Abstract
INTRODUCTION
This report examines various alternative transportation fuels (ATFs) and their ability to reduce America' s reliance on petroleum (particularly imported petroleum) and to reduce pollution and greenhouse gases (GHG).
Furthermore, the report will determine those fuels that are economically viable, and will provide indications as to which are the most promising, primarily in the short-term (through 2011), but without ignoring longer term issues. This is essential in view of public and private investment, particularly as legislation and government intervention is required to promote fuel use.
SCOPE OF STUDY
This report contains:
- The United States market for alternative transportation fuels, broken down by type; these include ethanol, biodiesel, LPG (propane), natural gas, electricity and electric vehicles, hybrid cars, and hydrogen
- Market data and trends, including a five-year forecast period and compound annual growth rates through 2011
- Analyses of important technological developments and trends
- A detailed review of important and upcoming patents
- Profiles for all the top players in the industry.
INFORMATION SOURCES
Data and projections in this report are based on the following sources:
- federal and state government publications and data centers
- industry and trade association data centers, as well as interviews
- media reports and publications
- academic reports and interviews with leading researchers
- individual company Web sites
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Irwin Rapoport is a 42-year-old freelance writer based in Montreal, Canada. He writes about construction and architecture, as well as on various aspects of science. He has a degree in political science and his interests include nature and the protection of the environment. Having written about architectural design and the use of ' green' technology to reduce energy consumption, the study of alternative transportation fuels and conservation as a means of reducing pollution and green house gases was a natural attraction.
John Symon is a freelance writer based in Montreal. His academic credentials include a Bachelor' s in the environmental sciences, a Master' s in the health sciences, and an MBA. Mr. Symon has written extensively on a variety of subjects, including the medical, environmental, and business fields. Mr Symon is a member of the Professional Writers' Association of Canada (PWAC) and he also writes in French.
Table of Contents
- INTRODUCTIONSTUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
- REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
- INTENDED AUDIENCE
- SCOPE OF REPORT
- INFORMATION SOURCES
- ABOUT THE AUTHORS
- BCC ONLINE SERVICES
- DISCLAIMER
- SUMMARY
- Summary Table:
- U.S. ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUEL (ATF) SUPPLY/FUEL SAVINGS, THROUGH 2011 (MILLIONS OF GASOLINE GALLON EQUIVALENTS)
- Summary Figure:
- U.S. ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUEL (ATF) SUPPLY/FUEL SAVINGS, 2006 (%)
- SUMMARY FIGURE (CONTINUED)
- ETHANOL
- BIODIESEL
- PROPANE AND NATURAL GAS
- ELECTRIC-POWERED VEHICLES
- HYDROGEN
- OVERVIEW
- OVERVIEW
- OVERVIEW (CONTINUED)
- OVERVIEW
- ETHANOL
- ETHANOL
- Table 1 MAJOR WORLD ETHANOL PRODUCERS, THROUGH 2011 (MILLIONS OF GALLONS ALL GRADES)
- Table 2 U.S. MARKET FORECAST FOR ETHANOL, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Figure 1 U.S. MARKET FORECAST FOR ETHANOL, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 3 FACTORS DRIVING ETHANOL DEMAND IN THE U.S.
- Table 4 ETHANOL (E-85) TAILPIPE EMISSIONS VS. GASOLINE
- PRODUCTION Costs
- Table 5 MAJOR EXPORTERS OF CORN (MAIZE), 2005-2012 (MILLIONS OF METRIC TONS)
- Table 6 QUANTITY OF U.S. CORN CROP DEVOTED TO ETHANOL PRODUCTION (BILLIONS OF BUSHELS)
- Table 7 CORN' S POTENTIAL FOR POWERING U.S. VEHICLE FLEETS (%)
- Table 8 ANNUAL U.S. ETHANOL IMPORTS, 2004 (MILLIONS OF GALLONS)
- Table 9 FACTORS LEADING TO SUPPORT FOR ETHANOL IN BRAZIL INCLUDING THE USE OF FLEX-FUEL VEHICLES, 2003-2010 (FFVS)
- Table 10 NUMBER OF U.S. SERVICE STATIONS DISPENSING E-85, AS OF MAY, 2006
- Table 11 U.S. VEHICLES CAPABLE OF USING E-85, MADE AVAILABLE BY YEAR,
THROUGH 2005
- Production Costs (Continued)
- Table 12 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS FOR U.S. ETHANOL
PRODUCERS, AS OF APRIL 2006 (MILLIONS OF GALLONS/ANNUAL CAPACITY)
- Production Costs (Continued)
- Table 13 RESULTS OF STUDIES INTO ETHANOL' S NET ENERGY VALUES (NEVS)
- ENVIRONMENTAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- PATENT ANALYSIS
- Table 14 PROFILE OF PATENT ASSIGNEES (%)
- Table 15 RECENT PATENTS FILED
- PROJECTIONS
- PROJECTIONS (CONTINUED)
- PROJECTIONS
- BIODIESEL
- DEFINITIONS
- Table 16 HOW BIODIESEL (B100) DIFFERS FROM PETRODIESEL
- Table 17 EMISSIONS PROFILE OF PURE BIODIESEL VS. PETRODIESEL (%)
- DEFINITIONS (CONTINUED)
- Table 18 MARKET FORECAST OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN SELECTED COUNTRIES, THROUGH 2011 (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)
- Table 19 U.S. BIODIESEL AND DIESEL MARKET SIZE FOR TRANSPORTATION USE ONLY ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 20 U.S. BIODIESEL MARKET SEGMENTS
- DEFINITIONS (CONTINUED)
- Table 21 FACTORS DRIVING BIODIESEL DEMAND IN THE U.S
- Table 22 FACTORS LIMITING U.S. BIODIESEL DEMAND
- Table 23 U.S. BIODIESEL (B20) PRICES VS. PETRODIESEL BY REGION, FEBRUARY 2006 ($ PER GALLON)
- Table 24 U.S. BIODIESEL MARKET SIZE, 2004-2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Figure 2 U.S. BIODIESEL MARKET SIZE, 2004-2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 25 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS OF U.S. BIODIESEL
PRODUCERS, AS OF APRIL 2006 (ANNUAL CAPACITY IN MILLIONS OF GALLONS)
- DEFINITIONS (CONTINUED)
- Table 26 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK YIELDS (GALLONS PER
ACRE PER YEAR)
- DEFINITIONS (CONTINUED)
- Table 27 VARIOUS FINDINGS RELATING TO THE NET ENERGY VALUE (NEV) OF
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
- ENVIRONMENTAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- BIODIESEL PATENT ANALYSIS
- ENVIRONMENTAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- Table 28 SOYBEAN CULTIVAR PATENTS RELATED TO BIODIESEL, 2006
- FUTURE OF BIODIESEL
- LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG)
- LPG DEFINITIONS
- Table 29 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG): TOTAL U.S. DEMAND, DOMESTIC
PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS, THROUGH 2011 (THOUSANDS OF BARRELS PER DAY)
- U.S. PROPANE CONSUMPTION
- Table 30 U.S. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) DEMAND AS A TRANSPORTATION FUEL, THROUGH 2011 (BARRELS PER DAY)
- Table 31 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) EMISSIONS VS. GASOLINE EMISSIONS
(%)
- PRICING: PROPANE VS. GASOLINE
- Table 32 U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES FOR GASOLINE AND LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS, THROUGH 2006 (PER GASOLINE GALLON EQUIVALENT - GGE)
- Table 33 REGIONAL LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) AND GASOLINE PRICES AND
PUMP PRICES, INCLUDING TAXES, AS OF JUNE 2006 (EXPRESSED PER GALLON AND PER
GASOLINE GALLON EQUIVALENT)
- PROPANE SUPPLY AS A TRANSPORTATION FUEL
- MARKET SEGMENTS
- LPG-POWERED VEHICLES
- Table 34 U.S. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) LIGHT DUTY (LDV), MEDIUM DUTY (MDV) AND HEAVY DUTY (HDV) VEHICLES, THROUGH 2004
- Table 35 AVAILABLE LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS VEHICLES (LPGVS), 2005
- Table 36 PROPANE-POWERED VEHICLES USED INTERNATIONALLY
- LPG CONVERSIONS
- LPG Conversions (Continued)
- LPG CONVERSIONS
- INCENTIVES for PROMOTing LPG
- Table 37 U.S. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) FILLING STATIONS AS OF AUGUST 2006
- Table 37 (CONTINUED)
- LPG FUELING STATION COSTS
- PROPANE PRODUCERS AND DISTRIBUTORS
- INDUSTRY PROFILE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
- PATENT ANALYSIS
- Table 38 SELECTION OF LPG PATENT ASSIGNEES BY NAME AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
- PATENT ANALYSIS (CONTINUED)
- LIQUEFIED AND COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS
- DEFINITIONS
- COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)
- LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
- Table 39 U.S. PUMP PRICES OF COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG), GASOLINE AND DIESEL, THROUGH 2006 ($ PER GASOLINE GALLON EQUIVALENT - GGE)
- Table 40 U.S. NATURAL GAS DEMAND, PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS, THROUGH 2011 (TRILLIONS OF CUBIC FEET)
- Table 41 U.S. MARKET FORECAST FOR NATURAL GAS USE IN THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR, THROUGH 2011 (HIGH ENERGY-PRICE SCENARIO)
- Table 42 NATURAL GAS VEHICLES (NGVS) IN USE IN THE U.S. BY TYPE THROUGH 2004
- Table 43 NATURAL GAS VEHICLES (NGVS) AVAILABLE IN THE U.S., 2005
- Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) (Continued)
- Table 44 PROFILE OF NATURAL GAS EMISSIONS: REDUCTION OF POLLUTANTS VS.
GASOLINE AND DIESEL (%)
- GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND REGULATIONS T0 PROMOTE NGVS
- BARRIERS TO NATURAL GAS USE for LAND-BASED TRANSPORTATION
- Barriers to Natural Gas ... (Continued)
- BARRIERS TO NATURAL GAS USE for LAND-BASED TRANSPORTATION
- GOVERNMENT INCENTIVES AND REGULATIONS T0 PROMOTE NGVS
- NATURAL GAS VEHICLES IN OTHER COUNTRIES
- NATURAL GAS PROCESSING
- COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS Vs. LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS
- Compressed Natural ... (Continued)
- Table 45 U.S. CNG AND LNG FUELING STATIONS BY STATE, AS OF JUNE 2006
- MARKET STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
- PATENT ANALYSIS
- Table 46 RECENT PATENTS FOR NATURAL GAS AND VEHICULAR TRANSPORTATION BY YEAR (%)
- Table 47 NATURAL GAS PATENT ASSIGNEES FOR AWARDS GRANTED FOR VEHICULAR TRANSPORTATION (DECEMBER 1996 THROUGH JULY 2006)
- Table 48 ASSIGNEES' COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN: NATURAL GAS PATENTS INVOLVING
VEHICULAR TRANSPORTATION, DECEMBER 1996 THROUGH JULY 2006 (%)
- FUTURE OF NATURAL GAS VEHICLES
- LIQUEFIED AND COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS
- ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- DEFINITIONS
- HISTORY
- Table 49 SELECTED MODELS OF ELECTRIC CARS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE, OR EXPECTED TO BE SOON, AS OF JULY 2006
- Table 50 ELECTRIC CARS MADE BY MAJOR CAR MANUFACTURERS
- CONVERSION KITS
- Table 51 SELECTED AVAILABLE ELECTRIC BUSES AND TRUCKS
- ELECTRIC BUSES AND TRUCKS
- ELECTRIC BUSES AND TRUCKS (Continued)
- ELECTRIC BUSES AND TRUCKS
- Table 52 SELECTED NEIGHBORHOOD ELECTRIC VEHICLES (NEVS)
- Table 53 BEV BIKES, SCOOTERS, MOTORCYCLES, OFF-ROAD, ETC.
- Table 54 NUMBERS OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN USE IN THE U.S., THROUGH 2011
- Table 55 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- ELECTRIC BUSES AND TRUCKS (Continued)
- FEDERAL AND STATE INCENTIVES
- ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS
- INDUSTRY PROFILE and COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
- Industry Profile ... (Continued)
- Table 56 PUBLIC CHARGING FACILITIES FOR BEVS (EVSE) BY SELECTED STATES,
JULY 2006
- PATENT ANALYSIS
- Table 57 RECENT U.S. PATENTS RELEVANT TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES LISTED BY
ASSIGNEE AND PERCENT OF PATENTS HELD
- THE FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- THE FUTURE OF ELECTRIC ... (CONTINUED)
- THE FUTURE OF ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- HYBRID AND PLUG-IN HYBRID VEHICLEs
- DEFINITIONS
- HISTORY
- Table 58 TOTAL U.S. SALES OF HYBRID VEHICLES, THROUGH 2010 (ESTIMATED FUEL SAVINGS IN MILLIONS OF GASOLINE GALLONS/YEAR)
- Table 59 HYBRID VEHICLES AVAILABLE IN THE U.S. BY WEIGHT CLASS AND FUEL
TYPE FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES, 2005
- CURRENT PRODUCT OFFERINGS
- Table 60 HYBRID VEHICLES (HEVS) CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN THE U.S., AS OF JULY 2006
- Table 61 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYBRIDS (HEVS)
- INCENTIVES FOR HYBRID (HEV AND PHEV) PURCHASES
- HEV MARKET POTENTIAL
- PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- Table 62 FUEL CONSUMPTION OF GASOLINE CARS VS. PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVS)*
- PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC ... (CONTINUED)
- PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC ... (CONTINUED)
- IMMINENT PLUG-IN HYBRID PRODUCT OFFERINGS
- CONVERSION KITS FOR PLUG-IN HYBRIDS
- COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES OF PLUG-IN HYBRIDS
- Comparative Advantages of ... (Continued)
- BARRIERS TO THE COMMERCIALIZATION OF PLUG-IN HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- ELECTRIC POWER SUPPLY CONCERNS
- MARKET POTENTIAL FOR PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVS)
- MARKET POTENTIAL FOR ...(CONTINUED)
- HYDROGEN VEHICLES: COMBUSTION AND FUEL CELLS
- DEFINITIONS
- HISTORY
- HYDROGEN USE IN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
- VEHICLES UNDER DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCT OFFERINGS
- HYDROGEN INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE VEHICLE costS
- HYDROGEN FUEL CELLS
- FUEL CELL VEHICLES IN USE OR UNDER DEVELOPMENT TODAY
- FUEL CELL VEHICLE COSTS
- Table 63 CALIFORNIA TARGETS FOR NUMBERS OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES (FCVS) IN
SERVICE
- HYDROGEN SUPPLY
- Table 64 WORLD HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, 2003
- HYDROGEN STORAGE AND DISTRIBUTION
- DELIVERED HYDROGEN COSTS
- Table 65 ESTIMATED COMPONENTS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION COSTS PER KG FOR HYPOTHETICAL 1,200,000 KG/DAY PLANT AND ASSOCIATED DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ($)
- Table 66 U.S. HYDROGEN FUELING STATIONS, AUGUST 2006
- NET ENERGY VALUES
- COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS, INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND GOVERNMENT SUPPORT
- COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS, ... (CONTINUED)
- THE FUTURE OF HYDROGEN VEHICLES
- ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUELS: CONCLUSION
- INTRODUCTION
- Table 67 ESTIMATED NUMBERS OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES (ATFVS) IN THE U.S. BY FUEL TYPE, THROUGH 2011
- Table 68 U.S. ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUEL (ATF) SUPPLY/FUEL SAVINGS
(MILLIONS OF GASOLINE GALLON EQUIVALENTS/YEAR)
- ETHANOL
- BIODIESEL
- PROPANE AND NATURAL GAS
- ELECTRIC-POWERED VEHICLES
- HYDROGEN
- CONSERVATION
- COMPANY PROFILES
- AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
- FORD MOTOR CO.
- DAIMLERCHRYSLER (DC)
- GENERAL MOTORS CORP. (GMC OR GM)
- EUROPEAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
- VOLKSWAGEN OF AMERICA, INC. (VW)
- BAVARIAN MOTOR WORKS (BMW)
- GROUPE PSA PEUGEOT CITROËN
- RENAULT
- FIAT
- JAPANESE AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
- MAZDA MOTOR CORP.
- AMERICAN HONDA MOTOR CO.
- NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
- TOYOTA
- MITSUBISHI MOTORS CORPORATION (MMC)
- AMERICAN SUZUKI MOTOR CORP.
- KOREAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
- HYUNDAI MOTOR CO.
- ENGINE MANUFACTURERS
- PACCAR, INC.
- DETROIT DIESEL CORP. (DDC)
- CUMMINS WESTPORT, INC.
- JOHN DEERE POWER SYSTEMS
- NEW HOLLAND
- ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON (SCE)
- ELECTRIC POWER RESEARCH INSTITUTE (EPRI)
- FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, (FGTL)
- HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.
- GENERAL MOTORS
- GENERAL ELECTRIC (GE)
- TEXACO OVONICS/COBASYS
- UTC POWER
- BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS
- DAIMLERCHRYSLER
- I T S BUS, INC.
- NISSAN MOTOR CO., LTD.
- PACCAR, INC.
- TOYOTA JIDOSHA KABUSHIKI KAISHA
- MOTOROLA
- ELECTRIC VEHICLE COMPONENT PARTS
- AC PROPULSION
- ELECTRIC VEHICLE KITS
- COMMUTER CARS CORP.
- ELECTRIC VEHICLE FINAL ASSEMBLY
- MEYERS MOTORS, LLC
- TESLA MOTORS
- THINK NORDIC AS
- UNIVERSAL ELECTRIC VEHICLE CORP. (U.E.V.)
- VENTURI
- WRIGHTSPEED
- PHOENIX MOTORCARS
- ELECTRIC BUSES/TRUCKS
- ELECTRIC VEHICLES INTERNATIONAL (EVI)
- AZURE DYNAMICS
- NEIGHBORHOOD ELECTRIC VEHICLES (NEVS)
- GLOBAL ELECTRIC MOTORCARS LLC (GEM)
- CONVERSION KITS FOR PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVS)
- HYMOTION
- EDRIVE SYSTEMS
- EATON CORP.
- HYDROGEN INDUSTRY
- HYDROGEN CAR CO. (HCC)
- CARROLL SHELBY INTERNATIONAL INC. (CSI)
- QUANTUM TECSTAR
- BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS, INC.
- REVA ELECTRIC CAR CO.
- SHANGHAI AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY CORP. (SAIC)
- HORIZON FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES PTE, LTD.
- CHERY AUTOMOBILE CO., LTD.
- OVONIC HYDROGEN SYSTEMS LLC
- UNITED TECHNOLOGIES CORP.
- ETHANOL PRODUCERS
- ABENGOA
- ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND (ADM)
- CARGILL, INC.
- VERASUN ENERGY
- PETROBRAS
- BIODIESEL PRODUCERS
- MINNESOTA SOYBEAN PROCESSORS
- SOYMOR
- PETER CREMER (TRI-NI)
- ORGANIC FUELS, LLC
- STEPAN CO.
- DOW HALTERMANN
- AG ENVIRONMENTAL PRODUCTS
- FARMERS UNION MARKETING & PROCESSING ASSOCIATION (FUMPA)
- GRIFFIN INDUSTRIES
- HUISH DETERGENTS, INC.
- IMPERIAL WESTERN PRODUCTS
- RENEWABLE ENERGY GROUP, INC.
- WORLD ENERGY ALTERNATIVES
- NEW ENTRANTS INTO THE BIODIESEL/BIOFUEL MARKETS
- LOUIS DREYFUS CORP.
- CHEVRON CORP.
- DUPONT, TATE & LYLE, BRITISH PETROLEUM, BRITISH SUGAR
- DUPONT, TATE & LYLE...(CONTINUED)
- POTENTIAL BIODIESEL MARKET ENTRANTS:
- PROCTER & GAMBLE
- PROPANE DISTRIBUTORS (TO MOTOR VEHICLES)
- U-HAUL
- ROADRUNNER ENERGY
- CLEANFUEL USA
- PACIFIC GAS AND ELECTRIC COMPANY (PG&E)
- SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA GAS CO. (SCG)
- SEMPRA ENERGY
- SOUTH COAST AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT DISTRICT (AQMD)
- CLEAN ENERGY FUELS
- CITIZENS GAS & COKE (CG&C)
- LACLEDE GAS CO.
- QUESTAR GAS CO.
- WE ENERGIES
- APPLIED LNG TECHNOLOGIES
- FLEETSTAR, INC.
- CLEARWATER GAS SYSTEM
- CONOCOPHILIPS
- DYNEGY LIQUIDS MARKETING AND TRADE
- ENTERPRISE PRODUCTS PARTNERS L.P.
- MITCHELL CORPORATION
- SEMPRA ENERGY
- ROYAL DUTCH SHELL (THE SHELL GROUP)
- TARGA RESOURCES
- NLG WHOLESALE MARKETING
- AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE MANUFACTURERS
- APPENDIX
- COMMON ALTERNATE TRANSPORTATION FUEL (ATF) ACRONYMS
- COMMON ALTERNATE ... (CONTINUED)
- LIST OF TABLES
- Summary Table:
- U.S. ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUEL (ATF) SUPPLY/FUEL SAVINGS, THROUGH 2011 (MILLIONS OF GASOLINE GALLON EQUIVALENTS)Table 1 MAJOR WORLD ETHANOL PRODUCERS, THROUGH 2011 (MILLIONS OF GALLONS ALL GRADES)
- Table 2 U.S. MARKET FORECAST FOR ETHANOL, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 3 FACTORS DRIVING ETHANOL DEMAND IN THE U.S.
- Table 4 ETHANOL (E-85) TAILPIPE EMISSIONS VS. GASOLINE
- Table 5 MAJOR EXPORTERS OF CORN (MAIZE), 2005-2012 (MILLIONS OF METRIC TONS)
- Table 6 QUANTITY OF U.S. CORN CROP DEVOTED TO ETHANOL PRODUCTION (BILLIONS OF BUSHELS)
- Table 7 CORN' S POTENTIAL FOR POWERING U.S. VEHICLE FLEETS (%)
- Table 8 ANNUAL U.S. ETHANOL IMPORTS, 2004 (MILLIONS OF GALLONS)
- Table 9 FACTORS LEADING TO SUPPORT FOR ETHANOL IN BRAZIL INCLUDING THE USE OF FLEX-FUEL VEHICLES, 2003-2010 (FFVS)
- Table 10 NUMBER OF U.S. SERVICE STATIONS DISPENSING E-85, AS OF MAY, 2006
- Table 11 U.S. VEHICLES CAPABLE OF USING E-85, MADE AVAILABLE BY YEAR, THROUGH 2005
- Table 12 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS FOR U.S. ETHANOL PRODUCERS, AS OF APRIL 2006 (MILLIONS OF GALLONS/ANNUAL CAPACITY)
- Table 13 RESULTS OF STUDIES INTO ETHANOL' S NET ENERGY VALUES (NEVS)
- Table 14 PROFILE OF PATENT ASSIGNEES (%)
- Table 15 RECENT PATENTS FILED
- Table 16 HOW BIODIESEL (B100) DIFFERS FROM PETRODIESEL
- Table 17 EMISSIONS PROFILE OF PURE BIODIESEL VS. PETRODIESEL (%)
- Table 18 MARKET FORECAST OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION IN SELECTED COUNTRIES, THROUGH 2011 (MILLIONS OF GALLONS PER YEAR)
- Table 19 U.S. BIODIESEL AND DIESEL MARKET SIZE FOR TRANSPORTATION USE ONLY ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 20 U.S. BIODIESEL MARKET SEGMENTS
- Table 21 FACTORS DRIVING BIODIESEL DEMAND IN THE U.S
- Table 22 FACTORS LIMITING U.S. BIODIESEL DEMAND
- Table 23 U.S. BIODIESEL (B20) PRICES VS. PETRODIESEL BY REGION, FEBRUARY 2006 ($ PER GALLON)
- Table 24 U.S. BIODIESEL MARKET SIZE, 2004-2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 25 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS OF U.S. BIODIESEL PRODUCERS, AS OF APRIL 2006 (ANNUAL CAPACITY IN MILLIONS OF GALLONS)
- Table 26 COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT BIODIESEL FEEDSTOCK YIELDS (GALLONS PER ACRE PER YEAR)
- Table 27 VARIOUS FINDINGS RELATING TO THE NET ENERGY VALUE (NEV) OF BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
- Table 28 SOYBEAN CULTIVAR PATENTS RELATED TO BIODIESEL, 2006
- Table 29 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG): TOTAL U.S. DEMAND, DOMESTIC PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS, THROUGH 2011 (THOUSANDS OF BARRELS PER DAY)
- Table 30 U.S. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) DEMAND AS A TRANSPORTATION FUEL, THROUGH 2011 (BARRELS PER DAY)
- Table 31 LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) EMISSIONS VS. GASOLINE EMISSIONS (%)
- Table 32 U.S. NATIONAL AVERAGE RETAIL PRICES FOR GASOLINE AND LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS, THROUGH 2006 (PER GASOLINE GALLON EQUIVALENT - GGE)
- Table 33 REGIONAL LIQUID PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) AND GASOLINE PRICES AND PUMP PRICES, INCLUDING TAXES, AS OF JUNE 2006 (EXPRESSED PER GALLON AND PER GASOLINE GALLON EQUIVALENT)
- Table 34 U.S. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) LIGHT DUTY (LDV), MEDIUM DUTY (MDV) AND HEAVY DUTY (HDV) VEHICLES, THROUGH 2004
- Table 35 AVAILABLE LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS VEHICLES (LPGVS), 2005
- Table 36 PROPANE-POWERED VEHICLES USED INTERNATIONALLY
- Table 37 U.S. LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) FILLING STATIONS AS OF AUGUST 2006
- Table 38 SELECTION OF LPG PATENT ASSIGNEES BY NAME AND COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
- Table 39 U.S. PUMP PRICES OF COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG), GASOLINE AND DIESEL, THROUGH 2006 ($ PER GASOLINE GALLON EQUIVALENT - GGE)
- Table 40 U.S. NATURAL GAS DEMAND, PRODUCTION AND IMPORTS, THROUGH 2011 (TRILLIONS OF CUBIC FEET)
- Table 41 U.S. MARKET FORECAST FOR NATURAL GAS USE IN THE TRANSPORTATION SECTOR, THROUGH 2011 (HIGH ENERGY-PRICE SCENARIO)
- Table 42 NATURAL GAS VEHICLES (NGVS) IN USE IN THE U.S. BY TYPE THROUGH 2004
- Table 43 NATURAL GAS VEHICLES (NGVS) AVAILABLE IN THE U.S., 2005
- Table 44 PROFILE OF NATURAL GAS EMISSIONS: REDUCTION OF POLLUTANTS VS. GASOLINE AND DIESEL (%)
- Table 45 U.S. CNG AND LNG FUELING STATIONS BY STATE, AS OF JUNE 2006
- Table 46 RECENT PATENTS FOR NATURAL GAS AND VEHICULAR TRANSPORTATION BY YEAR (%)
- Table 47 NATURAL GAS PATENT ASSIGNEES FOR AWARDS GRANTED FOR VEHICULAR TRANSPORTATION (DECEMBER 1996 THROUGH JULY 2006)
- Table 48 ASSIGNEES' COUNTRIES OF ORIGIN: NATURAL GAS PATENTS INVOLVING VEHICULAR TRANSPORTATION, DECEMBER 1996 THROUGH JULY 2006 (%)
- Table 49 SELECTED MODELS OF ELECTRIC CARS CURRENTLY AVAILABLE WORLDWIDE, OR EXPECTED TO BE SOON, AS OF JULY 2006
- Table 50 ELECTRIC CARS MADE BY MAJOR CAR MANUFACTURERS
- Table 51 SELECTED AVAILABLE ELECTRIC BUSES AND TRUCKS
- Table 52 SELECTED NEIGHBORHOOD ELECTRIC VEHICLES (NEVS)
- Table 53 BEV BIKES, SCOOTERS, MOTORCYCLES, OFF-ROAD, ETC.
- Table 54 NUMBERS OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN USE IN THE U.S., THROUGH 2011
- Table 55 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BATTERY ELECTRIC VEHICLES
- Table 56 PUBLIC CHARGING FACILITIES FOR BEVS (EVSE) BY SELECTED STATES, JULY 2006
- Table 57 RECENT U.S. PATENTS RELEVANT TO ELECTRIC VEHICLES LISTED BY ASSIGNEE AND PERCENT OF PATENTS HELD
- Table 58 TOTAL U.S. SALES OF HYBRID VEHICLES, THROUGH 2010 (ESTIMATED FUEL SAVINGS IN MILLIONS OF GASOLINE GALLONS/YEAR)
- Table 59 HYBRID VEHICLES AVAILABLE IN THE U.S. BY WEIGHT CLASS AND FUEL TYPE FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES, 2005
- Table 60 HYBRID VEHICLES (HEVS) CURRENTLY AVAILABLE IN THE U.S., AS OF JULY 2006
- Table 61 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF HYBRIDS (HEVS)
- Table 62 FUEL CONSUMPTION OF GASOLINE CARS VS. PLUG-IN HYBRIDS (PHEVS)*
- Table 63 CALIFORNIA TARGETS FOR NUMBERS OF FUEL CELL VEHICLES (FCVS) IN SERVICE
- Table 64 WORLD HYDROGEN PRODUCTION, 2003
- Table 65 ESTIMATED COMPONENTS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION COSTS PER KG FOR HYPOTHETICAL 1,200,000 KG/DAY PLANT AND ASSOCIATED DISTRIBUTION NETWORK ($)
- Table 66 U.S. HYDROGEN FUELING STATIONS, AUGUST 2006
- Table 67 ESTIMATED NUMBERS OF ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES (ATFVS) IN THE U.S. BY FUEL TYPE, THROUGH 2011
- Table 68 U.S. ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUEL (ATF) SUPPLY/FUEL SAVINGS (MILLIONS OF GASOLINE GALLON EQUIVALENTS/YEAR)
- LIST OF FIGURES
- Summary Figure:
- U.S. ALTERNATIVE TRANSPORTATION FUEL (ATF) SUPPLY/FUEL SAVINGS, 2006 (%)Figure 1 U.S. MARKET FORECAST FOR ETHANOL, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS)
- Figure 2 U.S. BIODIESEL MARKET SIZE, 2004-2011 ($ MILLIONS)
