全球醫療藥物、食品業防偽包裝技術市場 是由出版商BCC Research在2011年01月所出版的。
這份英文市場調查報告書包含227 Pages 價格從美金4850起跳。
本報告為，調查分析全球醫療藥物、食品業防偽包裝技術市場現況及展望，並匯整偽造品現況、防偽包裝技術類型及特徵、各種技術產品之銷售表現及預測（地區別、∼2015年）、醫療藥物及食品業行銷現況、相關法規、提倡、主要企業簡介等，以下列摘要形式闡述。
第1章 簡介
第2章 摘要
第3章 概要
- 偽造品定義
- 偽造品猖蹶
- 產業概念
- 安全供應鏈
- 產品包裝
- 特定產品
- 安全包裝技術之重要性
- 可預期之發展
第4章 醫療藥物及食品業行銷
第5章 可驗證包裝技術
- 簡介
- 可驗證包裝技術：種類別
- 全球驗證技術產業結構
- 全球可驗證包裝技術：醫療藥物及食品業銷售表現及預測
- 可驗證包裝技術之主要供應商
- 市場驅力及阻力
- 銷售、市場規模預測
第6章 可追蹤包裝技術
- 簡介
- 可追蹤包裝技術：種類別
- 全球可追蹤技術產業結構
- 全球可追蹤包裝技術：醫療藥物及食品業銷售表現及預測
- 產業數據
- 醫療藥物及食品業銷售表現及預測：種類別
- 可追蹤包裝技術之主要供應商
- 市場驅力及阻力
- 銷售、市場規模預測
第7章 技術、專利分析
第8章 全球醫療藥物、食品業供應商之確保方式
- 簡介
- 全球醫療藥物安全性：概要
- FDA及醫療藥物安全性
- EU及醫療藥物安全性
- WHO工作隊之影響力
- 全球醫療藥物供應商標準：近來提倡
- 個人管理（大眾序列化）
- 美國醫療藥物系統要件：PRESCRIPTION DRUG MARKETING ACT
- 全球食品可追溯性概要
- 國際食品法典委員會（CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION）
- 美國食品安全相關法規
- 美國生物恐怖防治相關法規
- 加拿大之食品可追溯性
- 歐洲之食品可追溯性
- 全球醫療藥物供應商標準：近來提倡
第9章 企業簡介
附錄
Abstract
HIGHLIGHTS
- Global sales of anti-counterfeiting packaging technologies to the drug and
food industries amounted to $59 billion in 2009 and are projected to reach
$74.2 billion in 2015, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3% from 2010 to
2015. North America is projected to account for 59.8% of global sales, making
it the largest market for anti-counterfeiting packaging technologies in 2015.
- Global sales of authentication packaging technologies to the drug and food
industries amounted to $28.8 billion in 2009. Packaging holograms sales
accounted for the largest share, representing 56%. This sector is projected to
reach $37.7 billion in 2015, reflecting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR)
of 3.1% from 2010 to 2015.
- Global sales of track and trace packaging technologies to the drug and
food industries amounted to $30.2 billion in 2009. The ubiquitous packaging
bar codes accounted 97.5% of sales. Global sales of track and trace packaging
technologies to the drug and food industries are projected to grow at a
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.9% from 2010 to 2015, reaching $36.5
billion in 2015.
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The goal in conducting this study is to present a comprehensive and balanced
picture of recent trends in anti-counterfeiting packaging technologies and to
develop market projections for global sales of anti-counterfeiting packaging
technologies to the pharmaceutical and food industries through 2015. The
report identifies important factors that shaped the historical trends in sales
and makes informed assumptions regarding key factors that are projected to
contribute to future sales of anti-counterfeiting packaging technologies to
the global drug and food industries. The impact of government regulatory
requirements, growing sophistication of counterfeiters, concern for brand
protection, industry mandates, and inter-governmental initiatives are
discussed in detail.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
Global counterfeiting is a growing problem that poses public health and safety
concerns for consumers and law enforcement agencies, and also creates
financial concerns for legitimate global businesses. As part of the global
market, the pharmaceutical and food industries are not immune from the
increasingly sophisticated activity of counterfeiters. Anti-counterfeiting
initiatives include the use of technology-based measures, regulatory
provisions, secure business practices, consumer awareness and education, and
increased global collaborative surveillance by government and non-governmental
agencies.
