Abstract
INTRODUCTION
BCC Research has completed this study on the demand for natural gas and LNG storage infrastructure. The goals of this report are to: Anticipate gas supply drivers and trends, including technology shifts; evaluate pricing trends for key North American and European wholesale gas markets; assess the impacts of new and proposed infrastructure on LNG and underground gas storage projects, and determine their effects on the market; quantify the impact of new technologies, industry structure, business trends, and regulatory change; identify the key structural and strategic factors that will drive growth and opportunity in the LNG and natural gas storage industry to 2010; and provide details on the various technologies involved in LNG and natural gas storage including the critical stages of integration and how they relate to the global natural gas trade and demand pattern.
The objective of this market research report is to provide a balanced and detailed evaluation of the current status of the global LNG and natural gas storage infrastructure industry.
Ninety-eight percent of all LNG traded worldwide is transported by ship. Driven by increasing global demand and decreasing costs, is it any wonder that LNG storage and shipping are being thrown into the limelight? More and more, industry players are realizing that LNG storage and shipping is more than just an integral part of the LNG supply chain. To put it simply, getting storage and shipping right is critical to your business.
The natural gas crisis between Russia and Ukraine at the beginning of January 2006 highlighted the importance of natural gas storage (energy) security in the region and Europe. This is illustrated in the case of Turkey. Although the crisis had no immediate fallout in Turkey, the country is a major buyer of Russian natural gas and the question mark hovering over Russian supplies brought forward the importance of gas storage in Turkey and national contingency plans.
The consumption of natural gas varies day-to-day and month-to-month. Weather and the demands of electric power generation translate into usage fluctuations. Seasonally the fluctuation is as much as 50%, and short term it can be even more variable. Exact timing, location, and volume of peak demand are unpredictable. Since natural gas is not produced in a way that corresponds to these fluctuations, surplus gas is pumped during slumps in usage into numerous storage facilities (underground and LNG) for use during inevitable surges in consumption. In international trade LNG storage provides the vital link between gas producers and consuming countries. This allows continuous service even when production or pipeline transportation services can not meet demand.
SCOPE OF STUDY
This report:
- Assesses and quantifies the current global natural gas and LNG storage market and demand;
- Investigates and evaluates the future global use of storage as a means of primary energy production, through 2010;
- Offers a comprehensive overview and analysis of the global natural gas and LNG storage market;
- Discusses important current and potential environmental regulations that may effect the growth of this market;
- Provides a detailed patent analysis and profiles the top companies in the market.
REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
- Global LNG and natural gas storage infrastructure spending was approximately $22.9 billion in 2005. By 2010, this market will reach nearly $31 billion, an average annual growth rate (AAGR) of 6.2%
- Merchant LNG storages will continue to spearhead growth over the forecast period. These small regasification storage plants are often called "peakshaving plants." Alternatively, the LNG may be transported in special tanker trucks to small facilities where it is stored and regasified as needed. Such facilities are called "satellite plants." The United States, for example, has about 100 LNG satellite and peakshaving plants throughout the country. There is also a growing support for natural gas vehicles (NGV), with their global usage being seen as one of the major pathways to the "hydrogen economy". Worldwide there are now over 3.8 million NGVs on the road
- The deregulation of underground storage has combined with other factors such as the growth in the number of gas-fired electricity generating plants to place a premium on high-deliverability storage facilities. This will maintain a healthy growth in working gas storage investments globally at an AAGR corresponding to 5.4% over the forecast period to 2010.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION
- STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
- REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
- CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
- SCOPE AND FORMAT
- METHODOLOGY
- INFORMATION SOURCES
- ANALYSTS CREDENTIALS
- RELATED BCC RESEARCH
- Table A FREQUENTLY USED CONVERSTIONS
- Table B TYPICAL VAPOR-LIQUID CONVERSIONS*
- Table C CONVERSION FACTORS
SUMMARY
- Summary Table:
- GLOBAL LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRURE CAPITAL SPENDING BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS/YEAR)
- Summary Figure:
- GLOBAL LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRURE CAPITAL SPENDING BY SEGMENT, 2002-2010 ($ BILLIONS/YEAR)
INDUSTRY OVERVIEW
- INTRODUCTION
- Table 1 GLOBAL LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL GLOBAL DEMAND, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- OVERVIEW OF STORAGE ALONG THE NATURAL GAS CHAIN
- Figure 1 TYPES OF UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE FACILITIES
- PRODUCTION AND TREATMENT
- Oil and Gas Gathering and Separation
- Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
- Transmission-Compression
- Underground Natural Gas Storage
- Distribution
- Figure 2 STORAGE ALONG THE NATURAL GAS CHAIN
- IMPORTANCE OF LNG AND natural gas storage INFRASTRUCTURE
- Table 2 OVERVIEW OF THE IMPORTANCE OF STORAGE IN THE NATURAL GAS VALUE
CHAIN
- UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE
- Table 3 TYPICAL FIRM STORAGE COSTS
- USES OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE
- Figure 3 INTEGRATION OF LNG AND UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- THE LNG STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE CHAIN
- Figure 4 STORAGE ALONG THE LNG INFRASTRUCTURE CHAIN
- LNG Liquefaction Plant Storage
- LNG Tanker Storage
- LNG Storage at Receiving/Regasification Terminal
- LNG Peakshaving Plants
- Figure 5 RECEIVING/REGASIFICATION PORT LNG STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
CONFIGURATION
- OVERVIEW OF CAPITAL COSTS OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- Table 4 OVERVIEW OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL COST
BREAKDOWN, 2002-2005
- IMPORTANT ECONOMIC INDICATIONS FOR WORLD TRADE AND THE NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INDUSTRY
- Risks
- Table 5 OVERVIEW OF WORLD KEY ECONOMIC INDICATORS, 2002-2010 (GROWTH, %)
- LNG TRADE GROWTH
- Table 6 OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL LNG TRADE BY TYPE OF CONTRACT THROUGH
2010 (%)
- OVERVIEW OF UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE
- Table 7 OVERVIEW OF WORLD DEMAND FOR UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY
REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- OVERVIEW OF LNG TANKER COST AND CAPACITY
- Table 8 NUMBER OF LNG SHIPS, ON ORDER, TOTAL CAPACITY AND SHIP COST,
THROUGH 2010
- OVERVIEW OF LNG IMPORTerS
- Table 9 OVERVIEW OF LNG IMPORTERS BY COUNTRY, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- OVERVIEW OF LNG EXPORTERS
- Table 10 OVERVIEW OF LNG EXPORTERS BY COUNTRY, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- WHERE NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE FITS IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY
- Table 11 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FEEDSTOCK, THROUGH
2010 (QUADRILLION BTU/YEAR)
- INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES
- Table 12 OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES, 2002-2005
- OVERVIEW OF NATURAL GAS PRICES
- Figure 6 MONTHLY NATURAL GAS PRICES (HENRY HUB; $/MMBTU)
- OVERVIEW OF THE METAL MARKET
- STEEL
- NICKEL
- Table 13 OVERVIEW OF NICKEL AND STEEL METAL PRICES, THROUGH 2005 (INDEX;
JANUARY 1998=1.0)
- ALUMINUM
- COPPER
- COBALT
- ZINC
- TIN
- CHROMIUM
- MOLYBDENUM
- Table 14 ALUMINUM, COBALT, COPPER, ZINC, TIN, CHROMIUM AND MOLYBDENUM
METAL FORECAST, THROUGH 2005 (¢/LB)
- HISTORY OF THE LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INDUSTRY
- UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION
- LNG STORAGE TECHNOLOGY EVOLUTION
- DESCRIPTION OF THE LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INDUSTRY
- Table 15 RELATIVE COST COMPARISON OF GAS STORAGE TYPES USING LIQUEFIED
PETROLEUM GAS AS AN EXAMPLE
- LIQUEFATION PLANT LNG STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- MARINE TRANSPORTATION (SHIPPING) STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- RECEIVING and REGASIFICATION TERMINAL LNG STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- Table 16 OVERVIEW OF THE OPERATING COST COMPONENTS OF THE NATURAL GAS
STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2010 ($/MMBTU)
- OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRATRUCTURE CAPITAL SPENDING BY SEGMENT
- Table 17 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL SPENDING BY
SEGMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS/YEAR)
- LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANTS
- Table 18 COST BREAKDOWN OF A MODERN BASE-LOAD LNG PLANT (%)
- LNG TANKERS
- Table 19 COST BREAKDOWN OF A MODERN LNG VESSEL (%)
- LNG IMPORT and REGASIFICATION TERMINALS
- Table 20 COST BREAKDOWN OF A MODERN BASE-LOAD LNG REGAS PLANT (%)
- UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE
- Table 21 COST COMPONENTS OF UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE (%)
- MERCHANT LNG (LNG PEAKSHAVING AND SATTELITE STORAGE)
- Table 22 COST BREAKDOWN OF A MODERN PEAKSHAVING AND SATELLITE LNG PLANT
(%)
- The Future OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND LEGISLATION
- INTRODUCTION
- INDUSTRY CONCERNS-SAFETY AND SECURITY
- ARE THERE RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH LNG?
