[英文調查報告書] 美國電力產業最頂尖的水處理技術

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

This BCC, Inc. technical/marketing report provides an in-depth analysis of the U.S. market for advanced water treatment for the power generation industry. These methods include membrane filtration, ion exchange, electrodeionization, and emerging processes using ozone and ultraviolet light, coupled under the heading "novel technologies." The so-called "advanced" technologies are known as advanced for their improved effectiveness against a range of contaminants found in source water, their decreased production of waste, their nonhazardous properties, their diminished demand for chemical additives, and sometimes their lower energy requirements.

Whether physical, biological or chemical processes, water treatment ranges in sophistication from ancient sieving methods to state-of-the-art computer-controlled techniques. Conventional power plant water treatment is heavily dependent on mechanical processes and chemical additives, methods hundreds of years old. The market value for such treatment is estimated to be as large as $6 billion in 2003 and growing at an average annual rate of 4% over the next 5 years. High purity water is pretreated first by clarification. Large particles settle out by gravity, while smaller suspended particles are treated in the clarifier by coagulation/flocculation to produce a settleable solid. Water hardness also may be removed in the clarifier using lime and soda ash. Mechanical deaerators are used where water contains dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide, ammonia or hydrogen sulfide. Treated water then is sent to ion exchange beds.

In addition to ion exchange resins, water treatment chemicals include a host of increasingly regulated substances including the ubiquitous biocide chlorine, scale and corrosion control additives including zinc and chromate, the toxic oxygen scavenger hydrazine, boiler cleaning solvents and dimineralizer regenerants. While these methods purify water effectively, governments and end users are seeking more environmentally friendly treatment.

This report will evaluate the influence of current and proposed regulations under the Clean Water and Safe Drinking Water Acts, rulings that are impacting the design and operation of fossil fuel power plants. Under the Clean Water Act, the EPA recently proposed regulations to limit the volume of water used by power plants by requiring wet or dry closed-loop cooling systems. Drinking water regulations also could affect how power plants dispose of certain waste products. In addition to environmental concerns, the lack of available fresh water is affecting the siting and permitting of new power plants. Issues of demised U.S. water resources in terms of both water quantity and quality will be discussed alongside the advanced treatments that permit water reuse. Barriers to the adoption of new technology will be presented where their impact is noticeable.

With the exception of ion exchange, which has managed to remain "advanced" despite requiring caustic chemicals, none of the traditional technologies will be evaluated in this report except to make comparisons to advanced treatments. In addition to regulatory drivers, technical and market drivers are considered in appraising the current value of the technologies and in forecasting growth and trends. The conclusions are illustrated with statistical information on markets, applications, industry structure, and dynamics along with technological developments. The report is primarily a study of the U.S. market, but due to the international presence of many of the industry participants, global activities are included where appropriate.

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY

This report is intended for those who require a thorough analysis of the power plant water treatment industry that traces significant developments and forecasts important trends, quantifies the various market sectors, and profiles companies active in those areas. Because of the fragmented nature of the industry, it is difficult to find studies that gather extensive data from diverse resources and analyze it in the context of a comprehensive document. This report contains a unique collection of information and conclusions that is difficult to find elsewhere.

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM

This comprehensive technical/marketing report aims to provide those interested in investment, acquisition, or expansion into the market for advanced power plant water treatment with specific, detailed information crucial to making educated decisions. Senior marketing personnel, venture capitalists, executive planners, research directors, government officials, and suppliers to the membrane industry who want to discover and exploit current or projected market niches should find this report of value. Readers who wish to understand how regulations, market pressures, and technology interact in the arena also will find this study worthwhile.

SCOPE AND FORMAT

This report examines the market for four categories of water treatment: membrane filtration; ion exchange; deionization, which combines ion exchange and membranes; and a few emerging novel methods such as ozone and ultraviolet light. 5-year projections are provided for market activity and value. Industry structure, technological trends, pricing considerations, R&D, government regulations, company profiles, and competitive technologies are included in the study.

