可再生能源 -第2版-

Abstract

Introduction

• In recent years renewable energy has become a high profile issue
• Renewable energy is a significant resource, with many diverse applications
• It accounts for 14% of the world's primary energy supply
• It is the energy mainstay of large swathes of the developing world
• Many people see it as a sustainable, environmentally friendly energy for a polluted industrialised world, with rapidly developing new technologies
• Renewable energy is a vital resource for many isolated communities
• Hydro Power/Geothermal/Marine Energy/Hybrids/Fuel Cells/Hydrogen/Wind Power/Solar Photovoltaic/Solar Thermal/Biomass

The report:

• Pulls the various resources into a coherent picture
• The contribution and characteristics of each resource are examined
• The technologies are explained and new developments outlined
• The status of industrial development described for each resource
• Markets are evaluated and those in commercial development are sized
• The manufacturing industry for each technology is outlined
• The report is divided into 13 sections, covering each resource in detail
• Historical development is charted and commercialisation is described

Key Findings

• The technologies cover a spectrum from mature to pioneering status
• The mainstream technologies are identified
• Accessibility of renewable energy sources is explored
• How far off is large scale usage and of which resources?
• The structure of renewable energy markets and industries
• The size of the markets
• The commercialisation of each technology
• Which forms of renewable energy can provide base load power?
• The costs of this energy
• The environmentally friendly renewable energies

Reasons to buy

• Gain insight into a rapidly developing new market
• Understand the market positioning of each resource
• Look at opportunities in these markets

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION

OVERVIEW OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

• Renewable energy in world primary energy supply
• TPES - Total Primary Energy Supply
• Hydro power
• Wind power
• Solar photovoltaic energy
• Solar thermal energy
• Biomass energy
• Geothermal energy
• Ocean energy conversion
• Hybrids
• Fuel cells
• Hydrogen economy
• Distributed generation
• Renewable energy issues
  • Cost
  • Competition to renewables

HYDROPOWER

• Overview of hydropower
  • Technical Background
  • Small Hydro Plants (SHP)
  • Turbine technologies for small-, mid- and large-scale hydro plants
  • Pelton Turbine
  • Francis Turbine
  • Bulb Turbine
  • Propeller or Kaplan Turbine
  • Environmental concerns
  • The potential size of the hydroelectric market
• Europe
  • Austria
  • Finland
  • France
  • Germany
  • Italy
  • Romania
  • Norway
  • Turkey
  • United Kingdom
  • The Non Fossil Fuel Obligation
• CIS
  • Georgia
  • Kazakhstan
  • Russia
• North America
  • Canada
  • Small Hydro Technology Development in Canada
  • United States
  • Mexico
• South and Central America
  • Brazil
  • Argentina
  • Colombia
  • Panama
  • Venezuela
  • Peru
  • Developing Asia
  • China
  • The current status of SHP in China
  • SHP practice and experience in China
  • Decentralised development and management mechanism focusing on local stakeholders
  • Policy stimulates development
  • Funding sources
  • Joint investment
  • Loans and Grants
  • Close relationship with rural electrification programme
  • Emphasis on cost-effective SHP technology
  • Local grid development and SHP own supply area
  • Some obstacles to further development
  • Size matters
  • Known ownership
  • India
  • Nepal
  • Water resources
  • Energy sector
  • Hydropower development
  • Small hydro in Nepal
  • Bhutan
  • Papua New Guinea
  • Hydropower development
  • Vietnam
  • Laos
  • Malaysia
• Industrialised Asia Pacific
  • Changes in National Energy Policy
  • Hydropower capacity and energy production
  • New Zealand
• Africa
  • Middle East

