歐盟25國的能源市場：歐盟電力及瓦斯市場-自由化及擴大（第2版：2006年）

Abstract

Introduction

• This report surveys 30 countries; the 25 countries in the EU, the three candidate countries, Bulgaria, Romania and Turkey, and two prominent European non-members, Norway and Switzerland
• 10 new member states from Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean joined the Union in May 2004 and three more are in the pipeline to join. All are at different stages of development as they seek parity with the original member countries
• The New Electricity and Gas Directives took effect in July 2004, opening the markets electricity and gas markets to choice
• The report also draws together two important strands in the energy sector, the convergence of gas and electricity
• The overall electricity and gas markets are surveyed and each country is covered with a detailed section for electricity and gas
• The report contains a directory of 3,661 utilities in these countries, classified by category, 2,433 electricity and 1,228 gas, consisting of generation and production, transmission and distribution

Key Findings

• The 25 EU members, together with the major European non-member countries are surveyed with an overview and in detailed country sections
• The report updates the information to 2005 and shows clearly that the newer member countries of the EU are growing in installed generating capacity much faster than the original members as they tune in to membership benefits and EU legislative requirements
• The report outlines the latest information on market liberalisation and indentifies the positive outcomes and the shortcomings of the process, for 2006 saw some difficulties in the industry

Reasons to buy

• Gain insight into the development and problems and the impact of EU legislation on the energy industry
• Understand the effects that market liberalisation is having on the business and how it could affect you
• Look at opportunities in Europe and evaluate the relative positions of the individual country markets

Table of Contents

• Contents
• Introduction
  • EU Enlargement
  • Energy policies
• The EU Electricity Market
  • The Physical Exchange of Electricity In Europe
  • European International Transmission Grids
  • European transmission and distribution network structures
    • UCTE
    • ETSO
    • CENTREL
    • Nordel
    • BALTREL - Baltijos Ziedas - the Baltic Ring
    • Unified Power Systems (UPS)
    • BG/RO
    • SUDEL
  • The Middle East and North African Inter-Connectors with Europe
    • Middle East
    • North Africa
  • Energy Market Liberalisation
  • Market Liberalisation 2006
    • EU - original 15 countries
    • Unbundling
    • Network Access
    • Competition
    • Generation market structure
    • Development of liquid wholesale markets
    • EU 10 - Accession States and Candidate Countries
• The Natural Gas Market
  • Gas Production
  • Gas Supply
  • Gas Supplies to Europe
  • Gas Pipeline Transport
  • LNG transport
  • Gas Market Liberalisation in 2006
    • Switching supplier
    • Unbundling
    • Network Access
    • Balancing
    • Storage
    • Competition in the gas sector
    • Trends in wholesale gas markets and market surveillance
    • Supply Market
• Environment
  • The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992 - Kyoto Protocol
  • EU Directives
    • LCPD - Large Combustion Plant Directive
    • ETS - Emissions Trading Directive
    • IPPC - Integrated Pollution Prevention & Control Directive
    • EU Biofuels Directive
    • The EU Landfill Directive
    • Hazardous Waste Directive
    • Incineration of Waste (2000/76/EC) (implemented December 2002)
    • Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive (94/62/EC)
    • End of Life Vehicles Directive (2000/53/EC) (implemented April 2002)
  • The Environment in the EU 25 Countries
• EU 15
• AUSTRIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• BELGIUM
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• BULGARIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Industry Characteristics
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Deregulation and privatisation
• CYPRUS
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• CZECH REPUBLIC
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• DENMARK
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• ESTONIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• FINLAND
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• FRANCE
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• GERMANY
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• GREECE
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• HUNGARY
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• IRELAND
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• ITALY
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• LATVIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• LITHUANIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• LUXEMBOURG
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• MALTA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• NETHERLANDS
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• NORWAY
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• POLAND
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• PORTUGAL
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• ROMANIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• SLOVAKIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• SLOVENIA
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• SPAIN
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• SWEDEN
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• SWITZERLAND
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• TURKEY
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• UNITED KINGDOM
  • Economic Background
• Electricity Supply Industry
  • Market Overview
  • Generation
  • Transmission
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation
• Gas Supply Industry
  • Gas market
  • Production
  • Transportation
  • Distribution
  • Privatisation and Deregulation

Figures

• Figure 1: Installed generating capacity of EU countries MW, 2005
• Figure 2: Growth of installed electricity generating capacity in the EU, 1991 to 2005
• Figure 3: Annual rate of growth of installed generating capacity in EU countries, 1980 to 2005
• Figure 4: Per capita electricity consumption in EU 25 countries, 2002
• Figure 5: Physical power exchanges in Europe GWh, 2002
• Figure 6: Typical network structure in European countries
• Figure 7: Transmission System Operators in Europe
• Figure 8: Nordic Grid
• Figure 9: Electricity supply in the Baltic Sea region
• Figure 10: UPS/IPS - The electrical power system of the Russian Federation
• Figure 11: SUDEL South East Europe
• Figure 12: The Middle East and North African Inter-Connectors, North Africa
• Figure 13: Degree of market opening of the electricity markets in May 2006
• Figure 14: Production, imports, exports, consumption of natural gas in Europe
• Figure 15: Production, imports, exports and consumption by country, Bcm, 2004
• Figure 16: Existing and potential gas supplies to Europe
• Figure 17: Gas transport in the EU in 1970
• Figure 18: Gas transport in the EU in 2000
• Figure 19: The status of gas market opening in 2005
• Figure 20: Net contributions in the EYS first year of operation
• Figure 21: Total carbon emissions in EU 15 compared with the others, 1980 to 2004
• Figure 22: Carbon emissions European countries 1990 and 2004
• Figure 23: Per capita carbon emissisons European countries 1990 and 2004
• Figure 24: Carbon intensity in EU countries, 1990 and 2004
• Figure 25: Market share for Norwegian gas

