[英文調查報告書] 小水力轉換裝置

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

BCC's goal in conducting this study was to assess the technical status and identify and quantify market opportunities for small hydroelectric power plants and equipment, and ocean energy conversion (OEC) devices.

The level of detail for market coverage includes state, national, regional, and worldwide totals.

The investigation included developing a rationale for projecting the evolution of the markets for the equipment through 2008. For small hydro, the study focuses on an upper bound of 10 MW capacity and a lower bound of 1 MW, except in a few instances where the national definition of small hydro is different and impacts the market in that country.

Small hydro turbines included in this capacity range are Francis, Kaplan, Pelton, Turgo, crossflow, and propeller devices.

Ocean energy conversion (OEC) systems, covering ocean current, ocean thermal, tidal, tidal current and wave energy facilities, were examined in their totality. No specific bounds have been established for these technologies in terms of the necessary output relative to cost because all OEC technologies have limited deployment at present. The market potential, however, is very large.

A new class of hydromechanical energy conversion device has recently emerged, called freestream hydroturbines. These devices cross over both ocean tidal current and river-based categories. Market forecasts were developed for both applications.

Markets for technologies do not evolve in a vacuum. A goal of the research for this report was to investigate, characterize and quantify the impacts of resource location, capital availability, political forces, government incentives, international mandates, permitting issues, and environmental factors that impede or enhance the markets.

The technical status of each of the technologies was also examined to determine whether trends are emerging in the preferences for one technology over another, or whether technological advances were priming one technology to supercede another.

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY

The renewable energy technologies industry has climbed into the realm of big business.

Large wind turbines joined small hydro and biomass in the billion-dollar annual revenue realm in the late 1990s. Photovoltaics reached that level in 2000 and now megawatt-scale projects regularly occur. Geothermal power plants have become a short-listed option wherever a sufficient resource is present. A slew of new OEC technologies have been developed and demonstration projects are being deployed in the waters off four continents.

This study was performed to pinpoint and characterize opportunities for growth of small hydro and OEC technologies. The goal was to quantify their current and future installed capacity and to place a dollar value on those shipments.

For equipment manufacturers, this study is designed to serve as a guide for directing marketing and sales efforts, as well as for manufacturing capacity planning. A number of project developers are profiled that operate in different parts of the world to provide marketing opportunities for companies that manufacture small hydro equipment.

This report aids project planners, developers and financiers as they assess the potential for success of small hydro or ocean energy conversion technologies in a given location. Analyses are carried out of the government and utility policies, resources, utility rates, interconnection procedures, subsidies, and tariff schemes for many of the countries examined in this report. The study describes the forces driving the rapid growth of renewables markets, including regulatory and financial incentive schemes that governments, private organizations and international organizations have put into place to foster renewables industries.

As with other bulk power production equipment, the economics of renewables are strongly influenced by regulatory, subsidy and taxation considerations that vary from continent to continent, nation to nation, state to state, utility to utility. The contents of this study are intended to provide clear views of the social, political, and economic environments in which these technologies must come to market.

One nearly universal concern is global warming, a nascent catastrophic environmental situation whose existence has finally been admitted by all but the most committed to denial. A second environmental factor is the growing epidemiological evidence that millions of instances of respiratory illnesses and fatalities are caused by emissions from fossil-fueled power plants. A final major global concern is typified by the events of September 11, 2001. That series of catastrophes emphasized the dangers of dependence and involvement of oil-addicted western nations with unstable fundamentalist cultures that have access to the world information utility, large amounts of capital, and materials that can be put to destructive use.The expanding market for renewables has now become large enough so that it has begun to impinge on the market shares of conventional power generation technologies such as coal- and gas-fired power plants, diesel generators, and large hydropower. Nuclear is dying because of its costs, insoluble waste problems and the terrorism threat.

This study was performed to identify and quantify the driving factors in markets for small hydro and OEC technologies, the key players, the technologies, the economics and the market potential of these new and established industries.This report is the third in a series of BCC Research reports that examine the level of potential deployment of bulk renewable energy sources with what can be realized in the near- to mid-term.

This shift to renewables is altering the flow of money from established power production industries to alternative sources of energy. Some of the technologies, like small hydro, are no longer alternatives. They are mainstream. The generator technologies used in small hydro facilities are finding their way into OEC installation, while tidal stream generators are being tested in rivers.