BCC reviews these anti-counterfeiting initiatives and closely examines
available authentication and track and trace technologies with applications in
the packaging of pharmaceutical and food products. The report presents a
balanced view of the current usage, challenges, market drivers, and areas of
prospective applications of anti-counterfeiting packaging technologies in the
global pharmaceutical and food industries.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY
This report contains valuable information relating technological and
regulatory solutions to a global commercial and social problem. The
clandestine and often undocumented nature of product counterfeiting creates
room for experts to debate the pervasiveness of the problem. There is
consensus, however, that wherever they are, fake drug and food products pose
actual and potential danger to public health. This study serves as a resource
for readers who are interested in exploring existing and prospective
anti-counterfeiting technologies. Market projections developed in the study
provide a context for assessing viable commercial opportunities in
anti-counterfeiting technologies through 2015. Companies invested in the
industry and those contemplating industry participation will find the contents
of this report beneficial to the decision-making process. Additionally, the
study provides comprehensive coverage of recent and foreseeable regulatory
changes with implications for brand owners, distributors, developers of secure
technologies, and other stakeholders in global supply chain management.
SCOPE OF REPORT
This study is about applications of anti-counterfeiting packaging technologies
in the global pharmaceutical and food industries. It particularly focuses on
authentication and track and trace packaging technologies. This report covers
the role of U.S. and foreign manufacturers and regulatory agencies in the
market for anti-counterfeiting technologies. Practically all drug and food
products go through multiple distribution channels from the original
manufacturers until they reach the final consumers. Consequently, the supply
chain is integral to the application of anti-counterfeiting packaging
technologies. Recognizing that it is impossible to capture the diversity of
the global drug and food supply chains in detail, the report uses the U.S.
drug and food marketing systems to illustrate the roles of key players (for
example, manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers) in the supply chain.
Additionally, this report recognizes and highlights the growing role of the
Internet in the global supply chain.
Market projections of global sales of authentication and track and trace
packaging technologies to the drug and food industries are developed through
2015. Excluded are the usage and sales of these technologies in other consumer
packaged goods sectors. Investment in research and development are important
to the ongoing innovations in packaging technologies. This report compiles
recent patents awarded for innovations in the categories of technologies
included in this report. Profiles of major manufacturers and suppliers of
authentication and track and trace packaging technologies are included.
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this
market research report. This report is the result of extensive research
covering materials from diverse sources. BCC surveyed numerous scientific and
industry publications on anti-counterfeiting technologies to develop a
qualitative and quantitative analytical framework for the findings documented
in this report. Communications with various government and industry experts
provided supplemental information on aspects of the study. Information on
manufacturers' shipments, international trade, regulatory requirements, and
global anti-counterfeiting initiatives were obtained from U.S., European, and
other inter-governmental sources.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Rachel Agheyisi works as a freelance research analyst for BCC Research.
Her professional experience includes more than 20 years in academia and
business consulting. She holds a Ph.D. in Economics from McMaster University
in Canada.
Table of Contents
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
- STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
- REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
- CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY
- SCOPE OF REPORT
- METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
- ABOUT THE AUTHOR
- RELATED BCC REPORTS
- BCC ONLINE SERVICES
- DISCLAIMER
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY
- SUMMARY
- SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL SALES OF ANTI-COUNTERFEITING PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- SUMMARY FIGURE PROJECTED SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF ANTI-COUNTERFEITING
PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2015 ($
MILLIONS)
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW
- DEFINING A COUNTERFEIT PRODUCT
- PREVALENCE OF COUNTERFEITING
- INDUSTRY CONCEPTS
- SECURE SUPPLY CHAIN
- PRODUCT PACKAGING
- Packaging Concepts and Materials
- Levels of Packaging
- Smart Packaging
- PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
- Universal Product Code
- Global Trade Item Number
- Symbology
- Covert and Overt Secure Technologies
- Paper and Electronic Drug Pedigree