WIND POWER

• Overview of wind power
  • Recent developments
• Technical background of wind power
  • Types of modern wind turbine
  • Energy
  • Wind farms
  • Small wind turbines
• Environmental aspects
  • Noise
  • Birds
  • Visual effects
  • Integration into supply networks
• The wind power market
• The development of wind power
• Wind power electricity costs
  • Project, operation and maintenance costs
  • The benefits
  • Higher wind speeds
  • The challenges - offshore: costs
  • Economies of scale
  • Megawatt turbine size
  • Larger wind farms, from 100 MW
  • New foundation technologies
  • Gravity foundations
  • Mono pile foundations
  • Tripod foundations
  • Reusing foundations
  • Projects in the pipeline
• The future market for wind power
  • North America
  • India and China
  • Rest of the world
• Historical development of wind power
  • Large wind turbines
  • Investment
• Major Country Profiles
  • Denmark
  • History
  • Market size
  • Germany
  • History
  • Market size
  • Market share Germany
  • Future targets
  • Wind turbine size
  • Spain
  • History
  • Market size
  • Annual investment in wind power
  • Spanish utility in wind deals
  • Manufacturing industry
  • Wind turbine size
  • Future targets
  • Spanish incentives
  • United Kingdom
  • Market size
  • Future targets
  • United States
  • History
  • Market size
  • Outlook
  • Future targets
  • Cost of wind energy generation
  • US manufacturer developments
  • India
  • History
  • Market size
  • Future targets
  • Cost
  • Manufacturing in India
  • China
  • History
  • Future targets
  • Offshore wind power
  • Wind turbine size
  • Italy
  • Netherlands
• Wind power manufacturers
  • Manufacturers' market shares
  • Wind farm developers and owners
  • Manufacturing base
• The return of the heavyweights

SOLAR PV

• Overview of soalr photovoltaics (PV)
  • Japan
  • USA
  • Europe
  • Germany
  • Rest of the world
• Technical background
  • Solar energy
  • Solar photovoltaics (PV)
  • Solar cell materials
  • Conditions of Use
  • Cloud conditions
  • Isolated generation
  • PV and the environment
  • Applications of Solatr PV technology
  • Buildings as energy systems and collectors of solar energy
  • PV with Battery Storage
  • Balance of System: Storage
  • PV with Generators
  • PV Connected to Utilities
  • Utility-Scale Power
• Production of Solar PV cells
  • Japanese companies
  • US Companies
  • European companies
  • Products
  • Future trends
• Government and industry support programmes
• Prices

COUNTRY PROFILES

• Japan
  • Installed capacity of solar PV
  • Manufacturing
  • Market Development
  • Government support
  • Utilities
• USA
  • Installation
  • Grid-connected sector
  • The off-grid commercial/industrial sector
  • The government sector
  • The on-grid distributed sector
  • Market development
  • Government support
• Europe
  • Germany
  • Finland
  • France
  • Italy
  • Netherlands
  • Norway
  • Portugal
  • Spain
  • Switzerland
  • United Kingdom
  • Rest of the world
  • Australia
  • Canada
  • China
  • India
  • Indonesia
  • Israel
  • Kenya
  • Korea (Republic)
  • Mexico
  • South Africa
  • Thailand

SOLAR THERMAL POWER

• Overview of solar thermal power
• Technical background of solar thermal energy
  • Parabolic trough
  • Central receiver systems - solar tower
  • Parabolic dish systems
  • Solar chimney power plants
  • The Solar thermal market
  • Large-scale solar thermal electricity generation
  • Central solar thermal
  • China
  • Products
  • Flat-plate
  • Vacuum tube
  • Combined storage tank
  • Production
  • Applications
  • India
  • Domestic applications
  • Solar thermal power plants
  • Process heat
  • Industrial applications
  • Water desalination and purification
  • Solar pond desalination systems in industrial environment
  • Solar pond desalination systems for drinking water supply
  • Israel
  • USA

BIOMASS

• Overview of biomass energy conversion
  • Usage patterns
  • Power generation
• Technical background
  • Benefits and constraints of bio energy
  • Factors encouraging the development of biomass energy
• Biomass resources
  • Dedicated agricultural biomass crops
  • Agricultural residues
  • Sugar industry wastes
  • Forestry crops
  • Forestry residues
  • Black liquor
  • Animal waste
  • Sewage
  • Industrial waste
  • Municipal solid waste (MSW)
• Biomass conversion technologies
  • Direct combustion and cogeneration
  • Biopower
  • Biomass gasification for generation
  • Pyrolysis
  • Charcoal production
  • Briquetting and pelletising
  • Modular systems
  • Biofuels for transportation
  • Ethanol
  • Biodiesel
  • Bio refineries
  • Biobased products
• Technology developments
• The biomass energy market
  • Rural usage
  • Urban usage
  • Regional distribution of biomass consumption
  • Future primary biomass energy production and consumption
• Biomass markets - technology application
  • Biomass heat
  • The global market for heating wood fuel
  • EU
  • Technology for biomass heat
  • Domestic heat production
  • Larger scale use of biomass fuel for heating
  • District heating
  • Industrial use of biomass
  • European competitiveness
  • Market characteristics
  • Infrastructure constraints
  • USA
  • Rest of world
  • Liquid biofuels
  • Technology and feedstocks
  • Environment
  • Market
  • Biodiesel
  • EU
  • European transport market for biofuels
  • Market position
  • EU competitiveness
  • Investment criteria for biofuel
  • Support measures
  • Bioethanol
  • Brazil
  • USA
  • EU
  • MSW (Municipal solid waste)
  • Technology
  • Environmental issues
  • Global market for MSW
  • EU
  • USA
  • East Asia
  • Japan
  • Pacific
  • Rest of world
  • Manufacture and competition
  • Future prospects
  • Landfill gas
  • Environment
  • Technology
  • Market
  • EU
  • EU environmental regulations
  • Rest of world
  • Market problems
  • Future prospects
  • Biopower
  • The technology
  • Technologies for biomass combustion
  • Power generation technologies
  • Conventional steam cycle plant
  • Gasification and other advanced processes
  • Co-firing with fossil fuels
  • Advantages of co-firing
  • Disadvantages of co-firing
  • Market overview of biomass for power generation
  • Western Europe
  • Brazil