For OEC technologies, answers were sought as to the pace of the shift from development to mainstream, its magnitude, where it is happening, and the implications for the fiscal evolution of the various technologies examined.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM

The analyses contained in this report were garnered from primary sources that include manufacturers, inventors, utility representatives, vendors, end users, government regulators and researchers, financial institutions, and venture capitalists. Secondary sources that were examined include financial reports, printed and electronic news releases, magazine articles, newsletters, technical and topical books, and trade publications. Extensive use was made of existing BCC Research data files and publications, and the World Wide Web.This report and its analysis are of interest to manufacturers of equipment and balance of plant components, project developers, equipment integrators, distributors, contractors, government legislators and regulators, funding and energy agencies, international development banks and agencies, investment bankers and underwriters, venture capitalists, corporations, municipal governments, utilities, carbon traders, green power vendors, and national and state clean energy fund administrators.

SCOPE AND FORMAT

The scope of this study encompasses small hydroelectric facilities and ocean energy conversion (OEC) technologies (ocean current, thermal, tidal, tidal current, and wave).BCC analyzes each technology, determines its current market status and readiness for market, examines its impact on future markets, and presents forecasts of market evolution through 2008. Assessments are made in terms of the installed and future installed capacities and annual project revenues. Where appropriate, markets are examined on the basis of geographic distribution.

The emerging variety of wave and tidal energy conversion devices is explored, and the market potential for each is assessed. Attention is given to the overlap in application for the new class of underwater kinetic energy conversion technologies, the freestream hydroturbine. Market assessments are made for both freshwater and ocean market penetration for these devices.

Small hydro markets are investigated in terms of the annual new capacity and project revenues (on a geographic basis) for this well-established technology.

Attention is devoted to factors such as Green Power programs, green tags/certificates, Social Benefit Charges, Clean Energy Funds, Renewable Portfolio Standards, the U.K. Renewables Obligation, the Kyoto Protocol and the Clean Development Mechanism, the Prototype Carbon Fund, environmental concerns and mandates, zoning issues, permitting, and cost comparisons.BCC analyzes the industry on a worldwide basis, from the perspectives of manufacturing, product and market evolution, government incentive programs, mandatory green energy purchases, and market readiness or maturity. We examine legislative and regulatory support programs for renewable energy, with discussion of their pertinence for small hydro and ocean energy conversion systems (OECS).The report evaluates the market opportunities for renewables in terms of the regulatory practices of nations, provinces, and states, international agreements, the financial incentives and barriers to uptake of the various technologies, and the capability of a given region to utilize the various technologies.

The world resource for small hydro and ocean energy is estimated, as is the extent that resources can be tapped on a mass basis and where. The suitability of the technologies for various regions is examined and motivations for selection of particular technologies are discussed.This report is laid out to provide an overview of the world renewable energy bulk power market, then assess the relative contribution of small hydro and ocean energy systems within the international, national, and state frameworks that are pertinent to market development or hindrance.

An attempt is made to characterize the fiscal, environmental and political forces shaping the world market for renewables technologies. Separate sections are then provided that delineate the world, regional and national, and local (in as granular a representation as is feasible or seems appropriate) markets for each of the technologies covered in this report. Each technology is considered for its functional aspects, fit to the application and location, costs, maintenance, market position and prospects, and the manufacturers' ability to conceive, develop, finance, execute and operate commercial projects.

Some speculation was made with regard to OEC technologies, since their stage of development (outside of a few notable exceptions) has thus far limited them to demonstration projects. All markets are examined in terms of the growth or decline of installed capacity and expected revenues within the forecast interval covered in this report (through 2008).

METHODOLOGY

BCC analyzed the small hydro and OEC generating capacity shipped through 2003 and expected to be shipped by the end of 2008. A number of forecasts were also developed for freestream hydroturbines, a crossover technology used for both run-of-the-river and tidal current power generation. Our estimated value is the project revenue in 2003 dollars and, where appropriate, in terms of annual new projects, annual new capacity, cumulative capacity (megawatts) and annual revenue.

Market forecasts were developed according to the realm of technology and the state, province, nation, and region being discussed.

Various assumptions were made for unit capacity. The underlying rationales for the assumptions are provided with the relevant market forecasts.Forecasts were generated on the basis of unit counts by various international and national government agencies, market sector associations, and financial reports and press releases by manufacturers. Consideration was also given to funding programs by international, national and local funding agencies, as well as government policies toward the development of certain renewable energy technology sectors.

