全球海洋能源產業

Abstract

Introduction

The last two years have been eventful for ocean energy development, with several commercial “firsts”, encouraging demonstration projects. The industry is now blazing the trail with the first commercial projects. The United Kingdom, specifically Scotland, is emerging as a global leader in developing the technology, with government backing. The UK has the ocean energy resources, a long relationship with the sea and outstanding inventive talent. The first country to commercialise this British invention on a significant scale is Portugal. After sea trials starting in 2004, the first major commercial installation of the Pelamis Wave Energy Converter took place in Portuguese waters, and wave energy came to life. First tested in 2000, in 2004 Wavegen, an OWC (oscillating water column), is being tested to provide power to the Faroe Islands. In 2003 Wave Dragon, a floating Tapchan, demonstrated its survivability off Norway. On the other side of the world, Korea is embarking on a series of tidal barrages, starting with the 254 Mw Shiwah Barrage which will be the largest in the world, due for commissioning in 2009 overtaking La Rance in France.

So far four technologies have been at the forefront of experimentation, Tidal Barrages, Wave Energy, Tidal or Marine Current Power, and OTEC, but a fifth has been know about for some years, although it has largely been ignored and few people have heard of it. This is the Salinity Gradient, which exploits the osmotic pressure difference between fresh water and sea water. It has the largest potential energy capacity of any of the ocean energy conversion technologies and is now attracting attention. Learn about it in this Report.

Ocean energy is mostly in an experimental stage but some of its component technologies have the potential to become mainstream energy sources and are now being trialled. Many ideas have been generated and a lot of experimental projects are being funded both by governments and commercially. Until recently it was commonly said that energy can be harvested from the oceans in four ways, but now it is five:

• Tidal Energy
• Wave Energy
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
• Marine Current Energy, and
• Salinity Gradient

Report Scope:

The report outlines these technologies, with their state of development as technologies and industries. The report focuses on a small number of exciting new developments. The status of each industry is described in each country where it has a base or is under trial, and the state of commercialisation. A key fact now emerging is the need to transfer technology and know-how from the offshore industry to the new marine renewable energy industry. The offshore oil and gas industry has already contributed substantially to the development of offshore wind power technology (See ABS Wind Report). No country is better equipped to exploit this than the UK. It is also becoming clear to many companies in the offshore oil & gas industry that with resource depletion, their future lies in a capability to diversify their skills and services into other business sectors, one being off-shore renewable energy sources. This synchronicity is a key driver to the development of ocean energy conversion.

Table of Contents

1. Executive Summary

• Background
  • Technology development
  • Market Development
• Tidal Energy
• Wave Energy
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
• Tidal or Marine Current Energy
• Salinity Gradients
• Manufacturing

2. Tidal Energy

• Advantages
• Disadvantages
• Technical concepts for exploiting Tidal Energy - Tidal Barrages
• Secondary water storage
  • Current Development of Tidal Barrage Schemes
• Technical status and experience from operating systems
  • France - La Rance 240 MW Tidal Barrage
  • Canada - Annapolis 17.8 MW Tidal Barrage
  • China - 11 MW of small Tidal Barrages
• Tidal barrage plant under construction
  • Korea
  • China Yalu River Tidal Barrage
• Experimental and proposed tidal barrages
  • Scotland
  • United Kingdom - Severn Estuary, Mersey Estuary
  • Scottish schemes
  • Russian Federation - Kislogubsk 400 kW
• Other tidal flow prospects
  • Australia - Derby
  • United States
  • Argentina
  • Canada
  • China
  • India
  • Korea (Republic)
  • Mexico
• Economic considerations
• Environmental aspects

3. Wave Energy

• Wave resources
• Wave energy technology
  • WECS (Wave energy conversion systems)
    • 1. Oscillating water column (OWC)
    • 2. Wave surge or focussing devices - Tapchan (Tapered channel system)
    • 3. Floats or buoys
• Oscillating Water Column (OWC)
  • Siadar Wave Energy Project (SWEP
• Floats and buoys
  • Finavera Renewables
  • McCabe Wave Pump
  • Archimedes Wave Swing
  • Marine Current Turbines
  • Ocean Power Technologies
  • SPERBOY
  • The Pendulor
  • Pelamis Wave Power Ltd.
  • Energetech
  • Denmark Has Introduced Several Innovations
  • Japan
• Tapchan
  • The Wave Dragon
  • Wavegen
  • Searaser
  • Wave Hub
  • Wave Hub
• Wave Propulsion
• Synergies with the offshore industry
• The road to commercial wave power
• Current status for Wave Energy development - Country Developments
  • Australia
  • China
  • Denmark
  • 1Greece
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Ireland
  • Japan
  • Maldives
  • Norway
  • Portugal
  • Romania
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom
  • United States