METHODOLOGY

A comprehensive literature, patent, and Internet search was undertaken, and key industry players were queried. News and current developments in the field are evaluated in BCC, Inc.'s monthly newsletters, Water Technology News and Membrane & Separation Technology News.

Growth rates were calculated based on existing and proposed equipment sales during the forecast period. Consumables used in the processes, replacement membranes, resins, etc., were also taken into account. Values are given in U.S. dollars; forecasts are made in constant U.S. dollars, and growth rates are compounded. Calculations for system sales do not include design or engineering costs.

INFORMATION SOURCES

In addition to data from BCC, Inc.'s related monthly newsletters, other information in this report was gleaned from many different sources. Figures on U.S. electricity production, capacity, new plants and user demand are based on statistics from the Energy Information Administration. Department of Commerce numbers on water/wastewater expenditures are quoted in the section describing international markets. SEC filings, annual reports, patent literature, business, scientific and industry journals, government reports, census information, conference literature, patent documents, on-line resources were researched. Interviews with industry participants also were conducted.

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM
SCOPE AND FORMAT
METHODOLOGY
INFORMATION SOURCES
ANALYSTS CREDENTIALS
RELATED BCC, INC. WORK CREDENTIALS
BCC, INC. ON-LINE SERVICES
- INTERNET

SUMMARY

Summary Table:
SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR THE U.S. POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT MARKET, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Summary Figure:
SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2001-2008 ($ MILLIONS)

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

POWER PRODUCTION

Table 1 U.S. ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY FUEL, 2002 (MILLION KWH)
Figure 1 U.S. ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY FUEL, 2002 (%)
- HOW FUEL AFFECTS POWER PLANT WATER NEEDS
Table 2 WATER USE PER KWH OF ELECTRICITY (BY TYPE OF FUEL USED)
- MARKET TRENDS IN THE POWER INDUSTRY
  - NEW CAPACITY, 1999 TO 2002
  - RETIRING CAPACITY TO 2025
  - NEW CAPACITY TO 2025
Figure 2 ANTICIPATED CAPACITY ADDITION BY FUEL, 1970-2025 (BILLIONS OF KILOWATT-HOURS)
Table 3 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED CAPACITY ADDITIONS AT U.S. ELECTRIC UTILITIES BY FUEL, 2001-2025
Table 4 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED CAPACITY ADDITIONS AT U.S. NONUTILITIES BY FUEL, 2000
- WATER USE/CONSUMPTION IN ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTION
- POWER PLANT WATER WITHDRAWALS
Figure 3 SOURCE, USE AND DISPOSITION OF FRESH WATER IN THE U.S.
Table 5 WATER USED BY U.S. FOSSIL FUEL AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS, BY STATE, 1990 (MGD)
Table 5 (CONTINUED)
Figure 4 WATER USED BY U.S. FOSSIL FUEL AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS, BY STATE, 1990 (MGD)
Figure 5 DECREASING WATER NEEDS OF THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS, 1950-1990 (GALLONS OF WATER USED TO PRODUCE 1 KILOWATT-HOUR)
- THE ENERGY-WATER INTERFACE
  - WATER REUSE
  - DESIGNING POWER PLANTS TO OPTIMIZE WATER REUSE
- THE STEAM GENERATION PROCESS
Figure 6 TYPICAL STEAM GENERATION PROCESS
- THE NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION PROCESS
  - PRESSURIZED WATER REACTORS
Figure 7 PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR
Figure 8 BOILING WATER REACTOR
- WHERE WATER TREATMENT IS NEEDED WITHIN A POWER PLANT
  - BOILER FEED
Table 6 BOILER WATER IMPURITIES
Table 7 RECOMMENDED BOILER WATER CONTAMINANT LIMITS (AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS/AMERICAN BOILER MAKERS ASSOCIATION STANDARDS)
Table 8 CHANGING STEAM PURITY REQUIREMENTS
- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF WASTEWATER DISCHARGES
- REGULATORY DRIVERS
  - CLEAN WATER ACT
  - SAFE DRINKING WATER ACT
  - RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT
- HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY
Table 9 HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY

MEMBRANE FILTRATION

MEMBRANE FILTRATION

Table 10 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Figure 9 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR MEMBRANES USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2001-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
- TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
  - REJECTED CONTAMINANTS
  - MEMBRANE CONFIGURATIONS
  - FLUX
  - OTHER PROCESS PARAMETERS
  - MODES OF FILTRATION
  - MEMBRANE FOULING
  - FILTRATION PROCESSES
- REVERSE OSMOSIS
  - RO MEMBRANES
  - RO SYSTEMS
  - INSTALLED RO SYSTEMS
Table 11 INSTALLED RO SYSTEMS (2002)
Table 11 (CONTINUED)
Table 11 (CONTINUED)
Table 11 (CONTINUED)
- ELECTRODIALYSIS REVERSAL
  - BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS
  - EDR MEMBRANES/SYSTEMS
- MEMBRANES FOR PRETREATMENT
  - MICROFILTRATION
  - ULTRAFILTRATION
  - COST OF MF/UF PRETREATMENT
  - NANOFILTRATION
- GAS TRANSFER MEMBRANES
- MANUFACTURERS OF MEMBRANES AND SYSTEMS
Table 12 MANUFACTURERS OF MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE SYSTEMS FOR POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT
Table 13 U.S. MARKET SHARE FOR MANUFACTURERS OF MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2003
Figure 10 U.S. MARKET SHARE FOR MANUFACTURERS OF MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2003 (%)

ION EXCHANGE

ION EXCHANGE
- ION EXCHANGE (CONTINUED)

Table 14 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR ION EXCHANGE SYSTEMS USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT. THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Figure 11 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR ION EXCHANGE IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2001-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
- TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
  - ION EXCHANGE RESINS
Table 15 ION EXCHANGE RESIN FUNCTIONALITIES
Table 16 COMMON CATION RESINS
Table 16 (CONTINUED)
Table 17 COMMON ANION RESINS
Table 18 COMMON MIXED BED RESINS
Table 19 COMMON NUCLEAR GRADE RESINS
Figure 12 PUROLITE SHALLOW SHELL RESINS
- WHERE RESINS ARE USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT
- ION EXCHANGE VS. REVERSE OSMOSIS
  - BENEFITS AND DRAWBACKS
Table 20 ION EXCHANGE RESIN MANUFACTURERS AND MARKET SHARE, 2003
Figure 13 ION EXCHANGE RESIN MANUFACTURERS AND MARKET SHARE, 2003 (%)

ELECTRODEIONIZATION

ELECTRODEIONIZATION

Table 21 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR ELECTRODEIONIZATION IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Figure 14 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR ELECTRODEIONIZATION IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2001-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
- TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
  - THE EDI STACK
  - EDI VS. MIXED BED IX
  - TRENDS AND TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS
- MANUFACTURERS OF EDI MODULES AND SYSTEMS
Table 22 MANUFACTURERS OF EDI MODULES AND SYSTEMS
Table 23 MARKET SHARE FOR EDI TECHNOLOGY, 2003
Figure 15 MARKET SHARE FOR EDI TECHNOLOGY, 2003 (%)