Extensive efforts were made to assess the real world support mechanisms for each of the technologies examined, as well as the developable portion of the global and local resources.

Revenues were calculated according to historical average costs in a given country. For small hydro, the predominance of new or renovation projects was taken into consideration when generating revenue forecasts.

Care was taken to understand the impacts of international agreements and national laws and subsidies that support deployment and growth in the markets for renewable energy in general and for the specific technologies examined.

INFORMATION SOURCES

BCC surveyed numerous companies, consultants, and government branches to obtain data and background information for this study. Included were manufacturers of small hydroelectric generators and total systems, plus developers of ocean current, ocean thermal, tidal current, tidal and wave energy conversion devices.

Conversations were also held with green power marketers, permitting specialists, project developers, project engineering firms, government regulators and researchers, bankers, venture capitalists and utility representatives.

In addition, data was compiled from financial and trade information, government sources and technical societies. Extensive use was made of World Wide Web sources in order to develop a comprehensive, quantitative view of world markets in as efficient a manner as possible.

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
SCOPE AND FORMAT
METHODOLOGY
INFORMATION SOURCES
RELATED BCC WORK CREDENTIALS
AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALS
BCC ON-LINE SERVICES
INTERNET

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

SMALL HYDRO MARKETS: NEW, RENOVATIONS, MODIFICATIONS
OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION APPROACHING COMMERCIAL VIABILITY
SUMMARY FORECAST FOR THE WORLD SMALL HYDRO AND OCEAN ENERGY CAPACITY MARKETS

Summary Table:
WORLD SMALL HYDRO AND OCEAN ENERGY CAPACITY MARKETS, THROUGH 2008 (MW, $ MILLIONS)
Summary Figure:
PERCENTAGE SHARES OF SMALL HYDROMECHANICAL ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICES MARKET IN 2008 (%)

OVERVIEW

CONVENTIONAL VS. RENEWABLE ENERGY POWER PRODUCTION

Table 1 WORLD POWER PRODUCTION CAPACITY (ALL SOURCES), THROUGH 2008
Table 2 GLOBAL GENERATING CAPACITY SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY, 2002
Figure 1 WORLD GENERATION CAPACITY SHARE BY TECHNOLOGY 2002
Table 3 AVERAGE COST OF ELECTRICITY FROM CONVENTIONAL AND RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES, THROUGH 2008 ($/KWH)
Table 4 EXTERNAL COSTS OF MAJOR BULK POWER PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES
Table 5 GLOBAL GENERATING CAPACITY SHARE, 2003 (GW)
Figure 2 RENEWABLES PERCENTAGE SHARE OF WORLD GENERATING CAPACITY, 2003-2008 (%)

RENEWABLE ENERGY INDUSTRIES STATUS BY COUNTRY

RENEWABLE ENERGY INDUSTRIES STATUS BY COUNTRY
STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
- AUSTRALIA RENEWABLES INDUSTRY STATUS
- NEW ZEALAND RENEWABLES INDUSTRY STATUS
STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN CANADA
STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN THE EUROPEAN UNION
- STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY �c(CONTINUED)
- THE EUROPEAN UNION RENEWABLE ENERGY DIRECTIVE
- STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN AUSTRIA

Table 6 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION CAPACITY GROWTH IN AUSTRIA AS A RESULT OF THE RENEWABLES PORTFOLIO STANDARD, THROUGH 2008
Table 7 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION CAPACITY GROWTH IN ITALY, THROUGH 2008
Table 8 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION IN THE U.K. AS A RESULT OF THE RENEWABLES OBLIGATION, THROUGH 2008
- STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN CENTRAL ASIA
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN INDIA
Table 9 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION CAPACITY GROWTH IN INDIA, THROUGH 2008
- STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN THE NEAR EAST
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN ISRAEL
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN TURKEY
  - STATUS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY IN OTHER NEAR EAST COUNTRIES
- STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN NORTH AFRICA
- STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN PACIFIC RIM NATIONS
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN CHINA
Table 10 RENEWABLE PRODUCTION CAPACITY GROWTH IN CHINA, THROUGH 2008
Table 11 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION CAPACITY GROWTH IN JAPAN, THROUGH 2008
Table 12 JAPANESE KYOTO-RELATED GOALS FOR NEW ENERGY CAPACITY GROWTH IN JAPAN, THROUGH 2010
- STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
  - CLEAN DEVELOPMENT MECHANISM PROSPECTS FOR SOUTHEAST ASIA
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN INDONESIA
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN MALAYSIA
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN THAILAND
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN VIETNAM
- STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN SUB SAHARAN AFRICA
- STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN SWITZERLAND
- STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN THE UNITED STATES
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY�c(CONTINUED)
Table 13 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION CAPACITY GROWTH IN THE U.S., THROUGH 2008
Table 14 RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO CAPACITY REQUIREMENTS, BY STATE
Table 14 (CONTINUED)

