Abstract
The Need:
3D display technology has been with us in various forms for over 150 years. Recent developments in the display technology, supporting technologies such as formats and 3D rendering, and consumer tastes have made increases in the application of 3D a likely possibility in the near future. It is necessary to understand these technical and market changes in order to make business plans accommodating both 2D and 3D displays.
Report Objective:
The objective of this report is to supply managers, product planners, engineers and researchers with the information needed to understand and plan for 3D display systems. The information required to make solid decisions includes understanding the recent changes in 3D display technology, improvements in supporting technologies such as compression, formats and standards and increased 3D image source availability.
Currently 3D displays are used in only a few specialized professional applications and by consumer hobbyists and enthusiasts. With the recent introduction of 3D display technologies that have image quality comparable to the best 2D LCD displays and only a modest price premium over 2D displays, it is likely that 3D will expand its market share in the next few years. To meet this market challenge, current display makers, system makers and start-ups must understand 3D technology, applications and markets. In the past there has been a lot of excitement and exaggerated forecasts about 3D technologies, but little hard marketing information to support it. This report strips away the hype and takes a realistic view of 3D display technology and its future in the professional and consumer electronics sectors.
Highlights:
- Description of all major 3D display technologies including:
- Technologies that require active or passive glasses
- Autostereoscopic technologies requiring no glasses
- Volumetric technologies
- Technologies compatible with existing video distribution systems
- Technologies suitable for displays from cellphone-sized to giant cinema screens
- 3D image generation including:
- Computer graphics and CAD
- 3D camera systems
- 2D to 3D conversion
- 3D video formats, especially those backward-compatible with the existing video infrastructure
- 3D applications and markets
- Forecasts of the use of 3D display technology in 20+ markets through 2011
- Opportunity analysis for 3D broken down by application, display size and display technology
- Roadmaps for technology improvements needed to increase 3D market penetration
- A list of 650+ companies, universities, consortia and standards bodies involved in 3D display technology
- Brief profiles of 26 companies producing 3D displays
- View the complete table of contents
An example of the type of data that can be found in this new report is shown in the graphic below. This graph shows the Large Screen (>40”) market forecast for 3D displays through 2011. Most of these displays are currently projection systems although LCD flat panel displays are expected to penetrate the lower size ranges in this category before 2011. These displays are currently used mainly for cinema, data visualization, corporate branding and education. The forecast represents the revenue realized by the 3D industry as a result of retrofit/add-on 3D capabilities or dedicated systems.
Table of Contents
1 Table of Contents
- Table of Figures
- Table of Tables
2 Introduction
3 Executive Summary
- 3.1. Human Factors of 3D
- 3.2. 3D Image Generation and Conversion Technologies
- 3.3. Image Processing, Formats and Standards
- 3.4. Current and Emerging 3D Display Technologies