NOVEL TREATMENTS

OVERVIEW

Table 24 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR NOVEL PROCESSES USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Figure 16 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR NOVEL PROCESSES USE IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2001-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
- OZONE TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
  - MECHANISMS OF OZONE DISINFECTION
  - COOLING WATER TREATMENT WITH OZONE
  - CONTROLLING MACROFOULANTS
  - DRAWBACKS AND BENEFITS
  - MANUFACTURERS OF OZONE TECHNOLOGY
Table 25 MANUFACTURERS OF OZONE SYSTEMS
Table 26 MARKET SHARES FOR MANUFACTURERS OF OZONE TECHNOLOGY, 2003 (%)
Figure 17 MARKET SHARES FOR MANUFACTURERS OF OZONE TECHNOLOGY, 2003 (%)
- ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
  - UV LAMPS
  - REACTOR TYPES
Figure 18 FLOW DIAGRAM OF ACTUAL MAKE-UP WATER SYSTEM SHOWING UV TREATMENT LOCATIONS
Table 27 UV MANUFACTURERS AND PRODUCTS
Table 28 MARKET SHARES FOR UV TREATMENT, 2003 (%)
Figure 19 MARKET SHARES FOR UV TREATMENT, 2003 (%)

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

THE PLAYERS
- THE PLAYERS (CONTINUED)
CONTINUED CONSOLIDATION
- THE URGE TO MERGE

Table 29 MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN THE WATER TREATMENT INDUSTRY (SINCE 1996)
- COMPANY PROFILES
  - AQUIONICS
  - BAYER/SYBRON CHEMICALS, INC.
  - CALGON CARBON CORP.
  - CELGARD
  - DOW LIQUID SEPARATIONS
  - ELECTROPURE, INC.
  - GE POWER SYSTEMS
  - GRAVER WATER SYSTEMS
  - HYDRANAUTICS
  - HYDRAcap
  - IONICS
  - INDECK
  - KOCH MEMBRANE SYSTEMS
  - LIGHTSTREAM TECHNOLOGIES
  - MITSUBISHI ELECTRIC POWER PRODUCTS, INC.
  - NEW LOGIC
  - OMEXELL, INC.
  - OZONIA
  - PALL CORP.
  - PULSAR UV TECHNOLOGIES
  - PUROLITE CO.
  - RESINTECH
  - ROHM AND HAAS
  - SEVERN TRENT SERVICES
  - SUEZ LYONNAISE DES EAUX
  - TRISEP CORP.
  - TROJAN TECHNOLOGIES
  - USFILTER
  - WEDECO AG
  - ZENON ENVIRONMENTAL SERVICES
- RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
  - NETL
  - EPRI
  - WEF/WERF
- PATENT SURVEY
Table 30 FIVE-YEAR PATENT SURVEY, MAY 1, 1998 - APRIL 1, 2003
Table 30 (CONTINUED)
Table 30 (CONTINUED)
Table 30 (CONTINUED)
Table 31 PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, MAY 1998 TO APRIL 2003
Figure 20 PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, MAY 1998 TO APRIL 2003 (%)
Table 32 PATENTS BY COMPANY, MAY 1998 - APRIL 2003
Figure 21 PATENTS BY COMPANY, MAY 1998 TO APRIL 2003 (%)

INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS

GLOBAL ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION

Table 33 WORLD NET ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BY REGION, 1990 - 2025 (BILLION KILOWATT-HOURS)
- PLANNED PLANT CONSTRUCTION
Table 34 PLANNED GLOBAL POWER GENERATION PROJECTS (2002)
Figure 22 GLOBAL POWER GENERATION PROJECTS, 2002 (%)
Table 35 U.S. EXPORTS OF WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT ($)
Table 36 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN ASIA (OPERATING, IN PROGRESS, AND PROPOSED, 2003)