WORLD SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKETS

SMALL HYDRO TECHNOLOGIES
- SMALL HYDRO ENVIRONMENTALLY BENIGN
- SMALL HYDROELECTRIC GRAVITY-BASED TECHNOLOGIES
- FREESTREAM HYDROTURBINES APPROACHING MARKET READINESS
- THE HYDRO RESOURCE
- SITING SMALL HYDRO FACILITIES
- THE FINANCIALS OF SMALL HYDRO FACILITIES
WORLD SMALL HYDRO AND OCEAN ENERGY CAPACITY MARKET

Table 15 WORLD SMALL HYDRO AND OCEAN ENERGY CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Figure 3 WORLD SMALL HYDRO AND OCEAN ENERGY CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008 (MW)
Table 16 WORLD SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET: SMALL HYDRO PROJECTS BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (NUMBER OF PROJECTS)
Figure 4 WORLD SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET: SMALL HYDRO PROJECTS BY REGION, 2002-2008 (NUMBER OF PROJECTS)
Table 17 WORLD SMALL HYDRO ANNUAL NEW CAPACITY: SMALL HYDRO AND FREESTREAM HYDRO TURBINE PROJECTS BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MW)
Figure 5 WORLD SMALL HYDRO ANNUAL NEW CAPACITY: SMALL HYDRO AND FREESTREAM HYDRO TURBINE PROJECTS BY REGION, 2002-2008
Table 18 WORLD SMALL HYDRO CUMULATIVE CAPACITY: SMALL HYDRO AND FREESTREAM HYDRO TURBINE PROJECTS BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MW)
Table 18 (CONTINUED)
Figure 6 WORLD SMALL HYDRO CUMULATIVE CAPACITY: SMALL HYDRO AND FREESTREAM HYDRO TURBINE PROJECTS BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 (MW)
Table 19 WORLD SMALL HYDRO ANNUAL PROJECT REVENUES: SMALL HYDRO AND FREESTREAM HYDRO TURBINE PROJECTS BY REGION, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Figure 7 WORLD SMALL HYDRO ANNUAL PROJECT REVENUES: SMALL HYDRO AND FREESTREAM HYDRO TURBINE PROJECTS BY REGION, 2002-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
- AUSTRALIA/NEW ZEALAND SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET
  - AUSTRALIA SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET
Table 20 SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY IN AUSTRALIA BY STATE, 2002
Table 21 AUSTRALIA SMALL HYDRO GENERATING CAPACITY FORECAST, THROUGH 2008
Table 22 NEW ZEALAND NORTH ISLAND SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY, THROUGH 2008
Table 23 NEW ZEALAND SOUTH ISLAND SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY, THROUGH 2008
Table 24 NEW ZEALAND AGGREGATE SMALL HYDRO GENERATING CAPACITY, THROUGH 2008
- CANADA SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY INDUSTRY IN CANADA
Table 25 CANADA SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
- EASTERN EUROPE SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET
  - EASTERN EUROPE SMALL HYDRO �c(CONTINUED)
  - STATUS OF THE RENEWABLE ENERGY EQUIPMENT MARKET IN EASTERN EUROPE
Table 26 EASTERN EUROPE SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 27 BELARUS SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 28 BULGARIA SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 29 CROATIAN SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 30 CZECH REPUBLIC SMALL HYDRO FACILITIES BEING PRIVATIZED
Table 30 (CONTINUED)
Table 31 CZECH REPUBLIC SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 32 ESTONIAN SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 33 LITHUANIAN SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 34 RENEWABLE ENERGY PRODUCTION CAPACITY GROWTH IN POLAND AS A RESULT OF THE RENEWABLES PORTFOLIO STANDARD, THROUGH 2008
Table 35 POLAND SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 36 ROMANIA SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 37 SLOVAKIA SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 38 SLOVENIA SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
- WESTERN EUROPE SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET
  - THE IMPACT OF DIRECTIVE 2000/60/EC (THE WATER DIRECTIVE)
Table 39 EUROPEAN UNION (AND SWITZERLAND) SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 40 AUSTRIA SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 41 FRENCH SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 42 GERMAN SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 43 LOCATION AND CAPACITIES OF CURRENT GREEK SMALL HYDRO FACILITIES, 2003