- Automatic Identification and Data Capture
- Electronic Product Code
- Mass Serialization
- Radio Frequency Definitions
- Read Range
- IMPORTANCE OF SECURE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- FORESEEABLE DEVELOPMENTS
CHAPTER FOUR: DRUG AND FOOD MARKETING
- INTRODUCTION
- U.S. DRUG MARKETING
- DRUG MANUFACTURERS
- Drug Manufacturing Industry Classification
- TABLE 1. U.S. DRUG MANUFACTURING BY INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION
- TABLE 2. BUSINESS PATTERN OF U.S. PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATION
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY
- Brand-Name Drug Manufacturers
- TABLE 3. MAJOR BRAND-NAME DRUG MANUFACTURERS RANKED BY MARKET
CAPITALIZATION, SECOND QUARTER 2010
- Generic Drug Manufacturers
- TABLE 4. MAJOR GENERIC DRUG MANUFACTURERS RANKED BY MARKET
CAPITALIZATION, SECOND QUARTER 2010
- Prescription Drug Distribution Channel
- Stimulating Demand for Prescription Drugs
- Global Sales of Pharmaceutical Preparations
- TABLE 5. ESTIMATED GLOBAL SALES AND MARKET SHARES OF MAJOR
MANUFACTURERS OF PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS FOR HUMAN USE, 2009
- U.S. Sales of Pharmaceutical Preparations
- TABLE 6. U.S. SALES AND MARKET SHARES OF MAJOR MANUFACTURERS OF
PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS FOR HUMAN USE, 2009
- TABLE 7. U.S. SALES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS FOR HUMAN USE BY
END USE, 2009
- FIGURE 1. ESTIMATED U.S. SALES OF PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS FOR
HUMAN USE BY TYPE, 2009 (%)
- International Trade in Pharmaceutical Preparations
- TABLE 8. U.S. EXPORTS OF PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS, 2009
- WHOLESALE DRUG DISTRIBUTORS
- U.S. Wholesale Drug Industry Classification
- TABLE 9. U.S. DRUG WHOLESALERS BY INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION
- TABLE 10. BUSINESS PATTERN OF U.S. WHOLESALE DRUG DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRY
- U.S. Wholesale Drug Industry Structure
- TABLE 11. MERCHANT DRUG DISTRIBUTORS RANKED BY MARKET CAPITALIZATION,
SECOND QUARTER 2010
- TABLE 12. DRUG SALES BY U.S. MERCHANT WHOLESALE DRUG DISTRIBUTORS, 2009
- FIGURE 2. DRUG SALES BY THE BIG THREE U.S. MERCHANT WHOLESALE DRUG
DISTRIBUTORS BY SALES CHANNEL, 2009 (%)
- FIGURE 2. (CONTINUED)
- Secondary Wholesalers
- RETAIL DRUG DISTRIBUTORS
- U.S. Retail Drug Industry Structure
- TABLE 13. BUSINESS PATTERN OF U.S. RETAIL DRUG DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRY
- U.S. Retail Prescription Drug Sales
- TABLE 14. PRESCRIPTION DRUGS FILLED IN THE U.S. BY RETAIL DRUG
SEGMENT, 2009
- TABLE 15. U.S. RETAIL PRESCRIPTION DRUG SALES BY RETAIL DRUG SEGMENT,
2009
- INTERNET DRUG DISTRIBUTION
- Benefits of Internet Drug Distribution
- Challenges Posed by Internet Drug Distribution
- OpSec Security' s Survey on Bulk Pharmaceuticals and APIs
- European Alliance for Access to Safe Medicines' Internet Research
- Addressing the Illegitimate Internet Drug Distribution
- U.S. FOOD MARKETING
- FOOD PROCESSORS OR MANUFACTURERS
- Food Manufacturing Industry Classification
- TABLE 16. U.S. FOOD MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION BY
INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION
- Food Manufacturing Industry Structure
- TABLE 17. BUSINESS PATTERN OF U.S. FOOD MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY FOR
HUMAN CONSUMPTION
- Food Distribution from Manufacturer to Wholesale to Retail
- U.S. Sales of Processed Foods for Human Consumption
- TABLE 18. ESTIMATED U.S. SALES BY MAJOR PROCESSORS OF FOOD FOR HUMAN
CONSUMPTION, 2009
- U.S. International Trade in Processed Foods for Human Consumption
- TABLE 19. U.S. EXPORTS OF PROCESSED FOODS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION, 2009
- TABLE 20. U.S. EXPORTS OF PROCESSED FOODS FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION BY
TYPE, 2009
- WHOLESALE FOOD DISTRIBUTORS
- U.S. Wholesale Food Industry Classification
- TABLE 21. U.S. FOOD WHOLESALE INDUSTRY BY INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION
- U.S. Wholesale Food Distribution Industry Structure
- TABLE 22. BUSINESS PATTERN OF U.S. WHOLESALE FOOD DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRY
- U.S. Wholesale Food Sales
- TABLE 23. ESTIMATED U.S. SALES BY MAJOR FOOD WHOLESALERS, 2009
- RETAIL FOOD DISTRIBUTORS
- U.S. Retail Food Industry Classification
- TABLE 24. U.S. RETAIL FOOD INDUSTRY BY INDUSTRY CLASSIFICATION
- U.S. Retail Food Distribution Industry Structure
- U.S. Retail Food ... (Continued)
- U.S. Retail Food ... (Continued)
- TABLE 25. BUSINESS PATTERN OF U.S. RETAIL FOOD DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRY
- U.S. Retail Food Sales
- TABLE 26. ESTIMATED U.S. SALES BY RETAIL FOOD DISTRIBUTORS, 2009
CHAPTER FIVE: AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- INTRODUCTION
- AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES BY TYPE
- INKS AND DYES
- Security Inks
- TABLE 27. TYPES OF SECURITY INKS AND PRINTING METHOD
- Color-Shifting Inks
- Holographic Inks
- Pearlescent Pigments
- Thermochromic and Photo-Chromic Inks
- Taggant Inks
- Watermark Inks
- Examples of Proprietary Inks
- AlpVision SA: Cryptoglyph Solution
- Evident Technologies: EviDots
- Inksure Technologies: SmartInk
- HOLOGRAMS
- Hologram Types
- 2D and 3D Holograms
- Dot-Matrix Holograms
- Electronic Beam Holograms
- Volume Holograms
- Light of Holograms