APPENDIX

MANUFACTURERS DIRECTORY

Table 37 MANUFACTURERS DIRECTORY
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
Table 37 (CONTINUED)
- ACRONYMS
- NEW U.S. ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS (2002 TO 2003, EXCLUDING WIND-POWERED UNITS)
Table 38 NEW U.S. ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, JANUARY 2002
Table 39 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, FEBRUARY 2002
Table 40 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, MARCH 2002
Table 41 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, APRIL 2002
Table 42 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, MAY 2002
Table 42 (CONTINUED)
Table 43 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, JUNE 2002
Table 43 (CONTINUED)
Table 43 (CONTINUED)
Table 44 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, JULY 2002
Table 44 (CONTINUED)
Table 44 (CONTINUED)
Table 45 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, AUGUST 2002
Table 45 (CONTINUED)
Table 46 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, SEPTEMBER 2002
Table 46 (CONTINUED)
Table 47 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, OCTOBER 2002
Table 47 (CONTINUED)
Table 48 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, NOVEMBER 2002
Table 49 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, DECEMBER 2002
Table 49 (CONTINUED)
Table 50 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, JANUARY 2003
Table 51 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, FEBRUARY 2003
Table 52 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, MARCH 2003
Table 52 (CONTINUED)
Table 53 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, APRIL 2003
Table 54 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, MAY 2003
Table 54 (CONTINUED)
Table 55 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING FACILITIES, JUNE 2003
Table 55 (CONTINUED)
Table 55 (CONTINUED)
Table 56 NEW INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS,
Table 56 (CONTINUED)

LIST OF TABLES

Summary Table: SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR THE U.S. POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT MARKET, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Table 1 U.S. ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY FUEL, 2002 (MILLION KWH)
Table 2 WATER USE PER KWH OF ELECTRICITY (BY TYPE OF FUEL USED)
Table 3 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED CAPACITY ADDITIONS AT U.S. ELECTRIC UTILITIES BY FUEL, 2001-2025
Table 4 EXISTING CAPACITY AND PLANNED CAPACITY ADDITIONS AT U.S. NONUTILITIES BY FUEL, 2000
Table 5 WATER USED BY U.S. FOSSIL FUEL AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS, BY STATE, 1990 (MGD)
Table 6 BOILER WATER IMPURITIES
Table 7 RECOMMENDED BOILER WATER CONTAMINANT LIMITS (AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS/AMERICAN BOILER MAKERS ASSOCIATION STANDARDS)
Table 8 CHANGING STEAM PURITY REQUIREMENTS
Table 9 HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY
Table 10 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Table 11 INSTALLED RO SYSTEMS (2002)
Table 12 MANUFACTURERS OF MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE SYSTEMS FOR POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT
Table 13 U.S. MARKET SHARE FOR MANUFACTURERS OF MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2003
Table 14 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR ION EXCHANGE SYSTEMS USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT. THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Table 15 ION EXCHANGE RESIN FUNCTIONALITIES
Table 16 COMMON CATION RESINS
Table 17 COMMON ANION RESINS
Table 18 COMMON MIXED BED RESINS
Table 19 COMMON NUCLEAR GRADE RESINS
Table 20 ION EXCHANGE RESIN MANUFACTURERS AND MARKET SHARE, 2003
Table 21 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR ELECTRODEIONIZATION IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Table 22 MANUFACTURERS OF EDI MODULES AND SYSTEMS
Table 23 MARKET SHARE FOR EDI TECHNOLOGY, 2003
Table 24 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR NOVEL PROCESSES USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, THROUGH 2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Table 25 MANUFACTURERS OF OZONE SYSTEMS
Table 26 MARKET SHARES FOR MANUFACTURERS OF OZONE TECHNOLOGY, 2003 (%)
Table 27 UV MANUFACTURERS AND PRODUCTS
Table 28 MARKET SHARES FOR UV TREATMENT, 2003 (%)
Table 29 MERGERS AND ACQUISITIONS IN THE WATER TREATMENT INDUSTRY (SINCE 1996)
Table 30 FIVE-YEAR PATENT SURVEY (MAY 1, 1998 - APRIL 1, 2003)
Table 31 PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, MAY 1998 TO APRIL 2003
Table 32 PATENTS BY COMPANY, MAY 1998 TO APRIL 2003
Table 33 WORLD NET ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BY REGION, 1990 TO 2025 (BILLION KILOWATT-HOURS)
Table 34 PLANNED GLOBAL POWER GENERATION PROJECTS (2002)
Table 35 U.S. EXPORTS OF WATER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT ($)
Table 36 NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS IN ASIA (OPERATING, IN PROGRESS, AND PROPOSED, 2003)
Table 37 MANUFACTURERS DIRECTORY
Table 38 NEW U.S. ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, JANUARY 2002
Table 39 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, FEBRUARY 2002
Table 40 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, MARCH 2002
Table 41 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, APRIL 2002
Table 42 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, MAY 2002
Table 43 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, JUNE 2002
Table 44 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, JULY 2002
Table 45 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, AUGUST 2002
Table 46 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, SEPTEMBER 2002
Table 47 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, OCTOBER 2002
Table 48 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, NOVEMBER 2002
Table 49 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, DECEMBER 2002
Table 50 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, JANUARY 2003
Table 51 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, FEBRUARY 2003
Table 52 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, MARCH 2003
Table 53 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, APRIL 2003
Table 54 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS, MAY 2003
Table 55 NEW ELECTRIC GENERATING FACILITIES, JUNE 2003
Table 56 NEW INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC GENERATING UNITS,

