continued) 106
- Polyfuel Hydrocarbon Membrane (Continued) 107
- MIT AND THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA NANOCOMPOSITE MEMBRANE BARRIERS 108
- TORAY INDUSTRIES HYDROCARBON MEMBRANE 109
- AKRON POLYMER SYSTEMS APPROACH 110
- DAYCHEM LABORATORIES APPROACH 110
- JSR MULTILAYERED STRUCTURE 111
- BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS BAM MEMBRANES 111
- MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE SULFONATED MEMBRANES 112
- VICTREX POLYETHER ETHER KETONE (PEEK) 113
- HOKU SCIENTIFICS SEK MEMBRANE 114
- UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY 115
- TOSOH' S POLY(ARYLENE ETHER SULFONE) 115
- SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER) SULFONES 115
- Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether) Sulfones (Continued) 116
- TABLE 28 VIRGINIA TECH BPS MEMBRANE PROPERTIES COMPARED WITH NAFION 117 117
- Functionalization and Direct Synthesis of Sulfonated Membranes 117
- Reduced Electro-Osmotic Drag 118
- Conductivity 119
- ARGONNE NATIONAL LAB DENDRITIC SULFONATED POLYARYL ETHER 119
- DAIS ANALYTIC SULFONATION OF STYRENE CONTAINING BLOCK COPOLYMERS 120
- Ethylene Styrene Interpolymers 121
- Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid/Polyvinyl Alcohol Blend 121
- Gas Technology Institute Membrane 121
- Sulfonated Perfluorocyclobutane 121
- HETEROCYCLIC AND POLYBENIMIDIZOLE MEMBRANES 122
- PEMEAS and Celtec 122
- University of Texas Variations of PBI Membrane 123
- Plug Power and DOE and PBI 123
- Renssalaer' s Chain-Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization 124
- Samsung Polyimide Derivative 124
- Other Modifications of PBI 125
- SULFONATED POLYIMIDES 126
- Tailored Imides 126
- POLY(BISBENZOXAZOLE) [PBO] 127
- UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS CO-POLYMERS 127
- COMPOSITE MEMBRANES 128
- Aciplex and Titanias 128
- Inorganic-Organic Composite 129
- Modified Siloxane (ORMOSIL) 130
- Organic/Heteropolyacids and Nafion 130
- Aniline and Perfluorosulfonic Acid Polymer 131
- Random Fibers and Perfluorinated Membranes 131
- Ionic Gel Fill 132
- Zirconium Phosphonate Fill 132
- Oxidation Resistant Carbon Supports 133
- NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL PEM MATERIALS 133
- BASF Polyurethane Elastomer 134
- Georgia Tech Triazole Booster 134
- Dow XUS 13204.1 134
- Altergy Freedom Power 135
- 3M Acid Functional Fluoropolymers Membrane 135
- Glass Membranes 136
- Microcell Microfiber 137
- Oak Ridge National Lab Metallized Bio-Cellulosics 137
- University of Florida Intermediate-Temperature Proton-Conducting Membranes
138
- MEMBRANE COMPANIES 139
- TABLE 29 COMPANIES PRODUCING ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS 140
- TABLE 30 ESTIMATED PEMFC FLUOROPOLYMER MEMBRANE COMPANY MARKET SHARES,
2010 (%) 141
- ASAHI GLASS CO., LTD. 141
- ASAHI KASEI CHEMICALS CORP. 142
- BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS 143
- U.S. Headquarters 143
- U.S. Headquarters (Continued) 144
- DAIS ANALYTIC CORP. 145
- DUPONT FUEL CELLS 145
- DuPont Fuel Cells (Continued) 146
- GINER ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS, LLC 147
- GOLDEN ENERGY FUEL CELL CO., LTD. 148
- GORE FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES 148
- HOKU SCIENTIFIC, INC. 149
- HYDROGENICS CORP. 150
- IDATECH, LLC 151
- JSR CORP. 152
- MAXDEM, INC. (COMBRIDGE DISPLAY) 152
- PLUG POWER 153
- Plug Power (Continued) 154
- POLYFUEL 155
- RELION 155
- TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC. 156
- UNITED TECHNOLOGY CORP. FUEL CELLS 156
- OTHERS 157
- GLOBAL PEMFC MEMBRANE MARKET STRUCTURE AND FORECAST 158
- PEM MEMBRANE MATERIALS MARKET SHARE 158
- TABLE 31 PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE MATERIAL BY TYPE, 2010 VERSUS 2015 (%)
158
- PEM MEMBRANE MATERIALS VALUE 158
- TABLE 32 GLOBAL PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR PEMFCS MARKET BY
APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 159
- TABLE 33 GLOBAL PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR PEMFCS MARKET BY REGION,
THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 159
Chapter-5: MEA, GASEOUS DIFFUSION LAYERS, AND BIPOLAR PLATES 70
- GASEOUS DIFFUSION LAYERS 160
- GASEOUS DIFFUSION LAYER BACKGROUND 160
- ATTRIBUTES OF GAS DIFFUSION LAYERS 161
- TABLE 34 ATTRIBUTES NEEDED FOR GAS DIFFUSION LAYER MATERIALS 162
- GAS DIFFUSION LAYER MANUFACTURING 163
- TABLE 35 PROS AND CONS OF GDL MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES 163
- Developments at GrafTech International 164
- Developments at ... (Continued) 165
- Developments at Umicore AG 166
- Developments at Ballard Material Products 167
- Developments at Johnson Matthey 168
- Developments at Lydall, Inc. 168
- Developments at Mitsubishi Rayon 169
- Developments at SGL Carbon Group 169
- TABLE 36 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SIGRACET GAS DIFFUSION LAYER 170
- Developments at Toray/Mitsui 170
- Developments at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 171
- Developments at Zoltek 172
- Developments at Cabot and IRD Fuel cell 172
- Other Developments 173
- BIPOLAR PLATES 174
- BIPOLAR PLATE BACKGROUND 174
- BIPOLAR PLATE DESIGNS 175
- TABLE 37 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIPOLAR PLATES 175
- TABLE 38 MATERIAL TYPES FOR BIPOLAR PLATES 176
- Corrosion Protection of Metallic Plates 176
- Ballard Powers' Bipolar Metal Plate 176
- Surface Modification 177
- Tech-Etch Metal Plates 177
- ECPower/Sorapec Approach 177
- Entegris Approach 178
- Generics Porous Plates Approach 178
- T8 Series 179
- IdaTech Layered Bipolar Plate Assembly 179
- Use of Thermoplastic 180
- Intelligent Energy' s Proprietary Design 180
- Nisshinbo Approach 181
- PEM Plates Approach 182
- Illinois Urbana-Champaign Fuel Cell Separator Plate Having Controlled
Fiber Orientation 182
- Plug Power Assembly 183
- Porvair Approach 184
- SGL Technologies Approach 184
- TABLE 39 SGL BIPOLAR PLATE TYPICAL PROPERTIES 185
- Bac2 ElectroPhen 185
- Improved Gasket Approach 186
- ACAL Platinum-free Cathode 187
- ACAL Platinum-free ... (Continued) 188
- Federal-Mogul' s Liquid Elastomer Molding 189
- AEG Carbon Fiber-Elastomer Composite Bipolar Plates 189
- myFC Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell FuelCellSticker 190
- DMFC ANODE APPROACHES 191
- Toshiba Approach 191
- DuPont GEN IV Approach 192
- Medis Conductive Polymer Approach 193
- Generics CMR Approach 194
- Energy Ventures Research Approach 194
- PolyFuel Approach 195
- Smart Fuel Cell Approach 195
- MEA, GDL, AND BIPOLAR PLATE COMPANIES 196
- 10X MICROSTRUCTURES 196
- 3M 196
- ASBURY GRAPHITE 197
- BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS 197
- DIXON TICONDEROGA CO. 197
- DAIMLER 197
- Mitsubishi Fuso 198
- Orion Bus Industries (Daimler Buses North America) 198
- Smart GmbH 198
- Smart GmbH (Continued) 199
- Smart GmbH (Continued) 200
- DUPONT FUEL CELL 201
- ELECTROCHEM, INC. 202
- ENTEGRIS, INC. 203
- GENERAL ELECTRIC 203
- GENERAL MOTORS, CORP. 204
- GORE FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES 205
- GRAFTECH INTERNATIONAL, LTD. 206
- HOKU SCIENTIFIC, INC. 207
- Hoku Scientific, Inc. (Continued) 208
- HYDROGENICS CORP. 209
- HONDA 209
- Honda U.S. Headquarters 209
- HORIZON FUEL CELLS AND RIVERSIMPLE 210
- Horizon Fuel Cells and Riversimple (Continued) 211
- ICM PLASTICS 212
- JOHNSON MATTHEY FUEL CELLS RESEARCH 212
- Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells (USA) 213
- LYNNTECH 213
- MANHATTAN SCIENTIFICS, INC. 214
- Research Headquarters 214
- MATERIALS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH CORP. 214
- MITSUBISHI RAYON CO., LTD. 215
- MORGAN CRUCIBLE CO. 215
- MORPHIC TECHNOLOGIES 215
- NEDSTACK FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY 216
- NISSHINBO INDUSTRIES, INC. 217
- NUVERA FUEL CELLS 217
- Nuvera Fuel Cells Europe 217
- PALCAN FUEL CELLS, LTD. 217
- PLUG POWER 218
- PORVAIR FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY 218
- PROTONEX TECHNOLOGY CORP. 218
- RELION/AVISTA LABS 219
- SGL CARBON 219
- SGL Technik 220
- SHARP CORP. 220
- SMART FUEL CELL AG (SFC) 221
- Smart Fuel Cell AG (SFC) (Continued) 222
- SPECTRACORP 223
- SUMITOMO METALS 223
- SUPERIOR GRAPHITE CO. 224
- TIAX 224
- TICONA 225
- TIMCAL GRAPHITE & CARBON 225
- TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC. 226
- UNIDYM (ARROWHEAD RESEARCH CORP.) 226
- UTC POWER 227
- ZOLTEK MATERIALS GROUP 227
- GLOBAL BIPOLAR PLATES AND GDLS FOR PEMFCS STRUCTURE FORECAST 227
- TABLE 40 GLOBAL PEMFC BIPOLAR PLATE AND CARBON MARKET BY APPLICATION,
THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 228
- FIGURE 9 GLOBAL PEMFC BIPOLAR PLATE AND CARBON MARKET BY APPLICATION,
2006-2015 ($ MILLIONS) 228
- FIGURE 10 GLOBAL MARKET SHARES OF PEMFC BIPOLAR PLATE AND CARBON BY TYPE,
2010 (%) 229
- TABLE 41 GLOBAL PEMFC BIPOLAR PLATE AND CARBON MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH
2015 ($ MILLIONS) 229
Chapter-6: CATALYSTS AND INKS 64
- BACKGROUND 230
- CATALYST DURABILITY 230
- CATALYST PARTICLE SIZE 231
- CATALYST COATED MEMBRANES 231
- DuPont Approach 232
- PolyFuel Approach 233
- Aerogel Composite Approach 233
- FIGURE 11 PREPARATION OF CARBON AEROGEL SUPPORTED PLATINUM 234
- GS Carbon Approach 234
- GS Carbon Approach (Continued) 235
- Ramot University Approach 236
- LOW CATALYST LOADING APPROACHES 236
- Ballard Approach 236
- COMBINATORIAL CATALYST TECHNIQUES 237
- INNOVATIVE MATERIALS AND NANOMATERIALS 237
- Platinum Alloys 238
- Anode Durability 239
- Nanoparticles 240
- Kyoto University 240
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 240
- Los Alamos National Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory 240
- Brown University 241
- Brookhaven National Laboratory 242
- University of Central Florida 243
- Cornell University 244
- Georgia Tech and Xiamen University 245
- Georgia Tech ... (Continued) 246
- MIT Researchers Take First Atomic-Scale Compositional Images of Fuel Cell
Nanoparticles 247
- Nanofibers 248
- Nanofibers (Continued) 249
- Nanolevel Platinum/Carbon Electrocatalyst for Cathode 250
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Nanoparticle Catalyst 250
- University of Houston Lattice-Strained Core-Shell Nanoparticle Catalyst 251
- Acta Base Metal Cathode Catalyst 252
- Lawrence Berkeley and Argonne National Laboratories Alloy 253
- Lawrence Berkeley ...(Continued) 254
- Lawrence Berkeley ...(Continued) 255
- Lawrence Berkeley ...(Continued) 256
- Nanowires 257
- University of Rochester Sizing Nanowires 257
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory Nanophase Nickel-Zirconium Alloy Approach 258
- University of Texas at Austin Palladium-Based Alloy Catalysts 259
- TIAX, LLC Nanostructured Thin Film Catalysts 260
- TIAX, LLC ... (Continued) 261
- FIGURE 12 PROJECTED COST AT HIGH VOLUME MANUFACTURING (%) 262
- TABLE 42 PERFORMANCE AND COST SUMMARY 263
- SDK High-Efficiency Catalysts Platinum Substitute for PEFCs 264
- Washington University in St. Louis Bimetallic Fuel Cell Catalyst 265
- Simple Tech Heterogeneous Catalysis Technology 266
- Brown University Platinum Nanocubes 267
- Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells, Ltd. and the NECLASS Project 268
- University of Rochester "Black Metal" Approach 268
- Transition Metal Nanosized Catalysts 269
- Texas Tech University Platinum Nanodots 270
- CATALYST INK COMPOSITIONS 270
- APPLIED RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL FORMULATION 271
- OTHER CATALYST INK FORMULATIONS 271
- SW Research and Gore Approach 271
- UTC Fuel Cells Approach 272
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory Approach 272
- Angstron Materials Graphene 272
- Northwestern University and the McCormick School of Engineering and
Applied Science Graphene Films 273
- Samsung Electronics Approach 274
- CARBON COMPOSITE ELECTROCATALYST POWDERS 274
- CABOT APPROACH 275
- ASYMTEK JET DISPENSING APPROACH 276
- CATALYST AND INK COMPANIES 277
- ACTA SPA 277
- ALFA AESAR-JOHNSON MATTHEY CO. 277
- Johnson Matthey Co. 278
- ANGLO PLATINUM 279
- AQUARIUS PLATINUM PTY, LTD. 280
- BASF CORP. 280
- BASF Corp. (Continued) 281
- BASF Corp. (Continued) 282
- IMPALA PLATINUM HOLDING, LTD. (IMPLATS) 283
- Impala Platinum Holding (U.K.) 283
- LONMIN PLATINUM, PLC 283
- Lonmin South Africa 284
- NORILSK NICKEL 284
- Stillwater Mining 284
- OM GROUP, INC. 285
- QUANTUMSPHERE, INC. 286
- STILLWATER 287
- TANAKA PRECIOUS METALS 287
- GLOBAL PEMFCS CATALYST AND INK STRUCTURE AND FORECAST 287
- PLATINUM MARKETS AND CONSUMPTION 288
- TABLE 43 WORLD MINE PRODUCTION AND RESERVES: MINE PRODUCTION PGMS (KG) 289
- TABLE 44 WORLD PLATINUM DEMAND (THOUSAND OZS) 289
- PALLADIUM MARKETS AND CONSUMPTION 290
- Palladium Markets and Consumption (Continued) 291
- CATALYST AND INK VALUE 292
- TABLE 45 GLOBAL PEMFC CATALYST AND INK MARKET, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
292
- FIGURE 13 GLOBAL PEMFC CATALYST AND INK MARKET, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
293
- TABLE 46 GLOBAL PEMFC CATALYST AND INK MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2015 ($
MILLIONS) 293
Chapter-7: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ASPECTS 26
- INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE PRACTICES 294
- ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 295
- Environmental Issues (Continued) 296
- PEMFC REGULATORY ISSUES AND GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT 297
- U.S. DOE Direct PEM Fuel Cell Funding 297
- Topic 1 Alternative Electrode Deposition Processes 297
- Topic 2 Novel MEA Manufacturing 297
- Topic 3 Rapid MEA Conditioning 298
- Topic 4 Process Modeling for Fuel Cell Stacks 298
- Topic 5 Process and Device for Cost Effective Testing of Cell Stacks 299
- Topic 6 Manufacturing Technologies for Reducing the Cost of High-Pressure
Composite Conformable Tanks 299
- U.S. Federal Fuel Cell Vehicle Funding 300
- U.S. Federal ... (Continued) 301
- U.S. Federal ... (Continued) 302
- U.S. Federal ... (Continued) 303
- Overall U.S. Federal Fuel Cell Funding 304
- TABLE 47 2010 BUDGET HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES FUNDING PROFILE
BY SUBPROGRAM ($ THOUSANDS) 304
- TABLE 47 (CONTINUED) 305
- Overall U.S. Federal ... (Continued) 306
- U.S. Fuel Cell Council Analysis of Funding Priorities 307
- U.S. Fuel Cell ... (Continued) 308
- Office of Science 309
- National Hydrogen Association 310
- National Science Foundation 310
- Department of Defense 311
- Army Research Laboratory 311
- USAF Research Laboratory 311
- Naval Research Laboratory 312
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 312
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory 312
- Global Incentives and Research Efforts 313
- ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS' INVOLVEMENT IN FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT 314
- TABLE 48 MAJOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH INTO PEM FUEL CELLS 314
- MEA DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS 315
- INDUSTRY PURCHASING INFLUENCES AND PRICES 315
- INDUSTRY PURCHASING INFLUENCES ... (CONTINUED) 316
- INDUSTRY PURCHASING INFLUENCES ... (CONTINUED) 317
- TABLE 49 HISTORIC PLATINUM PRICES (DOLLARS PER TR OZ) 318
- TABLE 50 HISTORIC PALLADIUM PRICES (DOLLARS PER TR OZ) 318
- LIFE-CYCLE COSTS 319
