Abstract
This report analyzes a relatively new area in the auto industry - enhancements of car operation with computerized radar and telecommunications devices to avoid or reduce the risk of collisions. The subject is analyzed in connection with a lager goal - to build nation-wide Intelligent Transport System that incorporates many ingredients of an intelligent car.
The topic is very important and timely for our society - every year thousands of people are being killed in car accidents and millions are injured. Our economy losses from traffic accidents are enormous, and the government is trying to improve the situation by:
- Construction of new roads and timely maintenance existing
- Mandatory restrictions of speed, use of car gadgets and other
- R&D and development of ITS, which eventually release drivers from most of the burden to make driving decisions and to be mistaken.
ITS development, at the present time, mostly concentrated on a car itself; an exception is “intelligent” tolling and others, which require interaction between a car and an infrastructure. Symbiosis of car operation functions with enhancement supported by radar and telecommunications technologies seems to be a very effective way to construct a car as a part of ITS. The goal is to reduce probability of driver' s mistakes, which are the main cause of accidents. This goal can be achieved by putting a burden to analyze the road situation and to make decisions based on such an analysis on a computer. Such a computer is supported by radars for sensing the road situation and by telecommunications devices to communicate with other vehicles, intelligent road and law enforcement/emergency personnel.
The report analyzes technologies and markets for CDPS - Collision Detection Prevention Systems. They include RCDPS - Radar CDPS and CCDPS - Communications CDPS. Devices, which belong to different classes, can work either independently, or together, supporting each other.
This report shows that both classes of the devices were adopted from other industries, namely radar and telecommunications. This adoption requires a lot of adjustment and design of the systems specific for car collision prevention application.
For RCDPS, the major specifics are:
- Required distance of observation. It is usually not more than 200 m, but can be as small as a couple of meters. This resulted in particular antenna design and small output power.
- Operation. A driver is not an operator for a RCDPS device. In an ideal case, drivers even not suppose to know how radar functions and what the car reactions on radar sensing are. Such situation is untypical for usual radar applications, attended by skillful operators, whose only job is to operate radar. In the RCDPS case, an automatic computerized driver-device interface is required, which is a challenge for designers.
- Jamming condition. In normal operation, a radar device works with minimum obstacles. To prevent such normal operation, enemies are trying to jam a radar screen. In the RCDPS case, any obstacle visible by an antenna pattern can be a source of jamming. False alarms can create a very dangerous situation for an operator of the car, and in absence of radar personnel, who are trained to distinguish useful information from false and to initiate unti-jamming procedures, may result in crash.
- Size. The RCDPS devices have to be contained in very confined spaces inside of the car. This put limitations on their size.
- Regulatory. Specific frequency bands are allocated to the RCDPS devices. Another issue is allowed RF interference: modern cars are full of electronics, and each new device is a potential source of interference. Standardization in this area is required, which should take into consideration car environment.
The CCDPS devices have fewer specifics, though they have to be also design for each task - as a rule, they cannot be taken from other applications and put in a car.
Examples of CCDPS include a GPS receiver, communications between cars close proximity to create a “collective” car to take intelligent decisions to accelerate or to break; another example is “non-stop” tolling.
The report analyzes the CDPS market and provides a market forecast for 2006-2011. The analysis is based on the author' s model of the market and the use of publicly available information as well as interviews with vendors' personnel.
The authors keep a conservative line in market estimate due to:
- Unstable worldwide economy
- Unpredictable regulatory. Many CDPS device may become mandatory car accessories, but this process will be country' s specific and it is difficult to predict its time.
Altogether, the authors goal was to provide a comprehensive picture for the CDPS technologies and market, and present their benefit and limitations. The authors are sure that CDPS proliferation is a near future, though a road to wide spread of these devices may be bumpy.
The analyzed systems are becoming a part of ITS, which functions and protocols are also analyzed in this report.
Methodology
Considerable research was done using the Internet. Information from various Web sites was studied and analyzed; evaluation of publicly available marketing and technical publications was conducted. Telephone conversations and interviews were held with industry analysts, technical experts and executives. The overriding objective throughout the work has been to provide valid and relevant information. This has led to a continual review and update of the information content.
Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction
- 1.1 General
- 1.2 Need for CDPS
- 1.3 Why CDPS
- 1.4 Classification
- 1.5 Current View
- 1.5.1 History and Systems Examples
- 1.6 Scope
- 1.6.1 Methodology
- 1.6.2 Intended Audience
2.0 Government Initiatives
- 2.1 U.S.
- 2.2 EU
- 2.3 Japan
3.0 CDPS Classifications
- 3.1 Functional Classification
- 3.1.1 Advisory Collision Avoidance Systems
- 3.1.2 Collision Warning Systems
- 3.1.3 Automated Crash Avoidance Systems
- 3.2 CDPS based on Crash Type
- 3.2.1 Single Vehicle Road Departure
- 3.2.2. Collisions at Intersections
- 3.3 Benefits
- 3.4 Issues
4.0 Technology
- 4.1 The CDPS Evolution Process
- 4.2 Technological Structure
- 4.2.1 General
- 4.3 RCDPS
- 4.3.1 Structures
- 4.3.2 Frequency Bands
- 4.3.3 Radar: RF and Optical
- 4.3.4 Properties
- 4.3.5 Advances
- 4.3.5.1 Micro Devices
- 4.3.6 Future Evolution
- 4.4 CCDPS
- 4.4.1 Structures
- 4.4.1.1 Global Positioning Satellites
- 4.4.1.2 CCDPS Informative
- 4.4.1.3 Do not Disturb
- 4.4.1.4 What CCDPS Can Do
- 4.4.1.5 “Collective” Car
- 4.4.1.6 Navigation
- 4.4.1.7 Telematics
- 4.4.1.7.1 General
- 4.4.1.7.2 Trends
- 4.4.1.7.1
5.0 Market
- 5.1 Market Drivers
- 5.1.1 OPEX and CAPEX Savings
- 5.1.2 Technological Factor
- 5.2 Market Specifics
- 5.3 Market Barriers and Issues
- 5.4 Market Forecast
- 5.4.1 Model Assumptions
- 5.4.2 CDPS Market Size Estimate
- 5.4.3 Market Segmentation
- 5.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis
6.0 CDPS Technical-Economical Characteristics: Summary
- 6.1 RCDPS
- 6.2 CCDPS
- 6.3 Pricing
7.0 Intelligent Transport System(s)-ITS
- 7.1 General
- 7.2 History: U.S.
- 7.3 ITS Architecture: U.S.
- 7.4 Technologies
- 7.4.1 Issues
- 7.5 ITS Applications
- 7.6 National Transportation Communications for ITS Protocol (NTCIP)
- 7.6.1 ISO ITS Standards
8.0 Market Players
- Advantech
- Arinc
- Cambridge Consultants, Ltd
- Cambridge Systematics
- DENSO
- Chrysler
- Continental
- Delphi Corporation
- Eaton Corp.
- Elva
- Gannet Fleming
- Georgia Institute of Technology
- Hitachi
- Honda
- Iteris
- M/A Com - TYCO Electronics
- Microsoft
- Mistral Software
- Mitsubishi
- Motorola
- NEC
- Nissan
- Oki
- Raytheon
- RF Knapp
- Satellite Security Systems
- Siemens
- Tenet
- Toyota
- TRW (Northrop Grumman)
- Valeo Raytheon
- Volkswagen
- Visteon
9.0 Conclusions
APPENDIX - ISO ITS Standards
Figures:
- Figure 1: Modern Car Collision Avoidance
- Figure 2: CDPS Market Estimate ($M)
- Figure 3: Proportion: RCDPS and CCDPS (%) 2007 View
- Figure 4: Proportion: RCDPS and CCDPS (%) 2010 View
- Figure 5: CDPS Market Geographic (2007) as % of Manufactured Cars
- Figure 6: Wireless Communications: ITS Environment
- Figure 7 ITS Architecture
- Figure 8: NTCIP Structure
Tables:
- Table 1: Statistics
- Table 2: CDPS Use