- APPROVAL AND SITING AUTHORITY
- ECONOMIC IMPACTS
- LEGISLATIVE PROPOSALS AND REGULATIONS
- U.S. LNG REGULATORY AGENCIES
- U.S. Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC)
- U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)
- U.S. Coast Guard (USCG)
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
- OTHER FEDERAL AGENCIES
- KEY REGULATIONS AFFECTING NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- THE LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS IMPORT TERMINAL DEVELOPMENT ACT OF 2004
- THE MARITIME TRANSPORT SECURITY ACT OF 2004
- THE PIPELINE SAFETY IMPROVEMENT ACT OF 2002
- ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2003 (H.R.1644)
- ENERGY RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT, DEMONSTRATION AND COMMERCIAL APPLICATION ACT OF 2003
- CLEAR ACT OF 2003
- SECURING TRANSPORTATION ENERGY EFFICIENCY FOR TOMORROW ACT OF 2003
- THE HOMELAND INFRASTRUCTURE POWER AND ASSURANCE INCENTIVES ACT OF 2003
- ENERGY INDEPENDENCE AND SECURITY ACT OF 2003
- THE ENERGY POLICY ACT OF 2005
- Alternative Motor Fuels Act of 1988 (AMFA)
- EUROPEAN UNION 2nd DIRECTIVE
- EMISSION CONTROL REGULATIONS
- INTRODUCTION
- INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE RATES
- INTRODUCTION
- CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BUSINESS
- Table 23 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BUSINESS
- UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE
- DEPLETED OIL AND GAS FIELDS
- AQUIFERS
- SALT CAVERNS
- ABANDONED MINES
- LNG UNDERGROUND STORAGE
- Table 24 WORLD LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE, FORECAST
THROUGH 2010 (WORKING VOLUME; TCF/YEAR)
- GLOBAL LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND MARKET
- Figure 7 NATURAL GAS SUPPLY AND STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK
- AVERAGE CRUDE OIL and NATURAL GAS PRICES
- Table 25 OVERVIEW OF AVERAGE CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS PRICES, WITH
FORECASTS, THROUGH 2010
- THE VALUE OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE AND PROFITABILITY
- Figure 8 CITY GATE NATURAL GAS PRICE ($/1,000 CUBIC FEET) AND PRICE OF
WEST TEXAS INTERMEDIATE CRUDE OIL DIVIDED BY 6, 2001-2006
- Cost of Service Valuation
- Table 26 NATURAL GAS STORAGE TARRIF RATES, 2005
- Seasonal Valuation
- Table 27 MONTHLY CONTRACT VALUES FOR NATURAL GAS FUTURES ($/MMBTU)
- Figure 9 NYMEX NATURAL GAS FUTURES NEAR-MONTH CONTRACT SETTLEMENT
- Option-Based Valuation for High-Delivery Storage
- Table 28 EXTRINSIC VALUE OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE, 2005 ($)
- Least-Cost Planning
- Figure 10 LEAST COST PLANNING FOR NATURAL GAS STORAGE
- DEMAND AND SUPPLY FLEXIBILITY
- ANNUALLY
- SEASONAL
- WEEKLY
- DAILY
- HOURLY
- Figure 11 TYPICAL DAILY GAS DEMAND PROFILE DURING THE YEAR
- FLEXIBILITY IN SUPPLY
- Production Flexibility
- Seasonal Storage
- Figure 12 SCHEMATIC ANNUAL DEMAND AND PRODUCTION AND USE OF SEASONAL
STORAGE
- Natural Gas Caverns
- Interruptible Contracts
- LNG Storage (Peak Shaving)
- LNG Storage (International Trade)
- Low Pressure Storage (Compressed Natural Gas)
- Line Pack
- Table 29 FLEXIBILITY SEGMENTATION
- ECONOMICS OF LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- COST OF STORAGE
- Table 30 APPROXIMATE LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE COSTS FOR VARIOUS
OPTIONS (AT GAS PRICE ABOUT EURO 0.1/M3)
- Storage in By-Product Utilization
- Figure 13 THREE BY-PRODUCT PROPANE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- TRANSPORT COSTS FOR STORED LNG AND NATURAL GAS VOLUME
- Table 31 ESTIMATED TRANSPORT COSTS FOR STORED LNG AND NATURAL GAS
VOLUME, 2005
- NATURAL GAS STORAGE TARIFFS
- Figure 14 STORAGE TARIFFS IN NORTH WEST EUROPE, 2005
- PROXIMITY TO CUSTOMER
- Table 32 PROXIMITY TO CUSTOMER IS A KEY TO LNG SPOT SALES
- Table 33 LNG SAILING DAYS
- EFFECT OF WINTER NATURAL GAS USAGE ON PIPELINE CAPACITY COSTS
- Natural Gas Supply Negotiations
- Figure 15 EFFECT OF WINTER NATURAL GAS USAGE ON PIPELINE CAPACITY COSTS
- FACTORS AFFECTING SHORT-TERM NATURAL GAS PRICES AND ROLE OF STORAGE
- Figure 16 SHORT-TERM NATURAL GAS PRICE DRIVERS
- WINTER SCENARIOS EXAMINED
- Table 34 U.S. HEATING DEGREE DAYS (WEEKLY COMPARISON OF 2006 VS. 2005
AND NORMAL)
- HURRICANE SEASON COMES CLOSE
- Figure 17 NATURAL GAS PRICES AND THE EFFECT OF HURICANES IVAN AND KATRINA PLUS RITA
- Figure 18 AVERAGE CONSUMER PRICE OF NATURAL GAS IN THE U.S.
- Figure 19 COST OF NATURAL GAS AROUND THE WORLD, 2005
- WEATHER REPORT
- Figure 20 2006 HEATING DEGREE DAYS VS. NORMAL
- STORAGE
- Table 35 U.S. WEEKLY ELECTRICITY OUTPUT (GIGAWATT HOURS)
- Figure 21 UNITED STATES UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE AND TRENDLINE
- Table 36 ESTIMATED U.S. WORKING NATURAL GAS IN UNDERGROUND STORAGE (BILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Table 37 ESTIMATED CANADIAN WORKING NATURAL GAS IN STORAGE (BILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Figure 22 YEAR-OVER-YEAR DEFICIT AND 5-YEAR SURPLUS IN STORAGE
- JANUARY TAKES THE LEAD
- Table 38 NYMEX HENRY HUB NATURAL GAS FUTURES ($/MMBTU)
- NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION ECONOMICS AND FUTURE GAINS
- Table 39 U.S. DRY NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)
- CAPITAL and EXPLORATION EXPENTITURES
- Table 40 CAPITAL AND EXPLORATION EXPENDITURES FOR SELECT COMPANIES,
THROUGH 2002-2005 ($ BILLION/YEAR)
- PRODUCERS VS SPECULATORS
- Figure 23 NET NATURAL GAS FUTURES AND OPTIONS POSITIONS, JANUARY
2003-DECEMBER 2005
- CASH COMEBACK
- Table 41 COMPOSITE SPOT NATURAL GAS PRICE FORECAST (12-REGION
VOLUME-WEIGHTED PRICES; IN $/MMBTU)
- DRILLING AND PRODUCTION
- Table 42 WELLS DRILLED BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION, 2002-2005 (NUMBER)
- North America Activity
- Figure 24 U.S. RIG COUNT
- Figure 25 CANADIAN RIG COUNT
- Table 43 WORLDWIDE GDP AND GDP GROWTH (%)
- CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS PRICES
- Table 44 AVERAGE CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS PRICES THROUGH 2005
- LNG IMPORTS
- Table 45 GLOBAL EXISTING LNG STORAGE CAPACITY, DAILY SEND-OUT CAPACITY
(2005) AND PLANNED EXPANSIONS AT LNG IMPORT TERMINALS, 2005-2010
- FACTORS AFFECTING LONG-TERM NATURAL GAS DEMAND
- SHIFTS IN STORAGE USE IMPACT INVENTORIES AND STORAGE ACTIVITIES
- Open Access to Storage Capacity
- LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INSTRUMENTATION INFRASTRUCTURE LEADERSHIP BY COMPANY/PRODUCT
- UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INSTRUMENTAION INFRASTRUCTURE
- Receiving/Delivering Point
- Process Plants
- Compressors
- Gas Turbines
- Valves
- Gas Dehydration
- Process Control System
- Safety System
- Environmental Protection
- Seismic Monitoring
- Figure 26 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF GAS INJECTION AND WITHDRAWAL
INSTRUMENTATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN AN UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE
RESERVOIR
- LNG Tank Storage Instrumentation Infrastructure
- Figure 27 DETAILS OF A FULL CONTAINMENT ABOVE-GROUND LNG STORAGE TANK
- Figure 28 DETAILS OF A FULL CONTAINMENT IN-GROUND LNG STORAGE TANK
- LNG CARGO CONTAINMENT (LNG TANKER) INSTRUMENTATION INFRASTRUCTURE
- Figure 29 LNG CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
- STRATIFICATION AND ROLLOVER PREDICTIVE SOFTWARE
- SAFETY FEATURES IN LNG TRANSPORTATION AND RECEIVING TERMINALS
- Table 46 NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE MARKET, SHARE OF LEADING
COMPANIES BY PRODUCT, 2005 (%)
- INDUSTRY SEGMENTATION, COMPETITION, CONCENTRATION, FRAGMENTATION and INVESTMENT CONSIDERATIONS
- Table 47 GLOBAL SEGMENTATION IN STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY
STORAGE TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($BILLIONS/YEAR)
- North America
- Table 48 MARKET PLAYERS AND SHARES OF WORKING GAS CAPACITY IN THE UNITED
STATES (% SHARES)
- Dominion
- El Paso
- Unocal
- Southern California Gas Company
- Southwest Gas Storage Company
- Panhandle Energy
- Sempra Energy
- ANR Pipeline Company
- Columbia Transmission Company
- Duke Energy Gas Transmission
- Kaiser-Francis Oil Company
- Houston Pipe Line Co
- Louisiana Intrastate Gas Co
- Kinder Morgan
- Williams
- Nicor
- Enterprise Products Partners L.P. (NYSE:EPD)
- Table 49 NORTH AMERICAN UGS COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005
- Table 50 NORTH AMERICAN LNG STORAGE COMPETITION BY OWNER, 2005 (CUBIC
METERS)
- Europe
- Figure 30 CONCENTRATION OF WORKING CAPACITY OF UGS IN EUROPE BY COUNTRY,
2005 (%)
- Western Europe
- Eni S.p.A.