- Overt and Covert Holograms
- Recent Trends in Security Holograms
- 3D AG' s Holo-Encrypt System
- 3M' s Holographic Authentication Solutions
- CFC International' s Dot-Matrix System
- DNA-Encoded Holograms
- DuPont' s 3D Hologram
- JDSU' s HoloFuse
- Security Hologram' s Integrated Label
- Tesa-Scribos' tesa Holospot: Mass Serialization Holograms
- WATERMARKS
- Categories of Watermark
- Physical Paper Watermark
- Digital Watermark
- Recent Innovations in Watermarking
- Incorporation of Encryption Keys
- Multi-Layered Watermarking
- TAGGANTS
- JDSU' s Charms
- Microtrace' s Taggants
- Authentix and Forensic Marking
- REGULATORY PROVISIONS FOR AUTHENTICATION TECHNOLOGIES
- STRUCTURE OF THE GLOBAL AUTHENTICATION TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY
- STRATEGIC ALLIANCES
- Digimarc and AlpVision
- Microtrace and PhotoScribe Technologies
- Microtrace and the Flint Group
- NAME RECOGNITION AND FULL-SERVICE CAPABILITIES
- RECENT AND PROJECTED GLOBAL SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES
- INDUSTRY DATA
- RECENT GLOBAL SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG
AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE
- Recent Global Sales of Packaging Inks and Dyes
- FIGURE 3. SALES OF PACKAGING INKS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES AS A
SHARE OF THE GLOBAL AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING MARKET, 2009 (%)
- TABLE 28. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING INKS TO THE DRUG
- AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2009
- FIGURE 4. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING INKS TO
THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES, BY REGION, 2009 (%)
- FIGURE 4. (CONTINUED)
- Recent Global Sales of Packaging Holograms
- FIGURE 5. SALES OF PACKAGING HOLOGRAMS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES
AS A SHARE OF THE GLOBAL AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING MARKET, 2009 (%)
- FIGURE 5. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 29. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING HOLOGRAMS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2009 ($ MILLIONS/%)
- FIGURE 6. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING
HOLOGRAMS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES, BY REGION, 2009 (%)
- Recent Global Sales of Packaging Watermarks
- FIGURE 7. SALES OF PACKAGING WATERMARKS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES AS A SHARE OF THE GLOBAL AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING MARKET, 2009 (%)
- TABLE 30. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING WATERMARKS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2009
- FIGURE 8. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING
WATERMARKS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
- INDUSTRIES BY REGION, 2009 (%)
- Recent Global Sales of Packaging Taggants
- FIGURE 9. SALES OF PACKAGING TAGGANTS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES
AS A SHARE OF THE GLOBAL AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING MARKET, 2009 (%)
- TABLE 31. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING TAGGANTS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2009
- FIGURE 10. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING
TAGGANTS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY REGION, 2009 (%)
- FIGURE 10. (CONTINUED)
- Total Recent Global Sales of Authentication Packaging Technologies
- FIGURE 11. TOTAL GLOBAL SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2009 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 11. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 32. GLOBAL SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE
DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2009 ($ MILLIONS/%)
- FIGURE 12. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF TOTAL GLOBAL SALES OF
AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY
REGION, 2009 (%)
- MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- TABLE 33. MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO
THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES, 2009
- MARKET DRIVERS AND DRAWBACKS
- SALES AND MARKET SIZE PROJECTIONS
- Projected Total Global Sales of Packaging Inks and Dyes
- TABLE 34. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING INKS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 13. SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING INKS TO THE DRUG AND
FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- FIGURE 13. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 35. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING INKS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY GEOGRAPHY, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- Projected Total Global Sales of Packaging Holograms
- TABLE 36. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING HOLOGRAMS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 14. SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING HOLOGRAMS TO THE DRUG
AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- FIGURE 14. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 37. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING HOLOGRAMS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY GEOGRAPHY, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- Projected Total Global Sales of Packaging Watermarks