LIST OF FIGURES

Summary Figure: SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2001-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Figure 1 U.S. ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY FUEL, 2002 (%)
Figure 2 ANTICIPATED CAPACITY ADDITION BY FUEL, 1970-2025 (BILLIONS OF KILOWATT-HOURS)
Figure 3 SOURCE, USE AND DISPOSITION OF FRESH WATER IN THE U.S.
Figure 4 WATER USED BY U.S. FOSSIL FUEL AND NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS, BY STATE, 1990 (MGD)
Figure 5 DECREASING WATER NEEDS OF THERMOELECTRIC POWER PLANTS, 1950-1990 (GALLONS OF WATER USED TO PRODUCE 1 KILOWATT-HOUR)
Figure 6 TYPICAL STEAM GENERATION PROCESS
Figure 7 PRESSURIZED WATER REACTOR
Figure 8 BOILING WATER REACTOR
Figure 9 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR MEMBRANES USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2001-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Figure 10 U.S. MARKET SHARE FOR MANUFACTURERS OF MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY USED IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2003 (%)
Figure 11 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR ION EXCHANGE IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2001-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Figure 12 PUROLITE SHALLOW SHELL RESINS
Figure 13 ION EXCHANGE RESIN MANUFACTURERS AND MARKET SHARE, 2003 (%)
Figure 14 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR ELECTRODEIONIZATION IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2001-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Figure 15 MARKET SHARE FOR EDI TECHNOLOGY, 2003 (%)
Figure 16 SALES AND PROJECTIONS FOR NOVEL PROCESSES USE IN POWER PLANT WATER TREATMENT, 2001-2008 ($ MILLIONS)
Figure 17 MARKET SHARES FOR MANUFACTURERS OF OZONE TECHNOLOGY, 2003 (%)
Figure 18 FLOW DIAGRAM OF ACTUAL MAKE-UP WATER SYSTEM SHOWING UV TREATMENT LOCATIONS
Figure 19 MARKET SHARES FOR UV TREATMENT, 2003 (%)
Figure 20 PATENTS BY TECHNOLOGY TYPE, MAY 1998 TO APRIL 2003 (%)
Figure 21 PATENTS BY COMPANY, MAY 1998 TO APRIL 2003 (%)
Figure 22 GLOBAL POWER GENERATION PROJECTS, 2002 (%)

美國電力產業最頂尖的水處理技術

Advanced Water Treatment for the Power Generation Industry

INTRODUCTION

STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES

REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY

CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY AND FOR WHOM

SCOPE AND FORMAT

METHODOLOGY

INFORMATION SOURCES

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

SUMMARY

INDUSTRY OVERVIEW

MEMBRANE FILTRATION

ION EXCHANGE

NOVEL TREATMENTS

INDUSTRY STRUCTURE

INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS

APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES