液晶電視背板市場：2008年

The BLU market is set for disruptive change over the next couple of years. As a result, there are many questions from all quarters of the industry - from component and BLU makers to LCD module, notebook, monitor and TV makers. This report is designed to provide a solid technical analysis of the options, coupled with a thorough performance and cost analysis to ultimately develop a forecast for adoption of these alternative BLU technologies.

• Introduction
• Market Summary
• Backlight Technology Review
• Backlight Materials and Performance Impacts
• BOM & Throughput Analysis
• BLU Technology Penetration Analysis
• Backlight Unit Opportunity Analysis
• Appendix A - LCD BLU Cost Breakdown Summary
• Appendix B - BLU Throughput Analysis
• Appendix C - Color Gamut Metrics for LCD Displays
• Appendix D - Acronyms Used in Report

In this report, we start with a very detailed and fundamental analysis of the various backlight technologies. We evaluate the materials, light sources, light management films and structures and manufacturing supply chain issues of many approaches, including CCFL, LED, EEFL, FFL, CNT and others.

Next, we developed a sophisticated throughput and cost model for most of the options to make backlights for notebook, monitor and TV products. There are many combinations so the models evaluate these using today' s pricing and performance parameters and forecasts pricing out to 2012. This helps understand the price-performance aspect of each solution.

To develop a penetration forecast, we start with a ranking of the attributes of each approach and then weigh the value of these attributes for mainstream notebook, monitor or TV products to develop an evaluation matrix that summarizes the relative value of each approach. Then, starting with a top level forecast for LCD notebook, monitor and TV demand, we perform an economic analysis to see how this top level forecast should be adjusted based on current economic recessionary factors. We then forecast a penetration of each backlight technology into this adjusted demand profile.

For this report, we interviewed and/or had meetings with over 30 companies throughout the US and Asia, plus dozens more at trade shows over the last 6 months. This is a comprehensive look at the technology and market opportunity by a top-level team of Insight Media analysts.

There are many technical, market, business and pricing discussions in this report.

• Which LED types will dominate - standard white, enhanced gamut white or RGB?
• How will they be introduced in notebooks, monitors and TVs?
• Which will use edge-lit and which a direct type backlight approach?
• How will alternative technologies like EEFL and FFL penetrate the market?
• What will be the impact of the current difficult economic situation on overall demand?

• Market factors influencing BLU requirements
• Detailed review of BLU requirements for LCD TV, Monitors and Notebooks
• Analysis of BLU materials and their impact on performance
• Analysis and forecast of BLU bill-of-material costs
• Analysis and forecast of alternative technology penetration
• Analysis of economic conditions influencing the BLU market
• Specific opportunities for suppliers in the BLU value chain

This report aims to supply technologists, managers, product planners, engineers, researchers and marketing personnel with the information needed to evaluate LCD BLU technology trends and design trades for large screen applications such as laptop computers, desktop monitors and LCD TV. Armed with the technical and market data provided in this report, key decision makers will be equipped to assess technology alternatives and make informed decisions as they plan products and business investments in large panel LCD products.

• This report should be purchased by anyone involved in research, development or design of large screen LCD panels.
• The report is of value to people planning large screen LCD products.
• Component suppliers to the LCD panel and set manufacturers who need to understand the future trends in the market.
  • Backlight manufacturers
  • Solid-state lighting suppliers
  • Suppliers of the LCD drive electronics
  • LCD materials
• Product managers and product planners in LCD or other display systems.
• Engineers and researchers involved in rear projection systems.

The report is delivered as a PDF file under a site license agreement. Private webinar and on-site presentations and discussions of the data in this report are also available.