- TABLE 38. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING WATERMARKS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 15. SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING WATERMARKS TO THE DRUG
AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- FIGURE 16. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 39. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING WATERMARKS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY GEOGRAPHY, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- Projected Total Global Sales of Packaging Taggants
- TABLE 40. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING TAGGANTS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 16. SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING TAGGANTS TO THE DRUG
AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- FIGURE 16. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 41. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING TAGGANTS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY GEOGRAPHY, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- Projected Total Regional Sales of Authentication Packaging Technologies by
Type
- North American Sales of Authentication Packaging Technologies by Type
Through 2015
- TABLE 42. NORTH AMERICAN SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($
MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 17. ESTIMATED SHARES OF NORTH AMERICAN SALES OF AUTHENTICATION
PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2010 AND
2015 (%)
- FIGURE 17. (CONTINUED)
- European Sales of Authentication Packaging Technologies by Type Through
2015
- TABLE 43. EUROPEAN SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO
THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 18. ESTIMATED SHARES OF EUROPEAN SALES OF AUTHENTICATION
PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2010 AND
2015 (%)
- Asia-Pacific Sales of Authentication Packaging Technologies by Type
Through 2015
- TABLE 44. ASIA-PACIFIC SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 19. ESTIMATED SHARES OF ASIA-PACIFIC SALES OF AUTHENTICATION
PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2010 AND
2015 (%)
- FIGURE 19. (CONTINUED)
- Projected Total Global Sales of Authentication Packaging Technologies by
Type
- TABLE 45. GLOBAL SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE
DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 20. SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- FIGURE 21. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF AUTHENTICATION
PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- Projected Total Global Sales of Authentication Packaging Technologies by
End Use
- TABLE 46. GLOBAL SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE
DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 22. SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
CHAPTER SIX: TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- INTRODUCTION
- TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES BY TYPE
- BAR CODES
- A Brief History of Bar Codes
- Commercial Applications of Bar Codes
- Bar Code Specifications
- Bar Codes for Different Environment
- Paper Bar Code Labels
- Aluminum Bar Code Labels
- Polyester Bar Code Labels
- Ceramic Bar Code Labels
- Bar Code Symbology
- Continuous or Discrete Symbology
- Two-Width or Multiple-Width Symbology
- GS1 Bar Code Standards
- EAN/UPC Symbology
- ITF-14 Symbology
- GS1-128 Symbology
- GS1 DataBar (RSS)
- GS1 DataMatrix
- Composite Component Symbology
- Bar Code Implementation Steps
- Bar Code Printing
- Bar Code Quality
- RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION TECHNOLOGY
- Commercial Applications of radio frequency identification Technology
- Overview of the RFID Technology
- RFID Tags for Different Uses
- Components of a RFID Tag
- Classification of RFID Tags
- Classification of RFID Tags Based on Power Source
- Active RFID Tags
- Passive RFID Tags
- Read-Write Functionality
- Classification Based on Radio Frequency
- Low-Frequency RFID Tags
- High-Frequency RFID Tags
- Ultra-High-Frequency RFID Tags
- EPCglobal and RFID Standards
- Class 1 Generation 2 UHF Air Interface Protocol Standard
- EPCglobal Adoption Roadmap
- Advantages of RFID Tags
- Early Adopters of RFID Tags
- Wal-Mart and RFID Adoption
- U.S. Department of Defense and RFID Adoption
- Early Exploratory Adoptions Through Pilot Studies
- Pilot Studies: Drug Industry
- Pfizer' s Pilot Study: Viagra Tagging
- Purdue Pharma' s Pilot Study: OxyContin Tagging
- Pilot Studies: U.S. Food Industry
- Wells' Dairy Pilot Study: An Integrated Approach
- Del Monte' s Pilot Study: RFID and Small Metallic Objects with Fluids
- Pilot Studies: U.S. Wholesale Distributors
- McKesson Corporation and On Track Pilot
- AmerisourceBergen' s Pilot
- Cardinal Health' s UHF RFID Pilot Study
- Current State of RFID Tagging: Rise of UHF RFID
- Printed RFID Tags
- Some Notable UHF RFID Tags
- Alien Technology' s Brand
- Impinj RFID Solution
- Intermec' s Rugged RFID Tag
- Examples of RFID Adoption-Enablers
- Data Systems International' s dcLINK RFIDActivator
- GlobeRanger' s iMotion Edgeware
- Systech International' s Serialized Product Tracking
- Addressing Privacy Concerns Regarding RFID Tags
- RFID Tags for Cold Chain Compliance
- Recyclable RFID Tags
- REGULATORY PROVISIONS FOR TRACK AND TRACE TECHNOLOGIES
- U.S. BAR CODE REGULATIONS RELATING TO DRUG PRODUCTS