- GdF
- Gasunie
- WINGAS GmbH
- BEB
- Centrica
- OMV
- Table 51 WESTERN EUROPEAN UGS COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005 (MLLION CUBIC METERS)
- Table 52 WESTERN EUROPEAN LNG STORAGE COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005
(CUBIC METERS)
- Eastern Europe/CIS
- Table 53 INVESTMENTS IN PRIVATIZED CENTRAL EUERPEAN GAS COMPANIES
- Gazprom
- Ukraine
- Uzbekistan
- Table 54 EASTERN EUROPEAN/CIS UGS COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005 (BILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Asia
- Japan
- Australia
- China
- India
- South Korea
- Chinese Taipei
- Table 55 ASIAN UGS COMPETITION BY COUNTRY/ COMPANY, 2005 (BILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Table 56 ASIAN LNG STORAGE COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005 (CUBIC METERS)
- ROW
- Table 57 ROW UGS COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005E (BILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Table 58 ROW LNG STORAGE COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005E
- EARNINGS
- Table 59 EARNINGS (BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES) OF SELECTED LNG PLAYERS, THROUGH THROUGH 2005 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 60 EARNINGS (BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES) OF SELECTED UNDERGROUND
NATURAL GAS PLAYERS, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- PROFITABILITY
- Table 61 GROSS PROFIT OF MAJOR LNG PLAYERS, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 62 GROSS PROFIT OF MAJOR UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE PLAYERS,
THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- MARKET ENTRY AND BARRIERS
- Table 63 UNDERGOUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE PROJECT "ENTRY FEE," 2005 ($/1,000 CUBIC FEET OF WORKING GAS)
- Table 64 GREENFIELD AND EXPANSION LNG PROJECT "ENTRY FEE," FOR SELECTED
PRODUCING COUNTRIES, 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- COMPARATIVE ECONOMICS FOR LNG AND UNDEGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE FACILITIES
- Underground Natural Gas Storages
- Table 65 DEVELOPMENT COST OF UNDERGROUND WORKING GAS STORAGE, 2005 ($
MILLIONS)
- Risk Reduction
- Base Gas Costs
- Table 66 UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE DEVELOPMENT COSTS, 2005
- LNG Storage
- Table 67 COMPARATIVE REGIONAL LNG ECONOMICS FOR GREEFIELD FACILITIES,
2005 ($/1000 CUBIC FEET)
- ECONOMIC ANALYSIS, CAPITAL BUDGETING AND STRATEGIC PROJECT PLANNING
- ECONOMIC EVALUATION
- CAPITAL BUDGETING
- Table 68 HYPOTHETICAL PROJECT LIST
- Table 69 PROJECTS RANKED BY INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY
- STRATEGIC PLANNING
- Table 70 INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY BY MARKET SEGEMENT
- PRICE-TO-EARNINGS RATIO
- Figure 31 PRICE TO EARNINGS RATIO (P/E) PREDICTION
- IMPORTANT SHIFTS/ TRENDS IN THE LNG AND natural gas storage INDUSTRY
- SHIFTS IN THE GAS BUSINESS
- Table 71 IMPORTANT SHIFTS/TRENDS IN NATURAL GAS BUSINESS, THROUGH 2005
(%)
- REGULATION
- Figure 32 LNG SUPPLY CHAIN UNDER FERC' S "OPEN-ACCESS' ' REGIME
- Figure 33 LNG SUPPLY CHAIN UNDER FERC' S NEW "NON-OPEN ACCESS' ' REGIME
- U.S. Maturity of Natural Gas Deregulation
- TECHNOLOGY
- Liquefaction Technology
- LNG Tanker Construction Costs
- Power Generation Technology
- Computer Technology
- Reservoir Evaluation Technology
- COMPANY RESULTS
- MIDSTREAM PLAYERS
- Nisource Inc.
- Dominion
- El Paso Energy Corp
- Williams Companies Inc.
- Table 72 COMPANY RESULTS OF SELECTED UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS PLAYERS, THROUGH 2005 (REVENUE: $ MILLION/YEAR)
- UPSTREAM COMPANIES
- ChevronTexaco
- ExxonMobil Inc.
- ConocoPhillips
- DOWNSTREAM COMPANIES
- INDEPENDENT EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION FIRMS
- Marathon Oil Corporation
- Burlington
- Anadarko
- Apache
- Kerr-Mcgee
- Pogo Producing Company
- Devon Energy Corp
- Dominion Resources Inc
- EOG
- Marathon Oil Corporation
- Occidental Petroleum Corporation
- XTO
- Table 73 U.S. BASED OIL AND GAS FIRMS' REVENUES, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
- SERVICE SUPPLY COMPANY RESULTS
- Transocean Inc.
- Baker Hughes Inc.
- Smith International
- Schlumberger Ltd.
- Weatherford International Inc
- Noble Corp.
- Table 74 COMPANY RESULTS FOR THE WORLD' S TOP SERVICE SUPPLY COMPANIES, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- MAJOR OIL AND GAS COMPANIES BASED OUTSIDE THE U.S.
- Royal Dutch/Shell
- British Petroleum
- Total
- British Gas
- Repsol YPF (NYSE: REP)
- Statoil
- BHP Billiton Petroleum Ltd
- Woodside Petroleum
- Gaz-Prom
- Table 75 COMPANY RESULTS FOR THE WORLD' S MAJOR OIL AND NATURAL GAS COMPANIES OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- STATE-OWNED OIL AND GAS COMPANIES
- Petroleos De Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA)
- Petroleo Brasileiro Sa (Petrobrás)
- Petroleos Mexicanos (Pemex)
- National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)
- Saudi Arabian Oil Company
- Table 76 COMPANY RESULTS FOR THE WORLD' S TOP STATE-OWNED OIL AND NATURAL GAS COMPANIES OUTSIDE THE U.S., THROUGH 2004 ($MILLIONS)
- INSTRUMENTATION and EQUIPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE SUPPLIERS
- Defining Demand
- Frontiers Fluctuating
- Table 77 COMPANY RESULTS FOR GAS STORAGE INSTRUMENTATION SUPPLIERS,
THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- ECONOMICS and COST REDUCTION IN THE LNG and NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- INTRODUCTION
- Table 78 DEMAND FOR LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE SPENDING
BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($BILLIONS)
- THE DYNAMICS OF NATURAL GAS PRICING AND VALUE OF STORAGE
- TWO SIMPLE RULES OF THUMB
- Figure 34 ACTUAL AND IMPLIED NATURAL GAS PRICES USING 10-TO-1 AND 6-TO-1
RULES OF THUMB
- BURNER-TIP PARITY
- Figure 35 ACTUAL AND IMPLIED NATURAL GAS PRICES USING BURNER-TIP PARITY
AND FITTED VALUES
- SEASONALITY AND STORAGE
- Figure 36 NATURAL GAS IN STORAGE ABOVE SEASONAL AVERAGE
- Table 79 ESTIMATED WEEKLY SEASONAL FACTORS
- ACTUAL AND IMPLIED NATURAL GAS PRICES INCORPORATING SEASONAL FACTORS AND STORAGE CONDITIONS
- Figure 37 ACTUAL AND IMPLIED NATURAL GAS PRICES INCORPORATING SEASONAL
FACTORS AND STORAGE CONDITIONS
- COST REDUCTION FOR GAS STORAGE IN POROUS AND PERMEABLE FORMATIONS
- Figure 38 UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE IN OIL OR GAS FIELD
- OPTIMIZATION OF THE USE OF STORAGE STRUCTURES
- Geological Description and Knowledge, Seismic Monitoring
- Knowledge and Description of Fluid Flows
- REDUCTION OF THE CUSHION GAS INVESTMENT: INJECTION OF INERT GAS AS CUSHION GAS ALTERNATIVE
- HORIZONTAL WELLS
- COST REDUCTIONS FOR UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE IN SOLUTION-MINED SALT CAVITIES
- Figure 39 SOLUTION MINED SALT CAVITY
- GEOTECHNICAL ADVANCES: INCREASING GEOMETRIC VOLUME, DECREASING THE MINIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE
- Increasing Geometric Volume
- Lowering the Minimum Operating Pressure
- INCREASING MAXIMUM OPERATING PRESSURE
- Solution Mining Techniques
- Solution Mining Under Gas
- COST REDUCTION FOR CAVITIES IN THIN SALT LAYERS
- Figure 40 SOLUTION MINED CAVITY IN THIN SALT LAYERS
- COST REDUCTIONS FOR LINED ROCK CAVERNS
- Figure 41 LINED ROCK CAVERN
- COST REDUCTION FOR LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG)
- SHIP CONSTRUCTION
- LIQUECATION
- PROJECT ECONOMICS
- Exploration and Production
- LNG Tanker Costs
- Liquefaction Costs
- Regasification Terminal Costs
- Figure 42 THE LNG CHAIN COST REDUCTIONS
- LNG STORAGE TANKS
- Technologies for Increasing Capacity
- Thick Inner Tank Material
- High-Performance Radiographic Inspection Technology for Thick Wall Welds
- Underground LNG Storage Tanks
- Above-Ground LNG Storage Tanks
- Technologies for Reduction In Construction Cost and Period
- High-Strength, Self-Compacting Concrete
- Enlarged Shell Plates
- Self-Elevator Scaffold
- Figure 43 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND LNG TANK CAPACITY
- Quality Control and Assurance System for Concrete Using Information Technology
- DEMAND BY STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCT
- INTRODUCTION
- Table 80 WORLD LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
DEMAND BY PRODUCT CLASS, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLIONS)
- LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCT CLASS/STORAGE SEGMENT LINK CHART
- Underground Storage Injection
- Withdrawal from Underground Storage
- LNG STORAGE
- Table 81 LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCT
CLASS/SEGMENT LINK CHART
- LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT PRODUCTS
- COMPRESSION MACHINERY
- ACTUATORS
- ADHESIVES
- AIR SEPARATION UNITS
- ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES TECHNOLOGIES
- BOIL-OFF GAS HANDLING TECHNOLOGIES
- COATINGS
- COLD BOXES
- COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
- COMPRESSOR and COMPRESSION SYSTEMS
- COUPLING SYSTEMS
- CRYOGENIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNITS
- EXPANDERS
- FLANGES AND PIPING
- FLEXIBLE HOSES/HOSES
- FSO/FPSO UNITS
- GAS/OIL/ WATER SEPARATION UNITS
- Gas Pipelines
- GAS PROCESSING SYSTEMS and COMPONENTS
- GAUGES
- HEAT EXCHANGERS/HEAT TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY
- HIGH PRESSURE CYLINDERS
- INSTRUMENTATION