1. Introduction

• 1.1. Goals
• 1.2. Scope
• 1.3. Methodology
• 1.4. Executive Summary

2. Market Summary

• 2.1. Market Opportunity

3. Backlight Technical Review

• 3.1. General Requirements
• 3.2. BLU Classification
• 3.3. Direct-view BLU
• 3.4. Edge-light BLU
• 3.5. Overview of Backlight Technical Issues
• 3.6. BLU Design Requirements
• 3.7. LCD-TV BL Design Considerations
• 3.8. Monitor BL Design Considerations
• 3.9. Notebook Display BL Design Considerations

4. Backlight Materials and Performance Impacts

• 4.1. LCD Panel Industry Structure
  • 4.1.1. LCD Panel Manufacturers
• 4.2. Adaptive or Controllable Backlights
  • 4.2.1. General Considerations
  • 4.2.2. Adaptive Dimming
  • 4.2.3. High Dynamic Range Displays
  • 4.2.4. Color Sequential Systems
  • 4.2.5. Blinking Backlight for Contrast Improvement
  • 4.2.6. Scanning Backlights for Motion Artifact Reduction
• 4.3. Light Sources
  • 4.3.1. Overview/Technical Issues
  • 4.3.2. Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp (CCFL)
  • 4.3.3. External Electrode Fluorescent Lamp (EEFL)
  • 4.3.4. Hot cathode fluorescent lamps (HCFL)
  • 4.3.5. Flat fluorescent lamps
  • 4.3.6. Light Emitting Diodes (LED)
  • 4.3.7. Carbon Nanotube Lamps
  • 4.3.8. Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Backlights
• 4.4. Optical Films
  • 4.4.1. Diffuser Films and Plates
  • 4.4.2. Brightness Enhancement Films
  • 4.4.3. Pre-polarizing Films
  • 4.4.4. Optical Film Manufacturers
  • 4.4.5. Reflective Films
  • 4.4.6. Optical Film Technology Roadmaps
• 4.5. Light Guide Plate (Edge-lit BLs)
  • 4.5.1. Design Considerations & Alternatives
  • 4.5.2. Light Guide Configurations
  • 4.5.3. Light Guide Technology Roadmaps
• 4.6. Backlight Electronics
  • 4.6.1. CCFL Inverters
  • 4.6.2. LED Drivers
• 4.7. BLU Manufacturers

5. BOM & Thru-Put Analysis

• 5.1. Analysis Assumptions Including: Key Technical & Supply Chain Issues
• 5.2. BLU Cost Models
  • 5.2.1. Cost Model Overview
  • 5.2.2. LCD-TV BLU Cost Model & Throughput Model
  • 5.2.3. LCD Monitor BLU Cost Model & Throughput Model
  • 5.2.4. Notebook LCD BLU Cost Model & Throughput Model

6. BLU Technology Penetration Analyses

• 6.1. Baseline Demand Forecast
• 6.2. Economic Factors
  • 6.2.1. Why Adjust the Baseline Demand Forecast?
  • 6.2.2. Negative Economic Indicators
  • 6.2.3. Positive Economic Indicators
  • 6.2.4. Is the US in a Recession?
  • 6.2.5. When Will the Economy Recover?
• 6.3. Rating and Ranking of BLU Alternatives
• 6.4. Notebooks
  • 6.4.1. Baseline Notebook Demand Forecast Size
  • 6.4.2. Adjusted Notebook Demand Forecast
  • 6.4.3. Notebook BLU Technology Penetration Forecasts
• 6.5. Monitors
  • 6.5.1. Baseline Monitor Forecast
  • 6.5.2. Adjusted Monitor Demand Forecast
  • 6.5.3. Monitor BLU Technology Penetration Forecasts
• 6.6. LCD-TVs
  • 6.6.1. Baseline LCD-TV Forecast
  • 6.6.2. Adjusted LCD-TV Forecast
  • 6.6.3. TV BLU Technology Penetration Forecasts

7. Backlight Unit Opportunity Analyses

• 7.1. LCD-TV Backlights
  • Electronics
  • Optical Films
  • Light Sources
  • Mechanical
  • Supply Chain
• 7.2. LCD Desktop Monitor Backlights
• 7.3. Notebook PC Backlights
• 7.4. Conclusions

