Abstract
Benefits of this report
- Up-to-date one-stop information on transdermal drug delivery
- Description of 114 companies involved and 100 collaborations in this area
- Market analysis 2008-2018/
- Market values in major regions
- Strategies for developing markets for transdermal drug delivery
- A selected bibliography of 170 publications
- Text is supplemented by 16 tables and 10 figures
Who should read this report?
- Biotechnology companies developing transdermal technologies
- Drug delivery companies
- Pharmaceutical companies interested in transdermal drug delivery
- Pharmaceutical research institutes
Summary
This report deals with transdermal drug delivery - an approach used to deliver
drugs through the skin for therapeutic use as an alternative to
oral,intravascular, subcutaneous and transmucosal routes. Various transdermal
drug delivery technologies are described including the use of suitable
formulations, carriers and penetration enhancers. The most commonly used
transdermal system is the skin patch using various types of technologies.
Nanoparticles as well as the use of physical agents to facilitate
transcutaneous drug delivery is described. Microneedle and needleless
technologies are also described. Transdermal technologies may be applied for
several categories of pharmaceuticals used for the treatment of disorders of
the skin or for systemic effect to treat diseases of other organs. Several
transdermal products and applications include hormone replacement therapy,
management of pain, angina pectoris, smoking cessation and neurological
disorders such as Parkinson' s disease. The market for transdermal drug
delivery is analyzed according to technologies and therapeutic areas from 2008
to 2018.This market is analyzed according to geographical regions as well.
Table of Contents
0. Executive Summary 9
1. Basics of Transdermal Drug Delivery 11
- Introduction 11
- Historical landmarks in transdermal drug delivery 11
- Anatomy and physiology of skin 12
- Transcutaneous absorption 12
- Transdermal versus other methods of drug delivery 12
- Advantages of transdermal drug delivery 13
- First-Pass Effect 13
- Drawbacks of transdermal delivery 13
- Factors that influence transdermal drug delivery 13
- Events governing transcutaneous absorption 14
- Properties of the skin 14
- Properties of drugs 15
- The role of pH and pharmacokinetics 15
- Intradermal disposition of drugs after topical application 16
2. Transdermal Drug Delivery Technologies 17
- Introduction 17
- Local application formulations 18
- Crystalline topical formulations 18
- Microemulsions for transdermal drug delivery 18
- Transdermal gel technology 19
- Film forming polymeric solutions 20
- Biphasix system 20
- Penetration enhancers 21
- Chemical enhancers 21
- Nitric oxide-based transdermal drug delivery 23
- Vesicular transdermal carriers 23
- Liposomes 23
- Transfersomes 24
- Ethosomes 24
- Elastic vesicles for transdermal drug delivery 25
- Nanovesicles for transdermal drug delivery 25
- Transdermal patches 26
- Adhesives for transdermal patches 27
- Commercial development of transdermal patches 27
- Innovations in transdermal patches 28
- e-Patch"! controlled release micropump system 28
- Patchless Transdermal Delivery System 29
- Metered-dose transdermal system 29
- Use of physical modalities to facilitate transdermal transport 30
- Transdermal electrotransport 30
- Electroporation 30
- Drug delivery by electroporation 31
- Cryoelectrophoresis 32
- Iontophoresis 33
- Application of iontophoresis for drug delivery 34
- Companies with technologies for drug delivery by iontophoresis 35
- Combination of electrophoresis and iontophoresis 36
- Dermaportation 36
- Radiofrequency-driven transdermal delivery 36
- Microporation 37
- Electrode Scanning System 37
- Use of electrostatic force in skin patch technology 38
- Multiple Absorption Kinetic System 38
- Transdermal drug delivery facilitated by heat 38
- Controlled, heat-aided drug delivery 38
- Ultrasound 39
- Magnetophoresis 41
- Use of lasers for transdermal drug delivery 41
- Transdermal drug delivery by laser-induced pressure waves 41
- Transdermal drug delivery by laser-assisted changes in skin 41
- Transdermal delivery by gas under pressure 42