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

• Overview of geothermal energy
• Main markets overview
  • USA
  • Philippines
  • Indonesia
  • Italy
  • Mexico
  • Japan
  • Other countries
  • Technical background
  • Dry steam
  • Flash steam
  • Binary cycle
  • Location of resources
  • Geothermal power market
  • Geothermal potential
  • Direct use capacity
• Geothermal generation costs
• Country geothermal profiles
  • USA
  • The Geysers
  • Other geothermal plants in the USA
  • Current industry outlook
  • Direct use
  • Philippines
  • Chronology of development of geothermal power in the Philippines
  • Geothermal plants
  • Indonesia
  • Resource potential
  • Geothermal plants
  • Field development and contractor status
  • Pertamina
  • Unocal
  • Amoseas
  • Caithness and Florida Power & Light
  • California Energy
  • Asia Power Ltd
  • PT Wahana Komunikatama
  • Geothermal contracts concluded
  • Prices
  • Regional autonomy
  • Law and regulation insufficient legal protection
  • Contractual arrangements
  • Energy Sales Contract (ESC)
  • New geothermal guidelines
  • Direct use
  • Italy
  • Geothermal resources
  • Direct use
  • Mexico
  • Geothermal generation plants
  • Direct use
  • Japan
  • Chronologuy of geothermal development in Japan
  • Government support
  • Direct use
  • New Zealand
  • Direct use

OCEAN ENERGY CONVERSION

• Overview of ocean energy conversion
• Tidal energy review
  • Advantages
  • Disadvantages
  • Secondary water storage
  • France Rance 240 MW Tidal Barrage
  • Canada Annapolis 20 MW Tidal Barrage
  • China 11 MW of small Tidal Plants
• Wave energy review
  • Wave resources
  • New developments
  • Synergies with the offshore industry
  • The road to commercial wave power
• OTEC Ocean thermal energy conversion review
  • Additional benefits of OTEC technology DOWA
  • Status of development and funding support
• Marine current energy review
  • The marine current resource
  • The size of the global resource
  • Status of technology
  • Horizontal axis turbines (axial flow turbine)
  • Vertical axis turbines (cross flow turbine)
  • Future of marine current energy

HYBRIDS

• Comparison of three successful operational hybrid systems in Inner Mongolia
• Economic assessment
• System costs
• Cost of energy (COE)
• Large scale high?tech hybrid development

FUELS CELLS

• Overview of fuel cells
• Technical background
  • Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cells
  • Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC)
  • Alkaline Fuel Cells (AFC)
  • Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells (PAFC)
  • Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells (MCFC)
  • Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC)
  • Regenerative Fuel Cells
  • Efficiency
  • Battery powered electric car
• The fuel cell market
  • US, EU and Japan
  • Industry
  • Commercial/service
  • Residential high income
  • Residential middle income
  • Residential ?General
  • Off-grid
  • Transport

HYDROGEN ECONOMY

• Overview of the hydrogen economy
  • The benefits of the Hydrogen Economy
  • Energy security
  • Reduced greenhouse gas emissions
  • Reduced air pollution
  • Improved energy efficiency
• Technical background ? production of hydrogen
  • Barriers to commercialisation
  • Hydrogen production and delivery
  • Hydrogen storage
  • Fuel cell cost and durability
  • Safety, Codes and Standards
  • Public acceptance
• The hydrogen economy - development
  • Near Term
  • Mid Term
  • Long Term

DISTRIBUTED GENERATION