8. Appendix A - LCD BLU Cost Breakdown Summary

9. Appendix B - BLU Throughput Analysis

• 9.1. Throughput Model Analysis - Overview

10. Appendix C - Color Gamut Metrics for LCD Displays

11. Appendix D - Acronyms Used in Report

• Figure 2-1: World Wide LCD Panel Shipments and Forecast (Source: Displaybank)
• Figure 2-2: LCD Worldwide Shipments, Forecast and Growth (Source: Displaybank)
• Figure 2-3: LCD Monitor Price Trends for 12 Months Preceding March 2008 (Source: Displaybank)
• Figure 2-4: LCD-TV Price Trends for 12 Months Preceding March 2008 (Source: Displaybank)
• Figure 2-5: Notebook LCD Panel Price Trends for 12 Months Preceding April 2008 (Source: Displaybank)
• Figure 2-6: Monitor LCD Panel Price Trends for 12 Months Preceding April 2008 (Source: Displaybank)
• Figure 2-7: LCD TV Panel Price Trends for 12 Months Preceding April 2008 (Source: Displaybank)
• Figure 3-1: Typical LCD Module Construction
• Figure 3-2: Comparison of Direct-View (L) and Edge-Light (R) BLU (Mechanical Housings Omitted for Clarity)
• Figure 3-3: Typical Lamp/Reflector Assembly for Edge-Lit BLU
• Figure 3-4: Edge-Light BL with Wedge-Type Light Guide
• Figure 3-5: Example of Dynamic Contrast Expansion Using BL Area Dimming
• Figure 3-6: Example of Motion Blur Reduction Using BL Flashing
• Figure 3-7: CIE Diagram Showing Typical and Expanded Color Gamuts
• Figure 3-8: Active Matrix OLED Display
• Figure 3-9: Relative Importance of Various Performance Factors for LCD-TV, Monitor & Notebook Displays
• Figure 3-10: LCD-TV BLU Assembly and Exploded View (R) Showing Typical Film Stack
• Figure 3-11: Color Gamut Plot of Multi-Primary LCD With and Without WCG CCFL; Spectral Comparison of Normal and WCG (Custom for MPC LCD)9
• Figure 3-12 Comparison of Motion Blur Reduction Methods (Courtesy of Samsung Corning)
• Figure 3-13 Lamp Reduction Uniformity Explanation: Original Lamps and Film Stack (L), Reduced Lamp Count and Original Film Stack (R), Reduced Lamp Count and Improved Film Stack (C) Showing Higher Luminance with Original Uniformity
• Figure 3-14: Monitor BLU Assembly (L) and Light Guide Insertion (R)
• Figure 3-15: Monitor BLU View of Lamp Holder (L) Showing Dual-Lamp Configuration, and Exploded View (R) Showing Typical Film Stack
• Figure 4-1: LCD Module and Product Industry Structure
• Figure 4-2: CEYX Technology BLU Logical Design
• Figure 4-3: High Dynamic Range Display from Dolby: LED Array with LCD Panel (L) and High Dynamic Range LCD Monitor (R)
• Figure 4-4: Color Sequential LCD
• Figure 4-5: Contrast Improvement with a Blinking Backlight
• Figure 4-6: Motion Artifact Reduction with a Scanning Backlight: HCFL Illumination (L) and Ideal Timing Diagram for a Scanning Backlight (R)
• Figure 4-7 Structure of Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp
• Figure 4-8 Operation Principle of Fluorescent Lamp
• Figure 4-9: CCFL Electrode Material Performance (Data Courtesy of Kumho Electric)
• Figure 4-10 Harison Toshiba Life Test Data for Over-Coated Phosphor CCFL
• Figure 4-11 Comparison of UV Emission in CCFLs with (L) and Without (R) UV Treatment
• Figure 4-12 External Electrode Fluorescent Lamp Structures
• Figure 4-13 Comparison of Lumen Maintenance (L) and Chromaticity Shift (R) for HCFL and CCFL Lamps (from Wellypower)
• Figure 4-14: FFL BLU Structure Compared to CCFL BLU
• Figure 4-15: Luminance Output Over Operating Temperature for Hg-CCFL and Hg-Free FFL
• Figure 4-16 Flat Fluorescent Lamp with Tubular Structure (Note Photo at Left is Contrast Enhanced to Show Tubular Structure)
• Figure 4-17 Schematic of Two FFL Structures: Basic Structure (L) and Osram Planon (R) Showing Coplanar Electrode Configuration
• Figure 4-18 FFL Electrode Patterns and Discharge Characteristics of Several Manufacturers
• Figure 4-19 Efficiency Projections for Hg Free FFL (from Samsung Corning)
• Figure 4-20 Example of Contrast Extension with Local Area Dimming (A) and Overdrive (B) Using Samsung Corning "Active Brightness Control"
• Figure 4-21 Cost Projections for Hg Free FFL (from Samsung Corning)
• Figure 4-22 Comparison of LED Efficiency with Junction Temperature (From Lumileds)
• Figure 4-23 Alternate Configurations of White LEDs: BLUE + YEL Phosphor (L), BLUE + RED Enhanced Phosphor (C), RGB Die (R)
• Figure 4-24 Comparison of Manufacturers Color Bins for White LEDs
• Figure 4-25 TV BLU Using Early Lumileds High-Flux LED Design
• Figure 4-26 Alternate LED Configurations for Direct View LED BLUs
• Figure 4-27 Luminus Devices BLU Using PhlatLight LED Module
• Figure 4-28 High-Power White LEDs - Lumileds Rebel (L) [70L @ 350mA], Osram Golden Dragon (R) [45L @ 350mA] in RGGB Quad Layout and Nichia NS6W083T [60L @ 30mA]
• Figure 4-29 Mid-Power White LEDs (PLCC-6) - Osram LWG6SP (L) [18L @ 140mA] and Avago ASMT-QWB2-Nxxxx [17L @ 150mA].
• Figure 4-30 Edge-Lit LED Monitor BLU (L) and ERG LED Rail (R)
• Figure 4-31 RGB SMD LEDs: Kingbright (L) and Osram Opto (R)
• Figure 4-32 Notebook LCD LED BLU Implementation and Inlet Optic (L) from GLT
• Figure 4-33 Example of Prism Light Guide Implementation (from Enplas)
• Figure 4-34 Depiction of LED Color and Luminance Variation Impact on Notebook Display Uniformity
• Figure 4-35 Toyoda Gosei Co. (White: E1S63-YW1T7-06) SEOUL Semiconductor (White: KWTS907) and Nichia (RGB: NSSM038AT)
• Figure 4-36 CNT Technology from Iljin Nanotech (L) and Samsung SDI (R)
• Figure 4-37 Typical Film Configurations for TV, Monitor and Notebook BLUs
• Figure 4-38 Optical Film Trends for TV BLUs
• Figure 4-39 Diffuser Products (top) - Sejin T.S. Co.; Haze and Transmission Characteristics (bottom) - SKC, Inc. both of Korea
• Figure 4-40 Coated Diffuser Film Depiction (L) and Photomicrograph of Coated Diffuser (C) and Micro-Structured Surface Diffuser - GE Illuminex (R)
• Figure 4-41 Volumetric Diffuser (GE Illuminex)
• Figure 4-42 Directional Diffuser Intensity Distribution
• Figure 4-43 BEF Operational Principal
• Figure 4-44 Examples of Prism Film Luminance Gains: Vertical & Horizontal vs. Viewing Angle for Single Prism Film (L), and On-Axis Gain for Single- and Crossed-BEF-III (R)
• Figure 4-45: Photomicrographs of Surface Relief Diffusers: Circular (L) from Reflexite, Elliptical (C) from Luminit, and Standard Products Table from Wavefront (R)
• Figure 4-46: Structure of Kodak "Brightness Enhancement Article" from US 7,160,017
• Figure 4-47: Operational Principle of Reflective Pre-Polarizer (DBEF)
• Figure 4-48: Performance Example for Notebook LCD Module with DBEF (L) and Without
• Figure 4-49 Structure of Gore DRP (from US 5,892,621)
• Figure 4-50 Furukawa MC-PET Structure and Performance
• Figure 4-51 DuPont Optilon Performance Characteristics
• Figure 4-52 Optical Film Technology Roadmap - MNTech (Korea)
• Figure 4-53 New Version Prism Films: Efun (L), Gamma Optical (C), Shinwha (R)
• Figure 4-54: Micro-Lens Patterned Multi-Functional Film (Shinwha)
• Figure 4-55: Shinwha Intertek Multi-Functional Prism Film (L), MNTech (R)
• Figure 4-56 Edge-Light BL with Wedge-Type Light Guide
• Figure 4-57 Typical Flat-LGP BLU Structure and Prism Sheet Geometry
• Figure 4-58: LGP Texture Development Roadmap (from LITS, Inc., Korea)
• Figure 4-59: LGP Gradient Texture Example from US 5,093,765 (L) and Product Examples (R)
• Figure 4-60 LGP Texture Pattern Examples (from Radiant Opto-Electronics Corp., Taiwan)
• Figure 4-61 Prism-Type LGP BLU Structure and Reverse Prism Sheet Geometry
• Figure 4-62 Comparison of Conventional to Prism-Type LGP BLUs
• Figure 4-63 Light Guide Plate with Inlet Features for Broadly Spaced LEDs (from US 6,797,095 - Samsung)
• Figure 4-64 Single Lamp (L) and Multi-Lamp CCFL Inverter/Controllers (from US 6,459,216)
• Figure 4-65 Multi-Lamp CCFL Inverter/Controllers from US 7,042,171 (L)
• Figure 4-66 Standard 16 Output CCFL Inverter (L) and "Auto-Balance Inverter (R) Showing Four-Fold Reduction in Transformers (courtesy of Kumho Electric)
• Figure 4-67 Color Sensing and Control Circuits: Lumileds Block Diagram and Avago Controller
• Figure 6-1: Displaybank' s Worldwide LCD Panel Demand Forecast by Category
• Figure 6-2: Baseline Notebook LCD Panel Demand Forecast by Size
• Figure 6-3: Comparison of LED Penetration Forecasts
• Figure 6-4: LCD Monitor Panel Demand Forecast by Size
• Figure 6-5: LED BLU Forecast by Monitor Size and Year
• Figure 6-6: LCD-TV Panel Demand Forecast by Size
• Figure 6-7: Historical Look at LED BLU Product Offerings
• Figure 6-8: TV BLU Edge-Light Size Market Penetration
• Figure 10-1: Chromaticity Diagram, 1931 CIE
• Figure 10-2: Video Display Color Gamut Standards on CIE 1931 Diagram
• Figure 10-3: Pointer Color Gamut Compared to NTSC on the CIE 1931 Diagram

• Table 1-1 Companies Interviewed for 2008 BLU Report
• Table 1-2 Relative BLU Performance for Various Light Source Technologies
• Table 1-3 Projected LED BLU Penetration into Notebook and TV Products
• Table 1-4 Key Analysis Positions for BLU Light Source Technologies
• Table 3-1 Technical Issues of Interest to LCD-TV, Monitor and Notebook Panel Manufacturers
• Table 3-2: Summary of Key requirements for TV, Notebook and Monitor Products and BLU
• Table 4-1: Worldwide LCD Panel Manufacturers
• Table 4-2: Top CCFL Lamp Manufacturers (90% of Worldwide Shipments)
• Table 4-3: Sanken Electric Typical Lamp Product Data
• Table 4-4 Mechanisms of Hg Consumption in CCFL and Proposed Improvement Actions (from Wellypower, Inc.)
• Table 4-5 Manufacturers of EEFL for Large Screen Applications
• Table 4-6 NuLight FFL Product Availability
• Table 4-7 Recent LED Backlight Penetration Forecast
• Table 4-8 Current LED Backlit Commercial Products
• Table 4-9 LED Technical Benefits and Challenges Summary
• Table 4-10 Comparison of LED Benefits, Issues and BL Options by Product Category
• Table 4-11 Monitor LED Backlight Performance Estimate
• Table 4-12 NB LED Quantities by Size
• Table 4-13 Leading LED Suppliers for LCD BLU Applications
• Table 4-14 Optical Film Manufacturers Worldwide
• Table 4-15: Reflector Film Manufacturers
• Table 4-16 LCD BLU Manufacturers with Notebook, Monitor and/or TV Capability
• Table 5-1 Key Analysis Positions for BLU Light Source Technologies
• Table 5-2 Key Analysis Positions for BLU Components
• Table 5-3: CCFL BLU Cost Model by Application, Size and Resolution
• Table 5-4: LCD TV BLU Cost Comparison for Selected Module Configuration (High-Flux RGB-LED is Edge-Lit)
• Table 5-5: LCD TV BLU Throughput Analysis - CCFL, Enhanced W-LED and High Flux RGB LED (Please see Appendix B for a detailed explanation of Throughput)
• Table 5-6: LCD Monitor BLU Cost Comparison for Selected Module Configurations
• Table 5-7 LCD Monitor LED BLU Throughput Analysis - CCFL and White LED (Please see Appendix B for a detailed explanation of Throughput)
• Table 5-8 Notebook BLU Cost Comparison for Selected Module Configurations
• Table 5-9 Notebook LED BLU Throughput Analysis - CCFL and White LED (Please see Appendix B for a detailed explanation of Throughput)
• Table 6-1: Explanation of BLU Performance Criteria
• Table 6-2:: Summary of Relative BLU Performance
• Table 6-3: Performance Weighting by Application
• Table 6-4: Notebook Weighted Relative BLU Performance
• Table 6-5: Monitor Weighted Relative BLU Performance
• Table 6-6: LCD TV Weighted Relative BLU Performance
• Table 6-7: Baseline Notebook LCD Panel Demand History and Forecast by Size Range
• Table 6-8: Notebook Panel Demand Adjustment Matrix
• Table 6-9: Notebook Panel Adjusted Demand Forecast
• Table 6-10: Forecast LED BLU Product Penetration in Notebook LCD Panels
• Table 6-11: LCD Monitor Panel Demand History and Forecast by Size Range
• Table 6-12: Adjustment Matrix for Monitor Demand Forecast
• Table 6-13: Adjusted Monitor Demand Forecast
• Table 6-14: Forecast LED BLU Product Penetration in Desktop Monitor LCD Panels
• Table 6-15: Baseline LCD-TV Panel Demand
• Table 6-16: Baseline LCD TV Demand Forecast by % Screen Size
• Table 6-17: LCD TV Demand Adjustment Matrix
• Table 6-18: Adjusted LCD TV Demand Forecast
• Table 6-19: Key Technical Assumptions in TV BLU Analysis
• Table 6-20: TV CCFL BLU Market Penetration Forecasts (includes HCFL & EEFL)
• Table 6-21: TV LED BLU Market Penetration Forecasts
• Table 6-22: 2006 BLU Penetration Results
• Table 6-23: 2007 BLU Penetration Results
• Table 6-24: 2008 BLU Penetration Forecast
• Table 6-25: 2009 BLU Penetration Forecast
• Table 6-26: 2010 BLU Penetration Forecast
• Table 6-27: 2011 BLU Penetration Forecast
• Table 6-28: 2012 BLU Penetration Forecast
• Table 8-1 Notebook BLU Cost Breakdown for Selected Configurations
• Table 8-2 BLU Configurations for Notebook
• Table 8-3 Monitor BLU Cost Breakdown for Selected Configurations
• Table 8-4 BLU Configurations for Monitor
• Table 8-5 LCD TV BLU Cost Breakdown for Selected Configurations
• Table 8-6 BLU Configurations for LCD TV
• Table 8-7 Example Cost Analysis and Forward-looking Projections for LED Notebook BLU
• Table 9-1 Units and Measures
• Table 9-2 Example of BLU Calculations for 42" 1080p LCD TV Module
• Table 10-1 Color Coordinates (CIE 1931) for Key Video Color Gamut Standards