- Transdermal delivery with PowderJect gas gun 42
- Microscission induced by gas 42
- Microneedles and dermal microinjection technologies 43
- Microneedle patch 43
- Microneedle arrays for drug delivery 44
- MicroPyramid"! hollow microneedles 44
- Microstructured Transdermal Systems 44
- Microneedle Array Patch technology 45
- Macroflux microprojections technology 45
- Companies developing microneedles for transdermal drug delivery 45
- Needlefree injections 46
- Jet injection 46
- Mini-Ject needlefree delivery system 46
- MicroJet for painless injections 46
- Nanoliter-volume pulsed microjets 47
- Skin ablation or abrasion for drug delivery 47
- Nanotechnology-based transdermal drug delivery 48
- Nanoparticles and nanoemulsions for skin disorders 48
- Transdermal nanoparticle preparations for systemic effect 48
- Nanotechnology-based transdermal vaccination and immunotherapy 49
- Delivery of nanostructured drugs from transdermal patches 49
- NanoCyte transdermal drug delivery system 50
- Effect of mechanical flexion on penetration of bucky balls through the
skin 50
- Safety issues of applications of nanomaterial carriers on the skin 50
- Comparison of transdermal drug delivery systems 51
- Role of microelectronics in transdermal drug delivery 51
- Transdermal drug design 51
- In vitro testing of transdermal drug delivery systems 52
- In vivo testing of drug delivery systems 53
- Infrared spectroscopy for evaluation of transdermal drug delivery 53
- Modeling of transport through the skin 53
- Concluding remarks on transdermal drug delivery technologies 54
- Future developments in transdermal drug delivery 55
3. Transdermal Therapeutics 57
- Introduction 57
- Drugs that can be administered transdermally 57
- Skin disorders 60
- Fungus infections of nails 60
- Topical penetrating applications for nail fungus infections 60
- Hair loss 60
- Cardiovascular disorders 60
- Angina pectoris 60
- Transdermal drug delivery for hypertension 62
- Transdermal beta blockers 62
- Transdermal anticoagulants 62
- Congestive heart failure 63
- Respiratory diseases 63
- Asthma 63
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 64
- Neurological and psychiatric disorders 64
- Parkinson' s disease 64
- Transdermal drug delivery for Parkinson' s disease 65
- Transdermal dopamine agonists for Parkinson' s disease 65
- Rotigotine 66
- Transdermal administration of other drugs for Parkinson' s disease 67
- Depression 67
- Transdermal selegiline 67
- Bipolar disorder 68
- Transdermal lithium 68
- Restless legs syndrome 68
- Alzheimer' s disease 69
- Transdermal nicotine for Tourette syndrome 69
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 69
- Transdermal methylphenidate 69
- Migraine 70
- Transdermal lidocaine 70
- Transdermal sumatriptan 70
- Epilepsy 70
- Tinnitus/Vertigo 71
- Transdermal nitroglycerin for vasospasm due to subarachnoid hemorrhage 71
- Musculoskeletal disorders 71
- Osteoporosis 71
- Transdermal hormonal therapy 72
- Osteoarthritis 72
- Transdermal insulin delivery in diabetes 72
- Male sexual disorders 73
- Erectile dysfunction 73
- Topical and transdermal preparation for erectile dysfunction 74
- Hypogonadism in the male 74
- Topical testosterone 75
- Women' s health 76
- Female sexual arousal disorder 76
- Menopause 77
- Hormone replacement therapy for menopause 77
- Effect of transdermal estradiol on bone density 79
- Transdermal testosterone for low libido in postmenopausal women 79
- Breast disorders 80
- Contraception 80
- Female contraception 80
- Male contraception 81
- Cancer 81
- Transcutaneous electroporation for anticancer drugs 81
- Pain 82
- Relief of pain associated with minor medical procedures 82
- Transdermal Lidoderm® for postherpectic neuralgia 83
- Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs 83
- Topical NSAIDs 83
- Transdermal ketoprofen 84
- Topical opioids 85
- Cancer pain 85
- Transdermal fentanyl 85
- Transdermal nitroglycerine as an adjuvant to opioids 86
- Transdermal buprenorphine 87
- Chronic pain of non-malignant origin 87
- Postoperative pain 87
- Transdermal fentanyl for the management of postoperative pain 87
- Nausea and vomiting 88
- Motion sickness 88
- Postoperative vomiting 88
- Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting 88
- Antiaging strategies 89
- Smoking cessation 89
- Transdermal nicotine replacement 89
- Other methods of nicotine replacement 90
- Other treatments for smoking cessation 90
- Miscellaneous uses of transdermal drug delivery 91
- Chronic fatigue syndrome 91
- Topical androgenic steroid therapy 91
- Fibromyalgia 91
- Dysmenorrhea 91
- Overactive bladder and urinary incontinence 91
- Transdermal oxybutynin 92
- Viral infections 92
- Transdermal nanoparticles for immune enhancement in HIV 92
- Transdermal gene therapy 93
- Transdermal antisense therapy 93
- Transdermal vaccination 94
- The skin as an immune organ 94
- Technologies for transdermal vaccination 94
- Dermal microinjection technology for delivery of vaccines 94
- Electroporation for administering DNA vaccines 94
- Intradermal delivery of cancer vaccines by adenoviral vectors 95
- PassPort system for needle free delivery of vaccines 95
- Transcutaneous immunization 95
- Applications of transdermal vaccination 96
- HIV/AIDS vaccination by topical application 96
- Transdermal DNA influenza vaccine 97
- Transdermal Aβ vaccination for Alzheimer' s disease 97
- Transdermal vaccination for traveller' s diarrhoea 97
- Complications of transdermal therapy 98
- Adverse effects of drugs 98
- Overdose effect 98
- Skin complications 99
4. Markets for Transdermal Drug Delivery 101
- Introduction 101
- Global markets for drug delivery 101
- Geographical distribution of transdermal drug delivery markets 102
- Emerging transdermal drug delivery markets in Asia 102
- Transdermal technology markets in therapeutic areas 102
- Angina pectoris 103
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 103
- Erectile dysfunction 103
- Hypertension 104
- Pain therapeutics 104
- Parkinson' s disease 104
- Smoking cessation 104
- Transdermal hormone replacement therapy for menopause 104
- Transdermal testosterone replacement therapy for hypogonadism in the male
105
- Markets according to transdermal technologies 105
- Marketing strategies for transdermal drug delivery 105
- Marketing advantages of transdermal drug delivery 106
- Unmet needs in transdermal drug delivery 106
- Future prospects of transdermal drug delivery 107
- Prospects of transdermal delivery for drugs coming off patents 108
- Transdermal delivery of cosmetics 108
5. Companies involved in transdermal drug delivery 109
- Profiles of companies 109
- Collaborations 227
6. References 231
Tables
- Table 1 1: Historical landmarks in the development of transdermal drug
delivery 11
- Table 1 2: Transdermal vs oral and intravenous drug delivery 13
- Table 2 1: Technologies for transdermal drug delivery 17
- Table 2 2: Chemical enhancers of skin penetration 21
- Table 2 3: Drug-in-adhesive versus reservoir type of transdermal patch 26
- Table 2 4: Companies developing transdermal patches for drug delivery 27
- Table 2 5: Companies with technologies for drug delivery by iontophoresis
35
- Table 2 6: Companies developing microneedles for transdermal drug delivery
45
- Table 2 7: Comparison of transdermal drug delivery systems 51
- Table 3 1: Approved categories of transdermal drugs 57
- Table 3 2: Current status of transdermal products 58
- Table 4 1: Worldwide drug delivery market growth 2008 to 2018 101
- Table 4 2: Transdermal drug delivery markets for geographical regions 2008
to 2018 102
- Table 4 3: Potential therapeutic markets for transdermal products
2008-2018 103
- Table 4 4: Marketing strategies based on transdermal drug delivery
technologies 105
- Table 5 1: Collaborations in transdermal drug delivery 227
Figures
- Figure 1 1: Basic structure of the skin 12
- Figure 1 2: Events governing transcutaneous drug absorption 15
- Figure 2 1: Basic structure and function of transdermal drug delivery
systems 26
- Figure 2 2: A schematic view of electroporation 31
- Figure 2 3: Depiction of breakdown of the stratum corneum during
electroporation 32
- Figure 2 4: A schematic drawing of Iontophoresis 33
- Figure 2 5: SonoPrep ultrasonic skin permeation 40
- Figure 2 6: A schematic drawing of the microneedle patch 43
- Figure 3 1: Oral versus transdermal administration of a drug in
Parkinson' s disease 66
- Figure 4 1: Unmet needs in transdermal drug delivery 107
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