- 3.4.1. Glasses-Dependent 3D Technologies
- 3.4.1.1. Glasses-Dependent Direct View Technology
- 3.4.1.2. Glasses-Dependent Projection Technologies
- 3.4.1.3. Head-Mounted Displays
- 3.4.2. Glasses-Free Technologies
- 3.4.2.1. Autostereoscopic Displays
- 3.4.2.2. Volumetric Displays
- 3.4.2.3. Holographic Displays
- 3.4.1. Glasses-Dependent 3D Technologies
- 3.5. Applications of 3D Displays
- 3.5.1. Benefits of 3D
- 3.5.2. Need for 3D Market Research
- 3.5.3. Major and Minor Applications for 3D
- 3.5.4. 3D Display Technology Suitable for Various Applications
- 3.6. Market Opportunity Forecasts for 3D Displays
- 3.7. Conclusions
- 3.8. Appendix A
- 3.9. Appendix B
- 3.10. Appendix C
4 Human Factors Of 3D Displays
- 4.1. Introduction
- 4.2. Psychological Depth Cues
- 4.2.1. Interposition
- 4.2.2. Linear Perspective
- 4.2.3. Aerial Perspective
- 4.2.4. The Size of the Image
- 4.2.5. Texture
- 4.2.6. Shadows
- 4.2.7. Motion Parallax
- 4.3. Physiological Depth Cues
- 4.3.1. Accommodation
- 4.3.2. Convergence
- 4.3.3. Disparity and Parallax
- 4.3.4. Stereopsis
- 4.4. Summary of Human Depth Perception
- 4.4.1. Depth Cues at Various Distances
- 4.4.2. Stereoblind and Stereoanomolus Viewers
- 4.4.3. Requirements for Left/Right Eye Image Properties
- 4.4.4. Special Requirements Dependent on Display Technology
- 4.4.4.1. Time-Sequential 3D Displays
- 4.4.4.2. Autostereoscopic Displays
- 4.4.4.3. Perspective Changes in Two-View Displays
- 4.4.4.4. Volumetric Displays
- 4.4.4.5. Conflict Between Accommodation and Convergence
- 4.4.4.6. Border Problems
- 4.4.4.7. Head Mounted Displays
5 3D Image Generation
- 5.1. Image Capture from Real Objects
- 5.1.1. Capture of Still Images
- 5.1.2. Capture of Moving 3D images
- 5.1.3. Discussion of Issues Related to Camera Image Capture
- 5.1.3.1. Interaxial separation
- 5.1.3.2. Convergence
- 5.1.3.3. Mounting systems
- 5.1.3.4. Focal Length and Image Magnification
- 5.1.3.5. Synchronization and Exposure
- 5.1.3.6. Comments on the Relationship Between Image Capture and Display
- 5.1.4. Image Capture by Direct Measurement of Depth
- 5.1.5. Medical Image Capture
- 5.1.6. Image Acquisition for Oil and Gas Exploration
- 5.2. 2D to 3D Conversion
- 5.2.1. Motion Video or Film
- 5.2.2. Digital or Photographic Still Images
- 5.3. Computer Graphics
- 5.3.1. Modeling
- 5.3.1.1. Constructive Solid Geometry
- 5.3.1.2. NURBS Modeling
- 5.3.1.3. Polygonal Modeling
- 5.3.1.4. Subdivision Surfaces
- 5.3.2. Scene Layout Setup
- 5.3.3. Rendering
- 5.3.3.1. Open Graphics Library (OpenGL)
- 5.3.3.2. Direct3D
- 5.3.3.3. Comments Relating to OpenGL and Direct3D.
- 5.3.1. Modeling
6 Image Processing, Formats and Standards
- 6.1. Introduction
- 6.2. Image Processing and Compression
- 6.3. Formats
- 6.3.1. Field Sequential
- 6.3.2. Interlaced Field Sequential
- 6.3.3. Segment and Line Sequential
- 6.3.4. Interdigitated
- 6.3.5. Above and Below
- 6.3.6. Side by Side
- 6.3.7. Dual Stream
- 6.3.8. Stereo Ready Computers
- 6.3.9. White Line Code
- 6.4. Standards
- 6.4.1. 3D Video on DVD and Broadcast Television
- 6.4.2. 3D on the Web
- 6.4.3. 3D in the Cinema
- 6.4.4. Other Standards Organizations and Initiatives
- 6.4.5. Adobe Acrobat 3D
7 3D Display Technology
- 7.1. Introduction
- 7.2. Stereoscopic Displays
- 7.2.1. Direct View Single Display
- 7.2.1.1. Active Polarizing Glasses
- 7.2.1.2. Passive Polarizing Glasses
- 7.2.1.3. Anaglyphic Direct View with Passive Glasses
- 7.2.2. Direct View Dual Display
- 7.2.2.1. StereoMirror
- 7.2.2.2. Stacked LCD Display
- 7.2.3. Single Projector Systems
- 7.2.3.1. Active Polarizing Glasses
- 7.2.3.2. Passive Polarizing Glasses
- 7.2.3.3. Anaglyphic Single Projector Systems with Passive Glasses
- 7.2.4. Dual Projector Systems
- 7.2.4.1. Passive Polarizing Glasses
- 7.2.5. Anaglyphic Projection with Two Projectors and Passive Glasses
- 7.2.6. Infitec Projection with Two Projectors and Passive Glasses
- 7.2.1. Direct View Single Display
- 7.3. Stereoscopic Head Mounted Displays
- 7.4. Multiview Autostereoscopic 3D Displays
- 7.4.1. Parallax Barrier
- 7.4.2. Time Multiplexed Barrier Rib
- 7.4.3. Lenticular Autostereoscopic Displays
- 7.4.4. Prism Based Autostereoscopic Displays
- 7.4.5. Multiview 3D Autostereoscopic Displays
- 7.4.6. 2D/3D Switchable Displays
- 7.5. Volumetric 3D Displays
- 7.5.1. Multiplane
- 7.5.2. Rotating Image Planes
- 7.5.3. Vibrating Membrane
- 7.6. Other 3D Display Technologies
- 7.6.1. Micro-polarizer Technology
- 7.6.2. Holographic Displays
- 7.6.3. Holographic "Like" Displays
- 7.6.4. Integral Imaging
- 7.6.5. Head Down Two-Display System
- 7.6.5.1. Intuitive Surgical
- 7.6.5.2. Kodak
- 7.7. Other Ways to Display 3D Effects
- 7.7.1. Chromostereoscopic Systems
- 7.7.2. Pulfrich Effect
- 7.7.3. 3D Printing and Rapid Prototyping
- 7.8. Navigation of 3D Images
8 3D Applications and Markets
- 8.1. Overview of 3D Markets
- 8.1.1. Professional and Government Markets
- 8.1.2. Consumer Markets
- 8.1.3. Market Segment Analyses
- 8.2. Consumer Fixed and Semi-Portable
- 8.2.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.2.1.1. Television
- 8.2.1.2. Gaming
- 8.2.1.3. Consumer Computer Monitors & Laptops
- 8.2.1.4. Portable DVD Players
- 8.2.1.5. Automotive and Aircraft Entertainment Systems
- 8.2.1.6. Navigation Systems
- 8.2.1.7. Gadgets and Toys
- 8.2.2. 3D Requirements to Satisfy this Market
- 8.2.2.1. Source Material
- 8.2.2.2. Formats and Standards
- 8.2.2.3. Display Requirements
- 8.2.3. Current State of the 3D Market
- 8.2.4. Market Forecasts
- 8.2.4.1. Total Revenue for Consumer Fixed and Semi-Portable 3D Systems
- 8.2.5. Major Players in This Market Segment
- 8.2.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.3. Consumer Mobile systems
- 8.3.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.3.1.1. Cell Phones and PDAs
- 8.3.1.2. Portable Media Players
- 8.3.1.3. Hand held games
- 8.3.1.4. Digital still and video cameras
- 8.3.2. 3D Requirements to Satisfy this Market
- 8.3.2.1. Source Material
- 8.3.2.2. Formats and Standards
- 8.3.2.3. Display Requirements
- 8.3.3. Current State of the 3D Market
- 8.3.4. Market Forecasts
- 8.3.5. Major Players in This Market Segment
- 8.3.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.4. Digital Signage and Corporate Branding
- 8.4.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.4.1.1. Digital Signage for Information
- 8.4.1.2. Consumer Advertising
- 8.4.1.3. Trade Shows
- 8.4.1.4. Corporate Branding
- 8.4.2. 3D Requirements to Satisfy this Market
- 8.4.2.1. Source Material
- 8.4.2.2. Formats and Standards
- 8.4.2.3. Display Requirements
- 8.4.3. Current State of the 3D Market
- 8.4.4. Market Forecasts
- 8.4.4.1. Digital Signage Forecasts
- 8.4.4.2. Trade Show and Corporate Branding
- 8.4.4.3. Revenues from Corporate Branding, Trade Shows and Digital Signage
- 8.4.5. Major Players in This Market Segment
- 8.4.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.5. Cinema & Location Based Entertainment
- 8.5.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.5.1.1. Production and Post-Production
- 8.5.1.2. Theatrical Presentation
- 8.5.1.3. Location Based Entertainment
- 8.5.2. 3D Requirements to Satisfy this Market
- 8.5.2.1. Source Material
- 8.5.2.2. Formats and Standards
- 8.5.2.3. Display Requirements
- 8.5.3. Current State of the 3D Market
- 8.5.4. Market Forecasts
- 8.5.4.1. 3D Display Revenues for Cinema and Location-Based Entertainment
- 8.5.5. Major Players in This Market Segment
- 8.5.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.6. Medical & Dental
- 8.6.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.6.1.1. Minimally Invasive Surgery
- 8.6.1.2. MR/CT and other 3D imaging technologies
- 8.6.1.3. Dental
- 8.6.1.4. Medical Training
- 8.6.2. 3D Requirements to Satisfy this Market
- 8.6.2.1. Source Material
- 8.6.2.2. Formats and Standards
- 8.6.2.3. Display Requirements
- 8.6.3. Current State of the 3D Market
- 8.6.4. Market Forecasts
- 8.6.5. Major Players in This Market Segment
- 8.6.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.7. Automotive and Other CAD Design
- 8.7.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.7.1.1. Automotive Design
- 8.7.1.2. Aviation Design
- 8.7.1.3. Architecture, Engineering and Construction
- 8.7.1.4. Other CAD Design
- 8.7.2. 3D Requirements to Satisfy this Market
- 8.7.2.1. Source Material
- 8.7.2.2. Formats and Standards
- 8.7.2.3. Display Requirements
- 8.7.3. Current State of the 3D Market
- 8.7.4. Market Forecasts
- 8.7.5. Major Players in This Market Segment
- 8.7.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.8. Data Visualization
- 8.8.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.8.1.1. Computational Fluid Dynamics
- 8.8.1.2. Oil and Gas Exploration
- 8.8.1.3. Molecular Design & Biochemistry
- 8.8.1.4. Astronomy and Astrophysics
- 8.8.1.5. Geospatial analysis
- 8.8.2. 3D Requirements to Satisfy this Market
- 8.8.2.1. Source Material
- 8.8.2.2. Formats and Standards
- 8.8.2.3. Display Requirements
- 8.8.3. Current State of the 3D Market
- 8.8.4. Market Forecasts
- 8.8.5. Major Players in This Market Segment
- 8.8.1. Description of the 2D and 3D market
- 8.9. Other 3D Markets
- 8.9.1. Gambling and Pinball Machines
- 8.9.2. Other Industrial Applications
- 8.9.3. City Planning
- 8.9.4. Meteorology
- 8.9.5. Airport Operations and Air Traffic Control
- 8.9.6. Military
- 8.9.7. Police, Fire and Security
9 3D Display Market Opportunity
- 9.1. Market Opportunity by Application Category
- 9.1.1. Consumer
- 9.1.2. Professional
- 9.2. Market Opportunity By Display Size
- 9.2.1. Small Screen
- 9.2.2. Mid-Sized Screens
- 9.2.3. Large-Screen
- 9.3. Market Opportunity By Display Technology
- 9.3.1. Stereoscopic
- 9.3.2. Autostereoscopic
- 9.3.3. Volumetric
- 9.4. Total Market Opportunity
10 Roadmaps for Future Developments
- 10.1. Image Generation
- 10.2. Formats and Standards
- 10.3. Display Technology
- 10.4. Applications
11 Appendix A: 3D Workshop
- 11.1. 3D Workshop Agenda
- 11.2. Summary of 3D Workshop
- 11.2.1. Summary of the Conference Sessions
- 11.2.2. Exhibitor Highlights.
12 Appendix B: Profiles
- 12.1. 3D-IP/Cobalt Entertainment
- 12.2. Actuality Systems, Inc.
- 12.3. Barco
- 12.4. Christie
- 12.5. DDD
- 12.6. Deeplight
- 12.7. eMagin Corporation
- 12.8. Fakespace Systems, Inc.
- 12.9. Holografika
- 12.10. INFITEC Gmbh
- 12.11. Kodak
- 12.12. Lightspace Technologies
- 12.13. Lightspeed Design Group
- 12.14. NewSight (X3D Technologies (DDD), 4D-Vision, Opticality)
- 12.15. NuVision (MacNaughton, Inc.)
- 12.16. Nvidia Corporation
- 12.17. Ocuity
- 12.18. Pavonine Inc.
- 12.19. Philips 3D Solutions
- 12.20. Planar Systems - Fergason Patent Properties
- 12.21. RealD (Stereographics)
- 12.22. Seereal Technologies Gmbh
- 12.23. Sensio
- 12.24. Sharp
- 12.25. TDVision Systems
- 12.26. Virtra Systems