- Key Objectives of the Rule
- Entities Subject to the Rule
- Products that Require Bar Codes
- Information Contained in a Bar Code
- Specific Bar Code Requirements
- Bar Code Placement
- U.S. REGULATION RELATING TO RADIO FREQUENCY DEVICES
- FCC regulations define radiators as:
- FCC Restriction on Devices Operating Within the 13.110-14.010 MHz Band
(Section 15.225)
- FCC Restrictions on Devices Operating Within the 890-940 MHz Band (Section
15.243)
- STRUCTURE OF THE GLOBAL TRACK AND TRACE TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRY
- RECENT AND PROJECTED GLOBAL SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES
- INDUSTRY DATA
- RECENT GLOBAL SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG
AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE
- Recent Global Sales of Packaging Bar Codes
- FIGURE 23. SALES OF PACKAGING BAR CODES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES AS A SHARE OF THE GLOBAL TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING MARKET, 2009
(%)
- FIGURE 23. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 47. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING BAR CODES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2009 ($ MILLIONS/%)
- FIGURE 24. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING BAR
CODES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES, 2009 (%)
- Recent Global Sales of Packaging RFID Tags
- FIGURE 25. SALES OF PACKAGING RFID TAGS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES AS A SHARE OF GLOBAL TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING MARKET, 2009 (%)
- TABLE 48. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING RFID TAGS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2009 ($ MILLIONS/%)
- FIGURE 26. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING RFID
TAGS TO THE FOOD AND DRUG INDUSTRIES, 2009 (%)
- Total Recent Global Sales of Track and Trace Packaging Technologies
- TABLE 49. GLOBAL SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO
THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2009 ($ MILLIONS/%)
- TABLE 50. GLOBAL SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO
THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2009 ($ MILLIONS/%)
- FIGURE 27. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE
PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES, 2009 (%)
- MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- TABLE 51. MAJOR SUPPLIERS OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES,
2009
- MARKET DRIVERS AND DRAWBACKS
- Market Drivers and Drawbacks (Continued)
- SALES AND MARKET SIZE PROJECTIONS
- Projected Total Global Sales of Packaging Bar Codes
- TABLE 52. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING BAR CODES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 28. SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING BAR CODES TO THE DRUG
AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- TABLE 53. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING BAR CODES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY GEOGRAPHY, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 29. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING BAR
CODES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- Projected Total Global Sales of RFID Tags
- TABLE 54. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING RFID TAGS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 30. SHARES OF GLOBAL PACKAGING RFID TAGS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- FIGURE 30. (CONTINUED)
- TABLE 55. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING RFID TAGS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD
INDUSTRIES BY GEOGRAPHY, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 31. ESTIMATED MARKET SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING RFID
TAGS TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- Projected Total Regional Sales of Track and Trace Packaging Technologies
by Type
- North American Sales of Track and Trace Packaging Technologies by Type
Through 2015
- TABLE 56. NORTH AMERICAN SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($
MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 32. SHARES OF NORTH AMERICAN SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- European Sales of Track and Trace Packaging Technologies by Type Through
2015
- TABLE 57. EUROPEAN SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO
THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 33. SHARES OF EUROPEAN SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- FIGURE 33. (CONTINUED)
- Asia-Pacific Sales of Track and Trace Packaging Technologies by Type
Through 2015
- TABLE 58. ASIAN SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO THE
DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 34. SHARES OF ASIA-PACIFIC SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
- Projected Total Global Sales of Track and Trace Packaging Technologies by
Type
- TABLE 59. GLOBAL SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES TO
THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 35. SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY TYPE, 2010 AND 2015
- Projected Total Global Sales of Track and Trace Packaging Technologies by
End Use
- TABLE 60. GLOBAL SALES OF PACKAGING TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, THROUGH 2015 ($
MILLIONS)