4. Ocean Thermal Energy

• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
• Additional benefits of OTEC technology - DOWA
• Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
• Status of development and funding support
• Support organisations
  • The International OTEC/DOWA Association (IOA)
  • EU and Maritime Industries Forum
  • Japan Association of Deep Ocean Water Applications
• Markets for OTEC
  • Country Developments
  • Cote d' Ivoire
  • Cuba
  • Fiji
  • French Polynesia
  • Guadeloupe
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Jamaica
  • Japan
  • Kiribati
  • Marshall Islands
  • Nauru
  • Netherlands Antilles
  • New Caledonia
  • Puerto Rico
  • Sri Lanka
  • St. Lucia
  • Taiwan, China
  • United States
  • Virgin Islands

5. Tidal or Marine Current Energy

• Marine Current Turbines (MCT) - The world' s first marine current turbine
  • TidEL, SMD Hydrovision
  • Bay of Fundy, Nova Scotia, Canada
  • Wave Energy Technology - New Zealand (WET-NZ) R & D consortium
  • Stingray and the EB Frond, the Engineering Business (EB)
• The Marine Current resource
• Status of Marine Current technology
  • Horizontal Axis Turbines (axial flow turbine)
  • Vertical Axis Turbines (cross flow turbine)
• Technical problems for research
  • Experimental marine plant, Korea
• Future of Tidal and Marine Current Energy

6. Salinity Gradients

• Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO)
• Vapour compression
• Reverse dialysis (RED)
• Demonstration and commercialisation of salinity gradient power

7. Ocean Energy Conversion Costs

8. National Policies for Renewable Energy

• Renewable energy targets
• Feed-in tariffs and RPS
• EU and feed-in tariffs
• US and RPS
• The feed-in tariff in Europe
• The evolution of RPS Policy in the United States
• Comparison of feed-in tariffs and RPS
• Europe - the EU Renewable Energy Directive
• Investor confidence, price, and policy cost
• Effectiveness
• Innovation and technology diversity
• Ownership structure
• Conclusion
• Feed-in tariffs in the United States

9. Benefits of Different Forms of Energy

10. Manufacturing Base

Figures

• Figure 1.1: Status of ocean energy technologies, December 2007
• Figure 1.2: Project status by country, December 2007
• Figure 2.1: The Global Tidal Resource
• Figure 2.2: La Rance Tidal Barrage
• Figure 2.3: Tidal Current Power
• Figure 2.4: Base Data for the Severn Barrage
• Figure 2.5: Proposed Severn Barrage
• Figure 3.1: Wave power resources of the world
• Figure 3.2: The Mighty Whale
• Figure 3.3: Finavera AquabuOY
• Figure 3.4: Marine Current Turbine
• Figure 3.5: Multi Rotor Marine Turbine
• Figure 3.6:Floating buoy energy converters
• Figure 3.7: SPERBOY Oscillating Water Column device
• Figure 3.8: Pelamis
• Figure 3.9: Wave Dragon Floating Tapchan
• Figure 3.10: Limpet shoreline energy module
• Figure 3.11: Searaser
• Figure 3.12:Wave Hub
• Figure 3.13: The Orcelle, sustainably powered ship
• Figure 3.14: Pelamis wave farm in Portugal
• Figure 3.15: The UK wave power resource
• Figure 4.1: OTEC resource map
• Figure 4.2: The OTEC device
• Figure 5.1: The Seagen Marine Current Turbine
• Figure 5.2: TidEL Tidal Energy Device
• Figure 5.3: Stingray and EB Frond Wave Energy Devices
• Figure 5.4: Marine Current resource in the UK
• Figure 7.1: Wave power installed cost curve versus other renewables
• Figure 7.2: Generation costs from Ocean Energy Conversion estimated experience
• Figure 8.1: National renewable energy policies in EU countries
• Figure 8.2: US states with RPS regulations, 2007

Tables

• Table 1.1: The size of the oceanic energy resource
• Table 2.1: Prospective Sites for Tidal Energy Projects
• Table 2.2: Comparison of World Tidal Schemes in Existence or Proposed
• Table 2.3: Identified for Possible Tidal Barrage Plants
• Table 8.1 Renewables targets and support schemes of European countries
• Table 8.2 Non-European countries with renewable energy targets and plans
• Table 8.3: State RPS resource tiers
• Table 9.1: The Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Energy Technologies