Tables

• Table 1: Status of privatisation and electricity market opening in EU 25 countries, May 2006
• Table 2: Production, imports, exports and consumption of natural gas in Europe, 2004
• Table 3: LNG terminals in Europe 2005
• Table 4: Status of privatisation and gas market opening in EU 25 countries, August 2004
• Table 5: Extent of switching gas suppliers 2005
• Table 6: Economic background and statistics
• Table 7: Electricity statistics
• Table 8: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 9: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 10: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 11: Principal gas companies
• Table 12: Economic background and statistics
• Table 13: Electricity statistics
• Table 14: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 15: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 16: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 17: Principal gas companies
• Table 18: Economic background and statistics
• Table 19: Electricity statistics
• Table 20: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 21: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 22: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 23: Principal gas companies
• Table 24: Economic background and statistics
• Table 25: Electricity statistics
• Table 26: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 27: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 28: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 29: Economic background and statistics
• Table 30: Electricity statistics
• Table 31: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 32: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 33: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 34: Principal gas companies
• Table 35: Economic background and statistics
• Table 36: Existing interconnections with the Nordel countries
• Table 37: Existing interconnections with other countries
• Table 38: Electricity statistics
• Table 39: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 40: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 41: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 42: Principal gas companies
• Table 43: Economic background and statistics
• Table 44: Electricity statistics
• Table 45: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 46: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 47: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 48: Principal gas companies
• Table 49: Economic background and statistics
• Table 50: Existing interconnections with Nordel countries
• Table 51: Existing interconnections with other countries
• Table 52: Electricity Statistics
• Table 53: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 54: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 55: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 56: Principal gas companies
• Table 57: Economic background and statistics
• Table 58: Electricity statistics
• Table 59: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 60: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 61: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 62: Principal gas companies
• Table 63: Economic background and statistics
• Table 64: Electricity statistics
• Table 65: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 66: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 67: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 68: Principal gas companies
• Table 69: Economic background and statistics
• Table 70: Electricity statistics
• Table 71: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 72: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 73: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 74: Principal gas companies
• Table 75: Economic background and statistics
• Table 76: Electricity statistics
• Table 77: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 78: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 79: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 80: Principal gas companies
• Table 81: Economic background and statistics
• Table 82: Electricity statistics
• Table 83: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 84: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 85: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 86: Principal gas companies
• Table 87: Economic background and statistics
• Table 88: Process of Retail market opening
• Table 89: Electricity statistics
• Table 90: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 91: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 92: Timetable for Italian deregulation enacted in the Decree of 23rd May, 2000
• Table 93: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 94: Principal gas companies
• Table 95: Economic background and statistics
• Table 96: Electricity statistics
• Table 97: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 98: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 99: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 100: Principal gas companies
• Table 101: Economic background and statistics
• Table 102: Electricity Statistics
• Table 103: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 104: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 105: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 106: Principal gas companies
• Table 107: Economic background and statistics
• Table 108: Retail market opening
• Table 109: Electricity statistics
• Table 110: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 111: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 112: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 113: Principal gas companies
• Table 114: Economic background and statistics
• Table 115: Electricity statistics
• Table 116: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 117: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 118: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 119: Principal gas companies
• Table 120: Economic background and statistics
• Table 121: Electricity statistics
• Table 122: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 123: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 124: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 125: Principal gas companies
• Table 126: Economic background and statistics
• Table 127: Existing interconnections with Nordel countries
• Table 128: Existing interconnections with other countries
• Table 129: Electricity statistics
• Table 130: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 131: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 132: Gas Statistics 2004
• Table 133: Principal gas companies
• Table 134: Economic background and statistics
• Table 135: Electricity statistics
• Table 136: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 137: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 138: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 139: Principal gas companies
• Table 140: Economic background and statistics
• Table 141: Electricity statistics
• Table 142: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 143: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 144: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 145: Principal gas companies
• Table 146: Economic background and statistics
• Table 147: Electricity statistics
• Table 148: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 149: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 150: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 151: Principal gas companies
• Table 152: Economic background and statistics
• Table 153: Electricity statistics
• Table 154: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 155: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 156: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 157: Economic background and statistics
• Table 158: Electricity statistics
• Table 159: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 160: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 161: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 162: Principal gas companies
• Table 163: Economic background and statistics
• Table 164: Electricity statistics
• Table 165: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 166: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 167: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 168: Principal gas companies
• Table 169: Economic background and statistics
• Table 170: Existing links with Nordel countries
• Table 171: Existing links with other countries
• Table 172: Electricity statistics
• Table 173: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 174: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 175: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 176: Principal gas companies
• Table 177: Economic background and statistics
• Table 178: Electricity statistics
• Table 179: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 180: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 181: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 182: Principal gas companies
• Table 183: Economic background and statistics
• Table 184: Electricity Statistics
• Table 185: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 186: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 187: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 188: Principal gas companies
• Table 189: Economic background and statistics
• Table 190: Electricity statistics
• Table 191: Electricity supply industry characteristics
• Table 192: Transmission and distribution line voltages
• Table 193: The chronology of the privatisation of British Gas
• Table 194: Gas statistics 2004
• Table 195: Principal gas companies