- INSULATION SYSTEMS
- LEVEL MEASUREMENT
- LNG TANKER BERTH AND LNG LOADING ARMS
- METERING/MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
- Pressure and Differential Pressure
- Flow
- Temperature
- Analysis
- Pressure Recording
- Tank Gauging Systems
- PEAK SHAVERS
- PIPE SECTIONS
- PIPE SUPPORTS
- PRESSURE VESSELS (CRYOGENIC)
- PRE-TREATMENT SYSTEMS
- Feedgas Receiving, Liquid Separation, Gas Metering and Pressure Reduction
- Acid Gas Removal (Carbon Dioxide)
- Gas Dehydration and Carbon Adsorption Units
- PROCESS COMPONENTS
- Pumps/Cryogenic Pumps
- RECONDENSER/FREGERATION/LIQUEFACTION SYSTEMS
- SAFETY EQUIPMENT
- SENSORS, DETECTORS, MONITORING SYSTEMS
- SOLVENTS, LUBRICANTS and OTHER CHEMICALS
- JOINING AND PACKING
- TANKS (FIELD-ERECTED STORAGE)
- TUBES/TUBING
- TURBINES
- VALVES (CRYOGENIC) /REGULATORS
- WELDING/FILLERS
- Table 82 WORLD LNG AND UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT
INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE SERVICES AND PRODUCTS
- COMMUNICATIONS EQUIPMENT and SERVICES
- DATA ACQUISITION AND MANAGEMENT
- INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY HARDWARE
- SIMULATION AND DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEMS
- SOFTWARE
- COMPLIANCE SERVICES
- SAFETY EQUIPMENT AND SERVICES
- ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SERVICES
- MONITORING AND TESTING SERVICES
- BUSINESS CONSULTING
- FINANCIAL LENDING and INVESTORS
- INSURANCE SERVICES
- LEGAL SERVICES
- STAFFING
- REPAIR AND MAINTENANCE SERVICES
- INSPECTION SERVICES
- MARINE SERVICES
- PEAK SHAVING SERVICES
- R&D SERVICES
- TRAINING
- TRANSPORTATION, CERTIFICATION and CONSTRUCTION SERVICES
- Table 83 WORLD LNG AND NATURAL GAS SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- DEMAND BY STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE APPLICATION
- INTRODUCTION
- Table 84 WORLD LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND BY
APPLICATION, THROUGH 2010 (WORKING VOLUME; TCF/YEAR)
- APPLICATION IN UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE
- North America
- Europe
- Asia
- ROW
- Table 85 APPLICATION IN UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY REGION,
THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- APPLICATION IN INTERNATIONAL LNG TRADE
- Atlantic Basin
- Table 86 LNG APPLICATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE; EXPORTS BY ATLANTIC
BASIN, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Pacific Basin
- Table 87 LNG APPLICATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE; EXPORTS BY PACIFIC
BASIN, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Middle East and the Rest of the World
- Table 88 LNG APPLICATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE; EXPORTS BY MIDDLE
EAST/ROW BASIN, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- APPLICATION IN MERCHANT LNG SUPPLY
- Table 89 WORLD APPLICATION IN MERCHANT LNG SUPPLY BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010
(TCF/YEAR)
- LNG PEAKSHAVING PLANTS (LIQUEFACTION, STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION
- North America
- Europe
- Asia
- ROW
- Table 90 WORLD LNG APPLICATION IN PEAKSHAVING BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- LNG VEHICLE FUEL
- North America
- Europe
- Asia
- ROW
- Table 91 WORLD LNG APPLICATION IN VEHICLE FUEL BY REGION, THROUGH 2010
(TCF/YEAR)
- LNG SATELITE PLANTS (LNG STORAGE AND REGASIFICATION) BY REGION
- North America
- Europe
- Asia
- ROW
- Table 92 WORLD LNG APPLICATION IN SATELLITE PLANTS BY REGION, THROUGH
2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- TECHNOLOGY
- INTRODUCTION
- Table 93 GLOBAL LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRURE CAPITAL SPENDING
BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
- UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, BY REGION
- Table 94 WORLD UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT BY REGION,
THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- NORTH AMERICA
- United States
- Canada
- Mexico
- Table 95 NORTH AMERICA UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT, BY COUNTRY, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 96 NORTH AMERICA UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- EUROPE
- Figure 44 MAP SHOWING TOTALITY OF EUROPEAN-CENTRAL ASIAN PIPELINE NETWORK
- Table 97 EUROPE UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 98 EUROPE UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Western Europe
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Italy
- France
- Netherlands
- Austria
- Denmark
- Spain
- Belgium
- Ireland
- Turkey
- Table 99 WESTERN EUROPE UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT,
THROUGH 2010 ($MILLIONS)
- CENTRAL/ EASTERN EUROPE/ CIS
- Russia
- Ukraine
- Czech Republic
- Uzbekistan
- Kazakhstan
- Hungary
- Slovakia
- Latvia
- Poland
- Romania
- Azerbaijan
- Belarus
- Bulgaria
- Croatia
- Armenia
- Serbia
- Georgia
- Table 100 EASTERN EUROPE/CIS UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT,
THROUGH 2010 ($MILLION)
- ASIA
- Japan
- Australia
- China
- India
- Table 101 ASIA UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLION)
- Table 102 ASIAN DEMAND FOR UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY REGION,
THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- ROW
- Central /South America
- Africa
- Middle East
- Table 103 REST OF WORLD DEMAND FOR UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY
REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- DEMAND FOR MARINE LNG TANKER (SHIP) INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
- Table 104 LNG SHARE OF NATURAL GAS PORTFOLIO BY COUNTRY, 2005 (%)
- Table 105 WORLD INVESTMENT BY SHIPPING ELEMENT TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2010
($MILLIONS)
- DEMAND FOR SHIPPING CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS FOR LNG INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY
- Figure 45 MORSE-SPHERICAL LNG TANKER SHIP (TOP) AND PRISMATIC TANKER SHIP (BELOW)
- Table 106 COMPARISON OF LNG CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY
- Table 107 WORLD DEMAND FOR LNG TANKER TRANSPORTATION BY CONTAINMENT
TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- MARINE LNG SHIP INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY REGION
- Table 108 WORLD MARINE LNG SHIP INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY REGION,
THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- EAST OF SUEZ LNG SHIP INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS
- Asia-Pacific
- Middle East
- Australia
- Table 109 EAST OF SUEZ LNG TANKER INVESTMENTS REQUIREMENTS, THROUGH 2010
($ BILLIONS)
- WEST OF SUEZ LNG SHIP INFRASTRUCTURE REQUIREMENTS
- Mediterranean Supply
- Sub-Saharan African Supply
- Caribbean Supply
- Table 110 WEST OF SUEZ LNG TANKER INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- LNG RECEIVING AND REGASIFICATION STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
- Table 111 INVESTMENT BY RECEIVING TERMINAL ELEMENT TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH
2010 ($MILLIONS)
- LNG RECEIVING TERMINAL STORAGE TANK INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND BY TYPE
- Single Containment
- Double Containment
- Full Containment
- Membrane
- Table 112 WORLD DEMAND FOR LNG INFRASTRUCTURE BY STORAGE TECHNOLOGY,
THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- LNG RECEIVING/REGASIFICATION STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY REGION
- Table 113 WORLD LNG RECEIVING/REGASIFICATION STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
INVESTMENT BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- NORTH AMERICA
- Figure 46 EXISTING AND PROPOSED NORTH AMERICAN LNG IMPORT TERMINALS
- Figure 47 POTENTIAL NORTH AMERICAN LNG RECEIVING TERMINALS
- United States
- Table 114 U.S. LNG IMPORTS, THROUGH 2010 (BILLION CUBIC FEET/DAY)
- Table 115 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED EXPANSIONS AT LNG IMPORT TERMINALS IN THE LOWER 48 U.S. STATES (AS OF APRIL 27, 2005)
- Figure 48 ACTIVE U.S. LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) FACILITIES
- Canada
- Table 116 CANADA' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- EUROPE
- Table 117 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED EXPANSIONS AT LNG INPORT
TERMINALS IN WESTERN EUROPE (BCF, AS OF JUNE 2004)
- France
- Spain
- Italy
- Belgium
- Greece
- Portugal
- Netherlands
- United Kingdom
- Germany
- Turkey
- Table 118 EUROPEAN LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- ASIA
- Figure 49 LNG LIQUEFACTION AND IMPORT TERMINALS IN ASIA-PACIFIC
- Table 119 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED EXPANSIONS AT LNG INPORT
TERMINALS IN ASIA (BCF)
- Japan
- Table 120 JAPAN LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- South Korea
- Table 121 SOUTH KOREAN LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Taiwan
- Table 122 TAIWAN LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- New Zealand
- Table 123 NEW ZEALAND LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- China
- Table 124 CHINA' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- India
- Table 125 INDIA' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- ROW
- Table 126 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED EXPANSIONS AT LNG IMPORT
TERMINALS IN THE REST OF THE WORLD (BCF)
- Central and South America