Table 44 GREECE SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 45 IRISH SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 46 ITALY SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 47 THE NETHERLANDS SMALL AND MINI HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 48 NORWAY SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008 (PLANTS 100 KW TO 1 MW CAPACITY)
Table 49 PORTUGAL SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 50 SCOTLAND SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 51 SPANISH SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 52 SWEDEN SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 53 SWISS SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 54 UNITED KINGDOM SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
- LATIN AMERICA'S SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET
  - THE PRIMITIVE EARTH OF NORTHWEST SOUTH AMERICA
  - A HOST OF INTERNATIONAL FINANCING SCHEMES AVAILABLE FOR LATIN AMERICAN PROJECTS
  - CARBON FUNDS MAY DRIVE THE LATIN AMERICAN SMALL HYDRO MARKET
  - FORECAST FOR THE LATIN AMERICAN SMALL HYDRO MARKET
Table 55 LATIN AMERICA SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET: WATER TURBINES AND FREESTREAM HYDROTURBINES, THROUGH 2008
Table 56 BRAZILIAN SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET: WATER TURBINES AND FREESTREAM HYDROTURBINES, THROUGH 2008
Table 56 (CONTINUED)
Table 57 MEXICAN SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 58 LATIN AMERICA SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET OUTSIDE OF BRAZIL AND MEXICO, THROUGH 2008
- CENTRAL ASIA SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKETS
  - INDIA'S SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET
Table 59 INDIAN GOVERNMENT SUBSIDIES FOR SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT
Table 60 INDIA SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 61 POTENTIAL SMALL HYDRO SITES AND CAPACITIES IN BANGLADESH
- NEAR EAST SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET
Table 62 NEAR EAST SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 63 ARMENIA SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 64 TURKEY SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET, THROUGH 2008
- PACIFIC RIM SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKETS
  - FORECAST FOR THE PACIFIC RIM SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET
Table 65 PACIFIC RIM SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET: WATER TURBINES AND FREESTREAM HYDROTURBINES, THROUGH 2008
Table 66 PROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY IN CHINA, 2000
Table 67 CHINA SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 68 JAPAN SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 69 PHILIPPINES SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
- SOUTHEAST ASIA SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET
Table 70 SOUTHEAST ASIA SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 71 CAMBODIAN SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 72 INDONESIAN SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 73 LAOTIAN SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 74 MALAYSIAN SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 75 THAILAND SMALL HYDRO CAPACITY MARKET, THROUGH 2008
Table 76 VIETNAM SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET: WATER TURBINES AND FREESTREAM HYDROTURBINES, THROUGH 2008
- SUB SAHARAN AFRICA SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET
- UNITED STATES SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET
  - SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIES IN THE U.S.
  - WINNOWING OUT THE BEST SITES FOR SMALL HYDRO DEVELOPMENT IN THE U.S.
Table 77 NUMBER AND CAPACITY OF EXISTING HYDROELECTRIC DAMS AND POTENTIAL DAMS BY STATE, 1998
Table 77 (CONTINUED)
Table 78 STATES RANKED BY THE NUMBER OF NONELECTRIFIED DAMS, 1998
Table 79 AVERAGE ELECTRIC RATES BY STATE, 2002
Table 80 STATES WITH THE HIGHEST ELECTRIC RATES AND RENEWABLE PORTFOLIO STANDARD, RANKED BY THE NUMBER OF SMALL HYDRO OPPORTUNITIES
Table 80 (CONTINUED)
Table 81 UNITED STATES SMALL HYDRO EQUIPMENT MARKET: WATER TURBINES AND FREESTREAM HYDROTURBINES, THROUGH 2008
- HYDROPOWER ASSOCIATIONS
  - BRITISH HYDROPOWER ASSOCIATION
  - CANADIAN DAM ASSOCIATION
  - CANADIAN HYDROPOWER ASSOCIATION
  - INTERNATIONAL NETWORK ON SMALL HYDRO POWER (IN-SHP)
  - LOW IMPACT HYDROPOWER INSTITUTE
  - NATIONAL HYDROPOWER ASSOCIATION
  - U.S. HYDROPOWER COUNCIL FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT
  - UNITED STATES SOCIETY ON DAMS

WORLD OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT MARKETS

WORLD OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION �cMARKETS
OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSON TECHNOLOGIES
- BASELOAD VS. INTERMITTENT AVAILABILITY
- THE OFFSHORE PERMITTING QUAGMIRE
- OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT GEOGRAPHIC CONSTRAINTS
- MOTIVATIONS FOR TURNING TO THE OCEAN FOR ENERGY
- INVESTOR ISSUES FOR OCEAN ENERGY DEVELOPERS
- UNCERTAINTIES FACED BY INVESTORS IN OEC TECHNOLOGIES
- WORLD MARKET FOR OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION CAPACITY THROUGH 2008

Table 82 WORLD MARKET FOR OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION CAPACITY AND REVENUE, THROUGH 2008
- OCEAN CURRENT ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT MARKETS
  - PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF OCEAN CURRENTS
  - GEOGRAPHIC LOCATIONS OF THE MAJOR NEARSHORE OCEAN CURRENTS
Table 83 MAJOR NEARSHORE CURRENTS OF THE WORLD: WIDTH, DEPTH AND VELOCITY
Table 83 (CONTINUED)
Table 84 WORLD MARKET FOR OCEAN CURRENT POWER GENERATION CAPACITY, THROUGH 2008
Figure 8 WORLD MARKET FOR OCEAN CURRENT POWER GENERATION, ANNUAL REVENUES, 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
- OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION MARKETS
  - OTEC HISTORY
  - GEOGRAPHIC ZONES OF SUFFICIENT TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES
  - WORLD OTEC MARKETS
Table 85 WORLD MARKET FOR OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION CAPACITY, THROUGH 2008
Figure 9 WORLD MARKET FOR OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION, ANNUAL REVENUES, 2003-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
- TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT MARKETS
  - THE TIDAL CURRENT RESOURCE
  - CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TIDALCURRENT ENERGY RESOURCE
  - OUT OF SIGHT, OUT OF MIND
  - TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES
  - TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT MARKETS
  - TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY CONVERSION CAPACITY FORECAST
Table 86 WORLD MARKET FOR TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY CONVERSION CAPACITY THROUGH 2008
Figure 10 WORLD MARKET FOR TIDAL CURRENT ENERGY CONVERSION, ANNUAL REVENUES, 2003-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
- TIDAL ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT MARKETS
  - OCEAN TIDAL ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGIES
  - ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS WITH TIDAL ENERGY PLANTS
  - GEOGRAPHIC PROSPECTS FOR TIDAL ENERGY CONVERSION
  - FORECAST OF THE WORLD MARKET FOR TIDAL ENERGY CONVERSION CAPACITY
Table 87 WORLD MARKET FOR TIDAL ENERGY CONVERSION CAPACITY, THROUGH 2008
Figure 11 WORLD MARKET FOR TIDAL ENERGY CONVERSION, ANNNUAL REVENUES, 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
- WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT MARKET
  - THE OCEAN WAVE ENERGY RESOURCE
  - WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION EQUIPMENT TECHNOLOGIES
  - WORLD WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION TECHNOLOGY MARKET
Table 88 WORLD MARKET FOR WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION CAPACITY, THROUGH 2008
Figure 12 WORLD MARKET FOR WAVE ENERGY CONVERSION, ANNUAL REVENUES, 2003-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

APPENDIX

RENEWABLES MARKET IMPLICATIONS OF GLOBAL WARMING AND THE KYOTO PROTOCOL
- CDM AND JI CONTRIBUTIONS BEING DEBATED

Table 89 CARBON OFFSETS POTENTIAL FROM THE MAJOR RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

世界的小水力及海洋能源轉換裝置市場

World Markets for Small Hydro and Ocean Energy Conversion Equipment

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY

CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM

SCOPE AND FORMAT

METHODOLOGY

INFORMATION SOURCES

TABLE OF CONTENTS