- FIGURE 36. SHARES OF GLOBAL SALES OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING
TECHNOLOGIES TO THE DRUG AND FOOD INDUSTRIES BY END USE, 2010 AND 2015 (%)
CHAPTER SEVEN: TECHNOLOGY AND PATENT ANALYSIS
- INTRODUCTION
- RECAP OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- INKS AND DYES
- HOLOGRAPHY
- WATERMARKING
- TAGGANTS
- RECAP OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- BAR CODING TECHNOLOGY
- RFID TECHNOLOGY
- PATENT ANALYSIS
- PATENTS RELATING TO AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- TABLE 61. PATENT AWARDS FOR AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES BY
TYPE, 2009 (NUMBER OF PATENTS/%)
- TABLE 62. PATENT AWARDS FOR AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES BY
REGION, 2009 (NUMBER OF PATENTS/%)
- Samples of Patents for Inks and Dyes
- TABLE 63. PATENT AWARDS FOR INKS AND DYES BY REGION, 2009 (NUMBER OF
PATENTS/%)
- Printing Process with Edible Inks
- Phthalocyanine Dyes Suitable for Use in Offset Inks
- Waxes for Producing Printing Inks
- Method for Producing a Proof for a Printing Process Having More Than Four
Printing Inks
- Reproduction of Security Documents and Color Images with Metallic Inks
- Sample of Patents for Holographic Technology
- TABLE 64. PATENT AWARDS FOR HOLOGRAPHY BY REGION, 2009 (NUMBER OF
PATENTS/%)
- Three-Dimensional Hologram Image Display Apparatus and Three-Dimensional
Hologram Image Display System
- Computer Hologram and Creation Method Thereof
- Fabrication Process for Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Media Having a Volume
Hologram
- Volume Hologram Layer and Volume Hologram Transfer Foil
- Method for Optical Recording, Method for Optical Reproducing, Optical
Recording Medium, and Optical Recording and Reproducing Apparatus Utilizing
Holography
- Patents for Watermarking Technology
- TABLE 65. PATENT AWARDS FOR WATERMARK TECHNOLOGY BY REGION, 2009
(NUMBER OF PATENTS/%)
- Protecting Images with an Image Watermark
- Holographic Digital Watermark
- Reversible Watermarking
- Visual Watermark
- Layered Security in Digital Watermarking
- PATENTS RELATING TO TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- TABLE 66. PATENT AWARDS FOR TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES BY
TYPE, 2009 (NUMBER OF PATENTS/%)
- TABLE 67. PATENT AWARDS FOR TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES BY
REGION, 2009 (NUMBER OF PATENTS/%)
- Sample of Patents for Bar Coding Technology
- TABLE 68. PATENT AWARDS FOR BAR CODING TECHNOLOGY BY REGION, 2009
(NUMBER OF PATENTS/%)
- Pallet Content Identification Mechanism that Converts RFID Information to
Corresponding Bar Code Information
- Concentric-Ring Circular Bar Code
- Method of and Apparatus for Identifying Consumer Products in a Retail
Environment When Bar Code Symbols on the Products are Not Readable
- or Have Been Removed from Packaging
- Methods and Apparatus for Bar Code Conversion
- Color Bar Code Producing Method and Apparatus, Color Bar Code Reading
Method and Apparatus, and Color Bar Code Reproducing Method and Apparatus
- Sample of Patents for RFID Technology
- TABLE 69. PATENT AWARDS FOR RFID TECHNOLOGY BY REGION, 2009 (NUMBER OF
PATENTS/%)
- Active RFID Tag with New Use Automatic Updating
- RFID Tag Housing
- RFID Tag Data Retention Verification and Refresh
- RFID Tag Sensitivity
- RFID Tags for Enabling Batch Reading of Stacks of Cartons
CHAPTER EIGHT: SAFEGUARDING THE GLOBAL DRUG AND FOOD SUPPLY CHAINS
- INTRODUCTION
- SNAPSHOTS OF GLOBAL DRUG SAFETY
- FDA AND DRUG SAFETY
- Revised Requirements for Prescribing Information for Drug Products Since
2006
- FDA' s Supply Chain Pilot Program
- E.U. AND DRUG SAFETY
- Key Elements of the E.U. Pharmavigilance Proposals
- Clear Roles and Responsibilities for Responsible Parties
- Creation of the Pharmacovigilance Risk Assessment Advisory Committee
- Transparency and Communication
- WHO TASK FORCE: IMPACT
- RECENT INITIATIVES FOR STANDARDS IN THE GLOBAL DRUG SUPPLY CHAIN
- MASS SERIALIZATION
- U.S. FDA Guidance for Numerical Identification
- Unit of Packaging
- Package-Level SNI for Most Prescription Drugs
- SNI Including Expiration Date and/or Lot and Batch Number
- SNI in Human- and Machine-Readable Forms
- FDA-Recommended SNI Compatibility with International Standards
- Coding and Identification of Drug Products in Europe
- GS1 U.S. 2015 Readiness Program: Visibility/Traceability for Healthcare
Applications - Product Recalls, Serialization, and Drug Pedigree
- GS1 Healthcare Industry Sunrise Dates
- GS1 Canada' s Pharmacy Sector Engagement
- Global RFID Interoperability Forum for Standards
- U.S. DRUG PEDIGREE REQUIREMENTS: THE PRESCRIPTION DRUG MARKETING ACT
- FDA Risk-Based Enforcement of Pedigree Requirement, 2006 to 2007
- FDA Guidance for Industry on PDMA Requirements
- Who Should Maintain a Written Agreement?
- What Information About the ADR Must a Manufacturer Make Available on the
List?
- How Often Should Manufacturers Update Their ADR Lists?
- Is Placing the ADR List on the Manufacturer' s Website Adequate to Meet the
Provision of
- Making the List Available on Request to the Public?
- What Information Does a Manufacturer Have to Provide to a Wholesaler to
Enable that Wholesaler to Comply with the PDMA?
- What Information Does an ADR Have to Provide to a Non-ADR to Enable that
Non-ADR to Comply with the PDMA (e.g., to pass a pedigree that lists all prior
transactions back to the manufacturer)?