- Mexico
- Table 127 MEXICO' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Bahamas
- Table 128 BAHAMAS' LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Dominican Republic
- Table 129 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 130 PUERTO RICO' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Honduras
- Table 131 HONDURAS' LNG IMPORT TERMINAL CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Brazil
- Table 132 BRAZIL' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- LNG LIQUEFATION STORAGE CAPACITY INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT
- NEAR AND LONG-TERM GLOBAL LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY SEGMENTATION AND DOMINATION
- Segmentation By Basin
- Table 133 GLOBAL LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY AND UTILIZATION RATE, THROUGH
2010 (MILLION TONNES PER YEAR)
- OPEC Countries Dominate
- Table 134 NEAR-TERM AND LONG-TERM LNG SUPPLY DOMINATION BY POLITICS,
THROUGH 2020 (%)
- THE LNG LIQUEFATION PLANT
- Figure 50 SCHEMATIC OF LNG LIQUEFACTION AND STORAGE FACILITY
- Table 135 LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE INVESTMENT BY ELEMENT TECHNOLOGY,
THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- DEMAND FOR LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY REGION
- Table 136 WORLD LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, BY
REGION, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- NORTH AMERICA
- Table 137 NORTH AMERICA LNG LIQUEFACTION STORGAE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- EUROPE
- Norway
- Russia
- Table 138 EUROPE LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- ASIA
- Australia
- Table 139 AUSTRALIA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Indonesia
- Table 140 INDONESIA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Malaysia
- Table 141 MALAYSIA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Brunei
- Table 142 BRUNEI' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- ROW
- South and Central America
- Trinidad & Tobago
- Table 143 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY
(MMT/YEAR)
- Bolivia
- Table 144 BOLIVIA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Venezuela
- Table 145 VENEZUELA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Peru
- Table 146 PERU' S LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Brazil
- Table 147 BRAZIL' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Africa
- Algeria
- Table 148 ALGERIA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/Y)
- Nigeria
- Table 149 NIGERIA' S LNG EXPORTS (MILLION TONNES/YEAR)
- Table 150 NIGERIAN LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Egypt
- Table 151 EGYPT' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Libya
- Table 152 LIBYIAN LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Angola
- Table 153 ANGOLAN LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Equatorial Guinea
- Table 154 EQUATORIAL GUINEA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY
(MMT/YEAR)
- Middle East
- Oman
- Table 155 OMAN LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Iran
- Table 156 IRAN' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Abu Dhabi
- Table 157 ABU DHABI LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Qatar
- Table 158 QATAR' S LNG LIQUECATION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Yemen
- Table 159 YEMEN' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- ECONOMICS OF LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANTS
- ECONOMICS OF BASE-LOAD LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANTS
- Table 160 BASELOAD LNG LIQUEFACTION PLANT COSTS
- Table 161 THE RELATIVE LIQUEFACTION PLANT COSTS (MILLION EURO)
- ECONOMICS OF PEAKSHAVING AND VEHICLE FUEL LNG PLANT ECONOMICS
- Table 162 THE RELATIVE MERCHANT LIQUEFACTION PLANT COSTS
- HEALTH and SAFETY OF LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- Table 163 COMPARISON OF PROPERTIES OF LIQUID FUELS
- Table 164 SELECTED SAFETY CHARACTERISTICS OF NATURAL GAS AND RELATED
PRODUCTS
- LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRATRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
- Table 165 LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT
- NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE PROdUCT DEVELOPMENTs and IMPORTANT APPROACHes
- Table 166 LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCT
DEVELOPMENTS/IMPORTANT APPROACHES
- LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE PROCESS APPLICATION
- Table 167 NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE PROCESS/APPLICATION
- EMERGING and NEW LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE TECHNOLOGY
- LNG STORAGE TANK WELD INSPECTIONS
- COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS (CNG)
- Votrans
- Coselle CNG Technology
- RAISING THE ROOF OF AN LNG STORAGE TANKS
- NEW LNG CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
- Figure 51 NEW PROPRIETARY PRISM/PYRAMID TANK CONCEPT FOR LARGE LNG
CARRIERS
- THE MODULAR LNG STORAGE SYSTEM
- NEW METHOD FOR SELF FILLING POLY-URETHANE FORM (PUF) WITH SIMULTENEOUS MESH LINING
- LNG STORAGE TANK CAPACITY
- OCEAN LNG DESIGN
- Figure 52 THE OCEAN PROPRIETARY LNG STORAGE TANK
- OFFSHORE LNG STORAGE TECHNOLOGY
- DOE Support
- Figure 53 CGI' S PRPOSED TECHNOLOGY FOR LNG IMPORT AND STORAGE BASED ON
THE BISHOP PROCESS
- OFFSHORE GRAVITY-BASED STURCTURE
- LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY COMPANY
- Table 168 INVESTMENT BY TYPE OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE, THROUGH 2010 ($
BILLIONS)
- INVESTMENTS IN UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- TRANSCANADA
- DOMINION
- EL PASO
- KINDER MORGAN
- ENI
- GDF
- GASUNIE
- GAZPROM
- OTHERS
- E.ON
- Ukrtransgas
- Chevron Global Solutions
- Table 169 UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY
COMPANY, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- LNG INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS
- BRITISH PETROLEUM
- ROYAL DUTCH/SHELL
- EXXONMOBIL
- TOTALFINAELF
- CHEVROnTEXACO
- CONOCoPHILLIPS
- OTHER
- Table 170 LNG INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY MAJOR COMPANY, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- Table 171 STATE-OWNED COMPANIES
- Table 172 PRIVATE OIL AND GAS COMPANIES
- Table 173 GAS/POWER COMPANIES
- Table 174 STATE-OWNED OIL/GAS COMPANIES
- Table 175 CHEMICAL COMPANIES
- LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE PATENT EVALUATION AND LEADERS IN RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT BY COMPANY
- OIL AND GAS (EXCLUDING LNG) PATENTS
- Table 176 OIL AND GAS PATENTS BY COMPANY TYPE CATEGORY, THROUGH 2004
- OIL AND GAS PATENT EVALUATION BY COMPANY
- SUPERMAJORS
- Table 177 OIL AND GAS PATENTS BY SUPERMAJORS, THROUGH 2004
- SERVICE SUPPLY COMPANIES
- Table 178 OIL AND GAS PATENTS BY MAJOR SERVICE SUPPLY COMPANY THROUGH
2004
- LNG INFRASTRUCTURE PATENTS
- Royal Dutch/Shell
- British Petroleum
- ChevronTexaco
- ConocoPhillips
- ExxonMobil
- Air Products and Chemicals
- Hitachi
- Chart Industries
- Other
- Table 179 LNG INFRASTRUCTURE PATENTS/R&D LEADERS BY COMPANY, THROUGH 2004
- TRENDS IN LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- TRENDS IN UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE
- TRENDS IN DEVELOPING GAS INDUSTRIES
- TRENDS IN DEVELOPED GAS INDUSTRIES
- TRENDS IN UNDERGROUND STORAGE FACILITIES WORLDWIDE
- Table 180 TRENDS IN UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE IN THE WORLD
- TRENDS IN NUMBER OF LNG IMPORTING AND EXPORTING COUNTRIES
- CHALLENGES FOR BUYERS
- CHALLENGES FOR SUPPLIERS
- CONTRACTUAL AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES LIMIT SPOT CARGOES TO U.S. TERMINALS
- Table 181 TRENDS IN THE NUMBER OF LNG IMPORTERS/EXPORTERS, 1960-2010 (NUMBER)
- North America
- Europe
- Asia
- Table 182 TRENDS IN THE NUMBER OF LNG IMPORTERS AND EXPORTERS BY REGION,
1960-2010
- TRENDS IN GLOBAL NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION
- Trends In Global Natural Gas Production
- Figure 54 TRENDS IN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY REGION, 1970-2004 (BILLION CUBIC METERS/YEAR)
- Trends in Global Natural Gas Consumption
- Figure 55 TRENDS IN NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION BY REGION, 1965-2004 (BILLION CUBIC METERS/YEAR)
- Trends in Global LNG Trade
- Figure 56 TRENDS IN GLOBAL LNG TRADE, 1970-2003 (BILLION CUBIC METERS)
- TRENDS IN LNG TANKER, LIQUEFACTION TRAIN CAPACITY AND COSTS
- Trends in Carrier, Liquefaction Train Capacity
- Figure 57 TRENDS IN LNG CARRIER, LIQUEFACTION TRAIN CAPACITY (1,000
CUBIC METERS)
- Trends in Tanker Costs
- Table 183 TRENDS IN LNG TANKER COSTS
COMPANY PROFILES
- LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE REGULATORY AGENCIES
- THE UNITED STATES COAST GUARD
- THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
- THE UNITED STATES FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION
- THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
- THE UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY
- LNG RECEIVING TERMINAL OPERATORS
- DOMINION TRANSMISSION, INC.
- AMERICAN ELECTRIC POWER CO.
- FPL GROUP
- ELECTRABEL
- KOREA ELECTRIC
- ENEL SPA
- IBERDROLA SA
- TOKYO ELECTRIC
- AES CORPORATION
- KANSAI ELECTRIC
- TOKYO GAS
- MIDSTREAM UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE COMPANIES
- ABS
- WGL HOLDINGS, INC.
- TECO ENERGY INC.
- PUGET ENERGY, INC.
- EXELON CORP.
- CONSTALLATION ENERGY GROUP INC.
- ATMOS ENERGY CORP.
- ENCANA
- WISCONSON ENERGY CORP.
- TRANSCANADA CORPORATION
- SCANA CORPORATION
- NORTHEAST UTILITIES
- NISOURCE, INC.
- ENERGEN CORPORATION
- WILLIAMS COMPANIES INC.
- UGI CORPORATION
- NATIONAL FUEL GAS COMPANY
- ENCANA GAS STORAGE INC.
- GAZPROM
- UKRTRANSGAZ
- LNG STORAGE TANKS
- MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES LTD.
- OSAKA GAS
- KOGAS GAS TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
- CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON COMPANY (CB&I)
- KAWASAKI KISEN KAISHA, LTD
- OFFSHORE LNG TERMINALS
- EXCELERATE ENERGY
- MARINTEK (USA) INC.
- BLUEWATER
- EL PASO GLOBAL LNG
- COMPRESSION MACHINERY
- SIEMENS AG
- GE POWER Systems
- ADHESIVES
- HUNTSMAN
- AIR SEPARATION UNITS
- CRYOSTAR
- ALTERNATIVE FUEL VEHICLES TECHNOLOGIES
- NEXTGEN FUELING
- BOIL-OFF GAS HANDLING TECHNOLOGIES
- HAMWORTHY PLC
- COLD BOXES
- AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
- COMBUSTION SYSTEMS
- T-THERMAL COMPANY
- COUPLING SYSTEMS
- PARKER HANNIFIN
- CRYOGENIC SYSTEM COMPONENTS
- CHART INDUSTRIES
- ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNITS
- ENERGY CONVERSIONS, INC.
- EXPANDERS
- EBARA INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION
- FLANGES and PIPING
- INTERNATIONAL STEEL SUPPLIES INC.
- FLEXIBLE HOSES/HOSES
- MARINTEK
- FSO/FPSO UNITS
- BLUEWATER ENERGY SERVICES B.V.
- GAS/OIL/ WATER SEPARATION UNITS
- ACS INDUSTRIES, INC.
- GAS PROCESSING SYSTEMS AND COMPONENTS
- MARLBORO ENTERPRISES, INC.
- HEAT EXCHANGERS/HEAT TRANSFER TECHNOLOGY
- ALFA LAVAL INC.
- INSULATION (CRYOGENIC) SYSTEMS
- INSULATIONS, INC.
- LNG TANKER BERTH AND LNG LOADING ARMS
- FMC TECHNOLOGIES
- ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND LOADING AS
- FMC CORPORATION
- LNG PEAKSHAVING AND SATELLITE SYSTEMS
- CH-IV CRYOGENICS CORPORATION
- CLEAN ENERGY FUELS CORP.
- GAS TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE (GTI)
- CROYOGENIC INDUSTRIES
- MARLIN GAS TRANSPORT, INC.
- UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY (U.S. DOE)
- PIPE SECTIONS
- CHIYODA CORPORATION
- PIPE SUPPORTS
- NAVARRO CHEMICALS PTY, LTD.
- PRESSURE VESSELS (CRYOGENIC)
- CROMPTON TECHNOLOGY GROUP, LTD.
- CRYOGENIC PUMPS
- CRYOSTAR-FRANCE SA
- TURBINES
- SieMENS WESTINGHOUSE
- FLOW METERS, FLOW COMPUTERS & FLOW INDICATORS
- INVENSYS
- EMERSON PROCESS MANAGEMENT
- SAGE METERING, INC.
- YOKOGAWA CORPORATION OF AMERICA
- IMPCO TECHNOLOGIES, INC.
- SIEMENS ENERGY & AUTOMATION, INC.
- ALICAT SCIENTIFIC
- ANALYZERS, DETECTORS, SENSORS, CONTROLS & INSTRUMENTATION
- PARKER INSTRUMENTATION
- DAVIDSON INSTRUMENTS
- EXTECH INSTRUMENTS, INC.
- OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH DYNAMICS
- LNG VALUE CHAIN COMPANIES
- SEMPRA ENERGY LNG CORP
- EXXONMOBIL CORP.
- ROYAL DUTCH/SHELL PETROLEUM COMPANY
- BP PLC
- TOTALFINAELF SA
- CHEVRONTEXACO CORP.
- ENI SPA
- REPSOL-YPF SA
- CONOCOPHILLIPS
- BG GROUP
- NATURAL GAS EXPLORATION and PRODUCTION COMPANIES
- MARATHON OIL COMPANY
- E.ON AG
- SERVICE SUPPLY COMPANIES
- SCHLUMBERGER
- DEN NORSKE STATS OLJESELSKAP AS (STATOIL)
- HALLIBURTON CO.
- AMEC PROCESS AND ENERGY LTD.
- ENGINEERING AND CONSTRUCTION COMPANIES
- ABS
- CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON COMPANY
- STORK ENGINEERS AND CONTRACTORS BV
- PITT-DES MOINES, INC.
- FLUOR DANIEL
- ABB LUMMUS GLOBAL GmbH
- BAKER HUGHES, INC.
- BLACK AND VEATCH PRITCHARD, INC.
- INVESTMENT ADVISORY COMPANIES
- THE MITCHELL GROUP INC.
- LNG SHIP CONSTRUCTION & PROPULSION SYSTEMS
- HYUNDAI HEAVY INDUSTRIES
- DAEWOO SHIPBUILDING & MARINE ENGINEERING COMPANY
- MCDERMOTT INTERNATIONAL, INC.
- ISHIKAWAJIMA-HARIMA HEAVY INDUSTRIES
- MITSUBISHI HEAVY INDUSTRIES (MHI)
- MITSUI ENGINEERING AND SHIPBUILDING COMPANY
- CHANTIERS DE L' ATLANTIQUE
- IZAR CONSTRUCCIONES NAVALES S.A.
- LNG TANKER OPERATORS
- MITSUI OSK LINES
- LNG PROCESS TECHNOLOGY LICENSORS
- AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS, INC.
- TECHNIP
- LINDE
- LEGAL ADVISARY SERVICE
- WHITE & CASE LLP
- FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS AND MATERIALS
- MARIOFF CORPORATION OY
- PPG INDUSTRIES, INC.
- FLARE SYSTEMS AND EQUIPMENT
- ELMAC GROUP
- ABB GAS TECHNOLOGY AS
- HYDRAULICS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL EQUIPMENT
- BHP PETROLEUM (BHPP) PTY LTD
- HYDROGRAPHIC AND METEOROLOGY
- PIC ENERGY GROUP
- ASAMS LTD.
- LIFTING EQUIPMENT, CRANES AND WINCHES
- INGERSOLL-RAND
- HYDRALIFT ASA
- MOLDECRANE
- LIGHTING
- CEAG SICHERHEITSTECHNIK GMBH
- CHINA LIGHT & POWER HOLDINGS
- LININGS, SEALS, AND GASKETS
- BAL SEAL ENGINEERING COMPANY, INC.
- PIPELINES AND PIPING COMPONENTS
- CECO PIPELINE SERVICES COMPANY, INC.
- 3M
- NKT FLEXIBLES
- WELD-TECH MANUFACTURING LTD
- TIMET (TITANIUM METALS CORPORATION)
- POWER GENERATION AND PROPULSION MACHINERY
- ORMAT
- PROCESSING AND SEPARATION SYSTEMS
- FOSTER WHEELER CORPORATION
- PETRECO INTERNATIONAL
- CHICAGO BRIDGE & IRON COMPANY
- KVAERNER PROCESS SYSTEMS
- MINOX TECHNOLOGY AS
- PROJECT MANAGEMENT, CONSULTANCY AND CERTIFICATION
- ABS MARINE SERVICES
- MULTIPHASE SOLUTIONS, INC.
- SCHLUMBERGER OILFIELD SERVICES
- VIKING ENERGY ROYALTY TRUST
- PUMPS (NON-CRYOGENIC)
- CAT PUMPS
- RECRUITMENT AND PERSONNEL
- OMEGA SELECTION SERVICES LTD
- ROCK DUMPING
- VAN Oord ACZ BV
- SEISMIC MONITORING
- OMNI ENERGY SERVICES
- PETROPHYSICS, INC.
- TIDELANDS GEOPHYSICAL CO.
- STEEL, SPECIAL METALS AND WELDING
- WEIR MATERIALS & FOUNDERIES
- KRUPP THYSSEN NIROSTA (KTN)
- SUPPORT VESSELS, SUPPLY AND CONTAINERS
- SETEC CONTRACTING AS
- SURPLUS AND USED EQUIPMENT
- ACM ENGINEERING, LTD
- ZEUS SALES & SERVICES LTD
- SURVIVAL, SAFETY AND PROTECTION
- BRADY CORPORATION
- SANDIA NATIONAL LABORATORIES
- GEXCON
- WELL EQUIPMENT
- WELLTEC
LIST OF TABLES
- Table A FREQUENTLY USED CONVERSTIONS
- Table B TYPICAL VAPOR-LIQUID CONVERSIONS*
- Table C CONVERSION FACTORS
Summary Table:
- GLOBAL LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRURE CAPITAL SPENDING BY
SEGMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS/YEAR)
- Table 1 GLOBAL LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE AS A PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL GLOBAL DEMAND, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 2 OVERVIEW OF THE IMPORTANCE OF STORAGE IN THE NATURAL GAS VALUE CHAIN
- Table 3 TYPICAL FIRM STORAGE COSTS
- Table 4 OVERVIEW OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL COST BREAKDOWN, 2002-2005
- Table 5 OVERVIEW OF WORLD KEY ECONOMIC INDICATORS, 2002-2010 (GROWTH, %)
- Table 6 OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL LNG TRADE BY TYPE OF CONTRACT THROUGH 2010 (%)
- Table 7 OVERVIEW OF WORLD DEMAND FOR UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 8 NUMBER OF LNG SHIPS, ON ORDER, TOTAL CAPACITY AND SHIP COST, THROUGH 2010
- Table 9 OVERVIEW OF LNG IMPORTERS BY COUNTRY, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 10 OVERVIEW OF LNG EXPORTERS BY COUNTRY, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 11 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION BY FEEDSTOCK, THROUGH 2010 (QUADRILLION BTU/YEAR)
- Table 12 OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL CURRENCY EXCHANGE RATES, 2002-2005
- Table 13 OVERVIEW OF NICKEL AND STEEL METAL PRICES, THROUGH 2005 (INDEX; JANUARY 1998=1.0)
- Table 14 ALUMINUM, COBALT, COPPER, ZINC, TIN, CHROMIUM AND MOLYBDENUM METAL FORECAST, THROUGH 2005 (¢/LB)
- Table 15 RELATIVE COST COMPARISON OF GAS STORAGE TYPES USING LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS AS AN EXAMPLE
- Table 16 OVERVIEW OF THE OPERATING COST COMPONENTS OF THE NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INDUSTRY, THROUGH 2010 ($/MMBTU)
- Table 17 OVERVIEW OF GLOBAL STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE CAPITAL SPENDING BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS/YEAR)
- Table 18 COST BREAKDOWN OF A MODERN BASE-LOAD LNG PLANT (%)
- Table 19 COST BREAKDOWN OF A MODERN LNG VESSEL (%)
- Table 20 COST BREAKDOWN OF A MODERN BASE-LOAD LNG REGAS PLANT (%)
- Table 21 COST COMPONENTS OF UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE (%)
- Table 22 COST BREAKDOWN OF A MODERN PEAKSHAVING AND SATELLITE LNG PLANT (%)
- Table 23 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BUSINESS
- Table 24 WORLD LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE, FORECAST THROUGH 2010 (WORKING VOLUME; TCF/YEAR)
- Table 25 OVERVIEW OF AVERAGE CRUDE OIL AND NATURAL GAS PRICES, WITH FORECASTS, THROUGH 2010
- Table 26 NATURAL GAS STORAGE TARRIF RATES, 2005
- Table 27 MONTHLY CONTRACT VALUES FOR NATURAL GAS FUTURES ($/MMBTU)
- Table 28 EXTRINSIC VALUE OF NATURAL GAS STORAGE, 2005 ($)
- Table 29 FLEXIBILITY SEGMENTATION
- Table 30 APPROXIMATE LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE COSTS FOR VARIOUS OPTIONS (AT GAS PRICE ABOUT EURO 0.1/M3)
- Table 31 ESTIMATED TRANSPORT COSTS FOR STORED LNG AND NATURAL GAS VOLUME, 2005
- Table 32 PROXIMITY TO CUSTOMER IS A KEY TO LNG SPOT SALES
- Table 33 LNG SAILING DAYS
- Table 34 U.S. HEATING DEGREE DAYS (WEEKLY COMPARISON OF 2006 VS. 2005 AND NORMAL)
- Table 35 U.S. WEEKLY ELECTRICITY OUTPUT (GIGAWATT HOURS)
- Table 36 ESTIMATED U.S. WORKING NATURAL GAS IN UNDERGROUND STORAGE (BILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Table 37 ESTIMATED CANADIAN WORKING NATURAL GAS IN STORAGE (BILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Table 38 NYMEX HENRY HUB NATURAL GAS FUTURES ($/MMBTU)
- Table 39 U.S. DRY NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION (MILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Table 40 CAPITAL AND EXPLORATION EXPENDITURES FOR SELECT COMPANIES, THROUGH 2002-2005 ($ BILLION/YEAR)
- Table 41 COMPOSITE SPOT NATURAL GAS PRICE FORECAST (12-REGION VOLUME-WEIGHTED PRICES; IN $/MMBTU)
- Table 42 WELLS DRILLED BY GEOGRAPHIC REGION, 2002-2005 (NUMBER)
- Table 43 WORLDWIDE GDP AND GDP GROWTH (%)
- Table 44 AVERAGE CRUDE OIL AND PRODUCTS PRICES THROUGH 2005
- Table 45 GLOBAL EXISTING LNG STORAGE CAPACITY, DAILY SEND-OUT CAPACITY (2005) AND PLANNED EXPANSIONS AT LNG IMPORT TERMINALS, 2005-2010
- Table 46 NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE MARKET, SHARE OF LEADING COMPANIES BY PRODUCT, 2005 (%)
- Table 47 GLOBAL SEGMENTATION IN STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY STORAGE TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($BILLIONS/YEAR)
- Table 48 MARKET PLAYERS AND SHARES OF WORKING GAS CAPACITY IN THE UNITED STATES (% SHARES)
- Table 49 NORTH AMERICAN UGS COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005
- Table 50 NORTH AMERICAN LNG STORAGE COMPETITION BY OWNER, 2005 (CUBIC METERS)
- Table 51 WESTERN EUROPEAN UGS COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005 (MLLION CUBIC METERS)
- Table 52 WESTERN EUROPEAN LNG STORAGE COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005 (CUBIC METERS)
- Table 53 INVESTMENTS IN PRIVATIZED CENTRAL EUERPEAN GAS COMPANIES
- Table 54 EASTERN EUROPEAN/CIS UGS COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005 (BILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Table 55 ASIAN UGS COMPETITION BY COUNTRY/COMPANY, 2005 (BILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Table 56 ASIAN LNG STORAGE COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005 (CUBIC METERS)
- Table 57 ROW UGS COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005E (BILLION CUBIC FEET)
- Table 58 ROW LNG STORAGE COMPETITION BY COMPANY, 2005E
- Table 59 EARNINGS (BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES) OF SELECTED LNG PLAYERS, THROUGH THROUGH 2005 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 60 EARNINGS (BEFORE INTEREST AND TAXES) OF SELECTED UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS PLAYERS, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 61 GROSS PROFIT OF MAJOR LNG PLAYERS, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 62 GROSS PROFIT OF MAJOR UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE PLAYERS, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 63 UNDERGOUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE PROJECT "ENTRY FEE," 2005 ($/1,000 CUBIC FEET OF WORKING GAS)
- Table 64 GREENFIELD AND EXPANSION LNG PROJECT "ENTRY FEE," FOR SELECTED PRODUCING COUNTRIES, 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 65 DEVELOPMENT COST OF UNDERGROUND WORKING GAS STORAGE, 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 66 UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE DEVELOPMENT COSTS, 2005
- Table 67 COMPARATIVE REGIONAL LNG ECONOMICS FOR GREEFIELD FACILITIES, 2005 ($/1000 CUBIC FEET)
- Table 68 HYPOTHETICAL PROJECT LIST
- Table 69 PROJECTS RANKED BY INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY
- Table 70 INVESTMENT EFFICIENCY BY MARKET SEGEMENT
- Table 71 IMPORTANT SHIFTS/TRENDS IN NATURAL GAS BUSINESS, THROUGH 2005 (%)
- Table 72 COMPANY RESULTS OF SELECTED UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS PLAYERS, THROUGH 2005 (REVENUE: $ MILLION/YEAR)
- Table 73 U.S. BASED OIL AND GAS FIRMS' REVENUES, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS/YEAR)
- Table 74 COMPANY RESULTS FOR THE WORLD' S TOP SERVICE SUPPLY COMPANIES, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 75 COMPANY RESULTS FOR THE WORLD' S MAJOR OIL AND NATURAL GAS COMPANIES OUTSIDE THE UNITED STATES, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 76 COMPANY RESULTS FOR THE WORLD' S TOP STATE-OWNED OIL AND NATURAL GAS COMPANIES OUTSIDE THE U.S., THROUGH 2004 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 77 COMPANY RESULTS FOR GAS STORAGE INSTRUMENTATION SUPPLIERS, THROUGH 2005 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 78 DEMAND FOR LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE SPENDING BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($BILLIONS)
- Table 79 ESTIMATED WEEKLY SEASONAL FACTORS
- Table 80 WORLD LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT DEMAND BY PRODUCT CLASS, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 81 LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE PRODUCT CLASS/SEGMENT LINK CHART
- Table 82 WORLD LNG AND UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 83 WORLD LNG AND NATURAL GAS SERVICE INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 84 WORLD LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE DEMAND BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2010 (WORKING VOLUME; TCF/YEAR)
- Table 85 APPLICATION IN UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 86 LNG APPLICATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE; EXPORTS BY ATLANTIC BASIN, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 87 LNG APPLICATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE; EXPORTS BY PACIFIC BASIN, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 88 LNG APPLICATION IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE; EXPORTS BY MIDDLE EAST/ROW BASIN, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 89 WORLD APPLICATION IN MERCHANT LNG SUPPLY BY TYPE, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 90 WORLD LNG APPLICATION IN PEAKSHAVING BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 91 WORLD LNG APPLICATION IN VEHICLE FUEL BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 92 WORLD LNG APPLICATION IN SATELLITE PLANTS BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 93 GLOBAL LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRURE CAPITAL SPENDING BY SEGMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- Table 94 WORLD UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- Table 95 NORTH AMERICA UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT, BY COUNTRY, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 96 NORTH AMERICA UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY COUNTRY, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 97 EUROPE UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 98 EUROPE UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 99 WESTERN EUROPE UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 100 EASTERN EUROPE/CIS UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLION)
- Table 101 ASIA UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INVESTMENT, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLION)
- Table 102 ASIAN DEMAND FOR UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 103 REST OF WORLD DEMAND FOR UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 104 LNG SHARE OF NATURAL GAS PORTFOLIO BY COUNTRY, 2005 (%)
- Table 105 WORLD INVESTMENT BY SHIPPING ELEMENT TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 106 COMPARISON OF LNG CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEM TECHNOLOGY
- Table 107 WORLD DEMAND FOR LNG TANKER TRANSPORTATION BY CONTAINMENT TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2010 (TCF/YEAR)
- Table 108 WORLD MARINE LNG SHIP INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- Table 109 EAST OF SUEZ LNG TANKER INVESTMENTS REQUIREMENTS, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- Table 110 WEST OF SUEZ LNG TANKER INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- Table 111 INVESTMENT BY RECEIVING TERMINAL ELEMENT TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2010 ($MILLIONS)
- Table 112 WORLD DEMAND FOR LNG INFRASTRUCTURE BY STORAGE TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 113 WORLD LNG RECEIVING/REGASIFICATION STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 ($ BILLIONS)
- Table 114 U.S. LNG IMPORTS, THROUGH 2010 (BILLION CUBIC FEET/DAY)
- Table 115 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED EXPANSIONS AT LNG IMPORT TERMINALS IN THE LOWER 48 U.S. STATES (AS OF APRIL 27, 2005)
- Table 116 CANADA' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 117 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED EXPANSIONS AT LNG INPORT TERMINALS IN WESTERN EUROPE (BCF, AS OF JUNE 2004)
- Table 118 EUROPEAN LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 119 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED EXPANSIONS AT LNG INPORT TERMINALS IN ASIA (BCF)
- Table 120 JAPAN LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 121 SOUTH KOREAN LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 122 TAIWAN LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 123 NEW ZEALAND LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 124 CHINA' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 125 INDIA' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 126 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED EXPANSIONS AT LNG IMPORT TERMINALS IN THE REST OF THE WORLD (BCF)
- Table 127 MEXICO' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 128 BAHAMAS' LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 129 DOMINICAN REPUBLIC' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 130 PUERTO RICO' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 131 HONDURAS' LNG IMPORT TERMINAL CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 132 BRAZIL' S LNG IMPORT STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 133 GLOBAL LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY AND UTILIZATION RATE, THROUGH 2010 (MILLION TONNES PER YEAR)
- Table 134 NEAR-TERM AND LONG-TERM LNG SUPPLY DOMINATION BY POLITICS, THROUGH 2020 (%)
- Table 135 LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE INVESTMENT BY ELEMENT TECHNOLOGY, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 136 WORLD LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENT, BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 ($ MILLIONS)
- Table 137 NORTH AMERICA LNG LIQUEFACTION STORGAE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 138 EUROPE LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 139 AUSTRALIA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 140 INDONESIA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 141 MALAYSIA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 142 BRUNEI' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (BCF/DAY)
- Table 143 TRINIDAD & TOBAGO' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 144 BOLIVIA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 145 VENEZUELA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 146 PERU' S LNG LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 147 BRAZIL' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
- Table 148 ALGERIA' S LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/Y)
- Table 149 NIGERIA' S LNG EXPORTS (MILLION TONNES/YEAR)
- Table 150 NIGERIAN LNG LIQUEFACTION STORAGE CAPACITY (MMT/YEAR)
LIST OF FIGURES
Summary Figure:
- GLOBAL LNG AND NATURAL GAS STORAGE INFRASTRURE CAPITAL SPENDING BY
SEGMENT, 2002-2010 ($ BILLIONS/YEAR)
- Figure 1 TYPES OF UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE FACILITIES
- Figure 2 STORAGE ALONG THE NATURAL GAS CHAIN
- Figure 3 INTEGRATION OF LNG AND UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE
- Figure 4 STORAGE ALONG THE LNG INFRASTRUCTURE CHAIN
- Figure 5 RECEIVING/REGASIFICATION PORT LNG STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE CONFIGURATION
- Figure 6 MONTHLY NATURAL GAS PRICES (HENRY HUB; $/MMBTU)
- Figure 7 NATURAL GAS SUPPLY AND STORAGE INFRASTRUCTURE NETWORK
- Figure 8 CITY GATE NATURAL GAS PRICE ($/1,000 CUBIC FEET) AND PRICE OF WEST TEXAS INTERMEDIATE CRUDE OIL DIVIDED BY 6, 2001-2006
- Figure 9 NYMEX NATURAL GAS FUTURES NEAR-MONTH CONTRACT SETTLEMENT
- Figure 10 LEAST COST PLANNING FOR NATURAL GAS STORAGE
- Figure 11 TYPICAL DAILY GAS DEMAND PROFILE DURING THE YEAR
- Figure 12 SCHEMATIC ANNUAL DEMAND AND PRODUCTION AND USE OF SEASONAL STORAGE
- Figure 13 THREE BY-PRODUCT PROPANE PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- Figure 14 STORAGE TARIFFS IN NORTH WEST EUROPE, 2005
- Figure 15 EFFECT OF WINTER NATURAL GAS USAGE ON PIPELINE CAPACITY COSTS
- Figure 16 SHORT-TERM NATURAL GAS PRICE DRIVERS
- Figure 17 NATURAL GAS PRICES AND THE EFFECT OF HURICANES IVAN AND KATRINA PLUS RITA
- Figure 18 AVERAGE CONSUMER PRICE OF NATURAL GAS IN THE U
- Figure 19 COST OF NATURAL GAS AROUND THE WORLD, 2005
- Figure 20 2006 HEATING DEGREE DAYS VS
- Figure 21 UNITED STATES UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE AND TRENDLINE
- Figure 22 YEAR-OVER-YEAR DEFICIT AND 5-YEAR SURPLUS IN STORAGE
- Figure 23 NET NATURAL GAS FUTURES AND OPTIONS POSITIONS, JANUARY 2003-DECEMBER 2005
- Figure 24 U
- Figure 25 CANADIAN RIG COUNT
- FigureS 24 AND 25 (CONTINUED)
- Figure 26 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF GAS INJECTION AND WITHDRAWAL INSTRUMENTATION INFRASTRUCTURE IN AN UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE RESERVOIR
- Figure 27 DETAILS OF A FULL CONTAINMENT ABOVE-GROUND LNG STORAGE TANK
- Figure 28 DETAILS OF A FULL CONTAINMENT IN-GROUND LNG STORAGE TANK
- Figure 29 LNG CARGO CONTAINMENT SYSTEMS
- Figure 30 CONCENTRATION OF WORKING CAPACITY OF UGS IN EUROPE BY COUNTRY, 2005 (%)
- Figure 31 PRICE TO EARNINGS RATIO (P/E) PREDICTION
- Figure 32 LNG SUPPLY CHAIN UNDER FERC' S "OPEN-ACCESS' ' REGIME
- Figure 33 LNG SUPPLY CHAIN UNDER FERC' S NEW "NON-OPEN ACCESS' ' REGIME
- Figure 34 ACTUAL AND IMPLIED NATURAL GAS PRICES USING 10-TO-1 AND 6-TO-1 RULES OF THUMB
- Figure 35 ACTUAL AND IMPLIED NATURAL GAS PRICES USING BURNER-TIP PARITY AND FITTED VALUES
- Figure 36 NATURAL GAS IN STORAGE ABOVE SEASONAL AVERAGE
- Figure 37 ACTUAL AND IMPLIED NATURAL GAS PRICES INCORPORATING SEASONAL FACTORS AND STORAGE CONDITIONS
- Figure 38 UNDERGROUND NATURAL GAS STORAGE IN OIL OR GAS FIELD
- Figure 39 SOLUTION MINED SALT CAVITY
- Figure 40 SOLUTION MINED CAVITY IN THIN SALT LAYERS
- Figure 41 LINED ROCK CAVERN
- Figure 42 THE LNG CHAIN COST REDUCTIONS
- Figure 43 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONSTRUCTION COSTS AND LNG TANK CAPACITY
- Figure 44 MAP SHOWING TOTALITY OF EUROPEAN-CENTRAL ASIAN PIPELINE NETWORK
- Figure 45 MORSE-SPHERICAL LNG TANKER SHIP (TOP) AND PRISMATIC TANKER SHIP (BELOW)
- Figure 46 EXISTING AND PROPOSED NORTH AMERICAN LNG IMPORT TERMINALS
- Figure 47 POTENTIAL NORTH AMERICAN LNG RECEIVING TERMINALS
- Figure 48 ACTIVE U
- Figure 49 LNG LIQUEFACTION AND IMPORT TERMINALS IN ASIA-PACIFIC
- Figure 50 SCHEMATIC OF LNG LIQUEFACTION AND STORAGE FACILITY
- Figure 51 NEW PROPRIETARY PRISM/PYRAMID TANK CONCEPT FOR LARGE LNG CARRIERS
- Figure 52 THE OCEAN PROPRIETARY LNG STORAGE TANK
- Figure 53 CGI' S PRPOSED TECHNOLOGY FOR LNG IMPORT AND STORAGE BASED ON THE BISHOP PROCESS
- Figure 54 TRENDS IN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY REGION, 1970-2004 (BILLION CUBIC METERS/YEAR)
- Figure 55 TRENDS IN NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION BY REGION, 1965-2004 (BILLION CUBIC METERS/YEAR)
- Figure 56 TRENDS IN GLOBAL LNG TRADE, 1970-2003 (BILLION CUBIC METERS)
- Figure 57 TRENDS IN LNG CARRIER, LIQUEFACTION TRAIN CAPACITY (1,000 CUBIC METERS)