- Are Contract Manufacturers Considered Manufacturers Under the PDMA?
- Is a Repackager or Relabeler Exempt from Providing a Pedigree?
- Is a Pedigree Required if an Exclusive Distribution Agreement Exists?
- What are the Recordkeeping Requirements for Pedigree Recipients?
- Is a Pedigree Required for the Distribution of Drug Samples?
- Can Paper or Electronic Pedigrees be Used?
- Is RFID the Only Way to Achieve an Electronic Pedigree?
- State Initiatives Targeting Wholesale Distributor Licensing
- California State Pedigree Law
- California Law Requirements
- Drug Pedigree
- Florida Drug Pedigree Law
- Which Prescription Drugs are Subject to the Pedigree Requirements?
- Who Must Provide a Pedigree?
- To Whom Must the Pedigree Be Provided?
- Does a Wholesale Distributor or Repackager Require a Pedigree for the
Distribution of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API)?
- May a Drug Repackager Provide a Direct Purchase Pedigree?
- How Are Drop Shipments Handled?
- Florida Provisions
- SNAPSHOTS OF GLOBAL FOOD TRACEABILITY
- CODEX ALIMENTARIUS COMMISSION
- Codex and Food Traceability
- Public Sector Motivation for Traceability
- Private Sector Motivation for Traceability
- Codex General Principles on Prepackaged Food
- Codex Mandatory Labeling of Prepackaged Foods
- Codex Mandatory ... (Continued)
- U.S. FOOD SAFETY REGULATIONS
- TABLE 70. FEDERAL AGENCIES RESPONSIBLE FOR U.S. FOOD SAFETY SYSTEM
- TABLE 70. (CONTINUED)
- U.S. BIOTERRORISM ACT RELATING TO FOOD PRODUCTS
- Mandatory Recordkeeping
- Recordkeeping Requirement for Transporters of Food
- Recordkeeping Requirement for Non-Transporters of Food
- Effective Date for Compliance
- Reportable Food Registry
- FDA Food Protection Plan
- FOOD TRACEABILITY IN CANADA
- FOOD TRACEABILITY IN EUROPE
- TABLE 71. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES WITHIN THE E.U. FOOD SYSTEM
- RECENT INITIATIVES FOR STANDARDS IN THE GLOBAL FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN
- GS1 U.S. Standards Initiative for the Food Service Sector
- GS1 U.S. Standards for Fresh Foods
- GS1 Canada
- GS1 Canada Product Recall Initiative
- Produce Traceability Initiative 2012
CHAPTER NINE: COMPANY PROFILES
- MAJOR MANUFACTURERS OF AUTHENTICATION PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- 3D AG
- 3M COMPANY
- APPLIED DNA SCIENCES
- ALPVISION SA
- ATLAS TELECOM
- AUTHENTIX
- CFC INTERNATIONAL, INC.
- CONSTANTIA FLEXIBLES
- CORTEGRA GROUP, INC.
- DIC (INCLUDING SUN CHEMICAL)
- DIGIMARC CORPORATION
- DUPONT AUTHENTICATION
- EVEREST HOLOVISIONS, LTD.
- EVIDENT TECHNOLOGIES
- FLINT GROUP
- G & W RFID, LLC (INCLUDING PARELEC)
- HOLOFLEX, LTD.
- HOLOMEX
- INKSURE TECHNOLOGIES
- INTERNATIONAL INK COMPANY, LLC
- JDSU AUTHENTICATION SOLUTIONS
- MICROTRACE SOLUTIONS, LLC
- NOVAVISION, INC
- OPSEC SECURITY GROUP, PLC
- OPTAGLIO GROUP
- PACIFIC HOLOGRAPHICS
- SECURITY HOLOGRAM, LLC.
- SICPA HOLDING SA
- TESA SCRIBOS GMBH
- ZELLER+GMELIN GMBH
- MAJOR MANUFACTURERS OF TRACK AND TRACE PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- ALIEN TECHNOLOGY
- AVERY DENNISON RFID
- DATA SYSTEMS INTERNATIONAL
- DATAMAX - O' NEIL
- DOMINO INTEGRATED SOLUTIONS GROUP
- ELEMENT ID
- FEIG ELECTRONICS, INC.
- GLOBERANGER CORPORATION
- IMPINJ
- INTERMEC TECHNOLOGIES
- KOVIO, INC.
- OMRON RFID
- PRINTRONIX, INC.
- SATO AMERICA, INC.
- SAVI TECHNOLOGY, INC.
- SYSTECH INTERNATIONAL
- SYMBOL TECHNOLOGIES (MOTOROLA)
- TAGSYS RFID
- THINGMAGIC
- TEXAS INSTRUMENTS RFID SYSTEMS
- ZEBRA TECHNOLOGIES
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